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__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
[[Image:1024px-SalmonellaNIAID.jpg|thumb|Salmonella Typhi|200px|right|Samonella Typhi]]
[[Image:1024px-SalmonellaNIAID.jpg|thumb|Salmonella Typhi|200px|right|Salmonella Typhi - Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=450281]]
{{Typhoid fever}}
{{Typhoid fever}}


{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{AA}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{AAA}}


== Overview ==
== Overview ==
*Typhoid fever is caused by ''[[Salmonella enterica]]'' serotype Typhi ([[Salmonella Typhi]])<ref name="pmid24901439">{{cite journal| author=Arndt MB, Mosites EM, Tian M, Forouzanfar MH, Mokhdad AH, Meller M et al.| title=Estimating the burden of paratyphoid a in Asia and Africa. | journal=PLoS Negl Trop Dis | year= 2014 | volume= 8 | issue= 6 | pages= e2925 | pmid=24901439 | doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0002925 | pmc=4046978 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24901439  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16586383">{{cite journal| author=Maskey AP, Day JN, Phung QT, Thwaites GE, Campbell JI, Zimmerman M et al.| title=Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A and S. enterica serovar Typhi cause indistinguishable clinical syndromes in Kathmandu, Nepal. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2006 | volume= 42 | issue= 9 | pages= 1247-53 | pmid=16586383 | doi=10.1086/503033 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16586383  }}</ref><ref name="pmid7499779">{{cite journal| author=Oboegbulam SI, Oguike JU, Gugnani HC| title=Microbiological studies on cases diagnosed as typhoid/enteric fever in south-east Nigeria. | journal=J Commun Dis | year= 1995 | volume= 27 | issue= 2 | pages= 97-100 | pmid=7499779 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7499779  }}</ref><ref name="pmid15837356">{{cite journal| author=Vollaard AM, Ali S, Widjaja S, Asten HA, Visser LG, Surjadi C et al.| title=Identification of typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever cases at presentation in outpatient clinics in Jakarta, Indonesia. | journal=Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg | year= 2005 | volume= 99 | issue= 6 | pages= 440-50 | pmid=15837356 | doi=10.1016/j.trstmh.2004.09.012 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15837356  }} </ref><ref name="pmid25458731">{{cite journal| author=Wain J, Hendriksen RS, Mikoleit ML, Keddy KH, Ochiai RL| title=Typhoid fever. | journal=Lancet | year= 2015 | volume= 385 | issue= 9973 | pages= 1136-45 | pmid=25458731
*Typhoid fever is caused by ''[[Salmonella enterica]]'' serotype Typhi ([[Salmonella Typhi]]).<ref name="pmid24901439">{{cite journal| author=Arndt MB, Mosites EM, Tian M, Forouzanfar MH, Mokhdad AH, Meller M et al.| title=Estimating the burden of paratyphoid a in Asia and Africa. | journal=PLoS Negl Trop Dis | year= 2014 | volume= 8 | issue= 6 | pages= e2925 | pmid=24901439 | doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0002925 | pmc=4046978 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24901439  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16586383">{{cite journal| author=Maskey AP, Day JN, Phung QT, Thwaites GE, Campbell JI, Zimmerman M et al.| title=Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A and S. enterica serovar Typhi cause indistinguishable clinical syndromes in Kathmandu, Nepal. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2006 | volume= 42 | issue= 9 | pages= 1247-53 | pmid=16586383 | doi=10.1086/503033 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16586383  }}</ref><ref name="pmid7499779">{{cite journal| author=Oboegbulam SI, Oguike JU, Gugnani HC| title=Microbiological studies on cases diagnosed as typhoid/enteric fever in south-east Nigeria. | journal=J Commun Dis | year= 1995 | volume= 27 | issue= 2 | pages= 97-100 | pmid=7499779 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7499779  }}</ref><ref name="pmid15837356">{{cite journal| author=Vollaard AM, Ali S, Widjaja S, Asten HA, Visser LG, Surjadi C et al.| title=Identification of typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever cases at presentation in outpatient clinics in Jakarta, Indonesia. | journal=Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg | year= 2005 | volume= 99 | issue= 6 | pages= 440-50 | pmid=15837356 | doi=10.1016/j.trstmh.2004.09.012 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15837356  }} </ref><ref name="pmid25458731">{{cite journal| author=Wain J, Hendriksen RS, Mikoleit ML, Keddy KH, Ochiai RL| title=Typhoid fever. | journal=Lancet | year= 2015 | volume= 385 | issue= 9973 | pages= 1136-45 | pmid=25458731
doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62708-7 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25458731  }} </ref><ref>http://www.cdc.gov/typhoid-fever/health-professional.html</ref>. Salmonella Typhi is a gram negative bacillus, belongs to [[Enterobacteriaceae]] family, is flagellated, facultatively anaerobic and contain three important antigens O,H and Vi.<ref> Fàbrega, Anna, and Jordi Vila. "Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium skills to succeed in the host: virulence and regulation." Clinical microbiology reviews 26.2 (2013): 308-341.</ref>
doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62708-7 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25458731  }} </ref><ref>http://www.cdc.gov/typhoid-fever/health-professional.html</ref> Salmonella Typhi is a flagellated, facultatively anaerobic, gram negative bacillus that belongs to the [[Enterobacteriaceae]] family and contains three important antigens: O, H, and Vi.<ref> Fàbrega, Anna, and Jordi Vila. "Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium skills to succeed in the host: virulence and regulation." Clinical microbiology reviews 26.2 (2013): 308-341.</ref>


== Causes ==


*Typhoid fever is caused by ''[[Salmonella enterica]]'' serotype Typhi ([[Salmonella Typhi]]).<ref name="pmid24901439">{{cite journal| author=Arndt MB, Mosites EM, Tian M, Forouzanfar MH, Mokhdad AH, Meller M et al.| title=Estimating the burden of paratyphoid a in Asia and Africa. | journal=PLoS Negl Trop Dis | year= 2014 | volume= 8 | issue= 6 | pages= e2925 | pmid=24901439 | doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0002925 | pmc=4046978 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24901439  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16586383">{{cite journal| author=Maskey AP, Day JN, Phung QT, Thwaites GE, Campbell JI, Zimmerman M et al.| title=Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A and S. enterica serovar Typhi cause indistinguishable clinical syndromes in Kathmandu, Nepal. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2006 | volume= 42 | issue= 9 | pages= 1247-53 | pmid=16586383 | doi=10.1086/503033 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16586383  }} </ref><ref name="pmid7499779">{{cite journal| author=Oboegbulam SI, Oguike JU, Gugnani HC| title=Microbiological studies on cases diagnosed as typhoid/enteric fever in south-east Nigeria. | journal=J Commun Dis | year= 1995 | volume= 27 | issue= 2 | pages= 97-100 | pmid=7499779 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7499779  }} </ref><ref name="pmid15837356">{{cite journal| author=Vollaard AM, Ali S, Widjaja S, Asten HA, Visser LG, Surjadi C et al.| title=Identification of typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever cases at presentation in outpatient clinics in Jakarta, Indonesia. | journal=Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg | year= 2005 | volume= 99 | issue= 6 | pages= 440-50 | pmid=15837356 | doi=10.1016/j.trstmh.2004.09.012 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15837356  }} </ref><ref name="pmid25458731">{{cite journal| author=Wain J, Hendriksen RS, Mikoleit ML, Keddy KH, Ochiai RL| title=Typhoid fever. | journal=Lancet | year= 2015 | volume= 385 | issue= 9973 | pages= 1136-45 | pmid=25458731 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62708-7 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25458731  }} </ref><ref>http://www.cdc.gov/typhoid-fever/health-professional.html</ref>


== Causes ==
'''Serovars'''


*Typhoid fever is caused by ''[[Salmonella enterica]]'' serotype Typhi ([[Salmonella Typhi]])<ref name="pmid24901439">{{cite journal| author=Arndt MB, Mosites EM, Tian M, Forouzanfar MH, Mokhdad AH, Meller M et al.| title=Estimating the burden of paratyphoid a in Asia and Africa. | journal=PLoS Negl Trop Dis | year= 2014 | volume= 8 | issue= 6 | pages= e2925 | pmid=24901439 | doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0002925 | pmc=4046978 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24901439  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16586383">{{cite journal| author=Maskey AP, Day JN, Phung QT, Thwaites GE, Campbell JI, Zimmerman M et al.| title=Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A and S. enterica serovar Typhi cause indistinguishable clinical syndromes in Kathmandu, Nepal. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2006 | volume= 42 | issue= 9 | pages= 1247-53 | pmid=16586383 | doi=10.1086/503033 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16586383  }} </ref><ref name="pmid7499779">{{cite journal| author=Oboegbulam SI, Oguike JU, Gugnani HC| title=Microbiological studies on cases diagnosed as typhoid/enteric fever in south-east Nigeria. | journal=J Commun Dis | year= 1995 | volume= 27 | issue= 2 | pages= 97-100 | pmid=7499779 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7499779  }} </ref><ref name="pmid15837356">{{cite journal| author=Vollaard AM, Ali S, Widjaja S, Asten HA, Visser LG, Surjadi C et al.| title=Identification of typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever cases at presentation in outpatient clinics in Jakarta, Indonesia. | journal=Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg | year= 2005 | volume= 99 | issue= 6 | pages= 440-50 | pmid=15837356 | doi=10.1016/j.trstmh.2004.09.012 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15837356  }} </ref><ref name="pmid25458731">{{cite journal| author=Wain J, Hendriksen RS, Mikoleit ML, Keddy KH, Ochiai RL| title=Typhoid fever. | journal=Lancet | year= 2015 | volume= 385 | issue= 9973 | pages= 1136-45 | pmid=25458731 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62708-7 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25458731  }} </ref><ref>http://www.cdc.gov/typhoid-fever/health-professional.html</ref>
Other Salmonellae which may cause similar symptoms include:
*'''Serovars'''
:*''Salmonella Paratyphi A''
Other Salmonellae which may cause similar symptoms include
:*''Salmonella Paratyphi B''
:*''Salmonella Paratyphi C''
:*''Salmonella choleraesuis''


**''Salmonella Paratyphi A''
'''Features of Salmonella Typhi'''<ref> Fàbrega, Anna, and Jordi Vila. "Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium skills to succeed in the host: virulence and regulation." Clinical microbiology reviews 26.2 (2013): 308-341.</ref><ref>Grossman, Daniel A., et al. "Flagellar serotypes of Salmonella typhi in Indonesia: relationships among motility, invasiveness, and clinical illness." Journal of Infectious Diseases 171.1 (1995): 212-216.</ref><ref name="pmidDOI: 10.1056/NEJMra020201">{{cite journal| author=Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G| title=Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes. | journal=Biochem Pharmacol | year= 1975 | volume= 24 | issue= 17 | pages= 1639-41 | pmid=DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra020201 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10  }} </ref>
**''Salmonella Paratyphi B''
**''Salmonella Paratyphi C''
**''Salmonella choleraesuis''


*'''Features of Salmonella Typhi'''<ref> Fàbrega, Anna, and Jordi Vila. "Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium skills to succeed in the host: virulence and regulation." Clinical microbiology reviews 26.2 (2013): 308-341.</ref>
:*[[Gram negative]] bacillus
**Gram negative bacillus
:*Flagellated
**Flagellated
:*Facultatively anaerobic
**Facultatively anaerobic
:*Three [[antigens]] O,H and Vi
**Three [[antigens]] O,H and Vi
::*O polysaccharide antigen
***O polysaccharide antigen
::*H flagellar antigen
***H flagellar antigen
::*Vi outer capsular [[polysaccharide]] antigen
***Vi outer capsular polysaccharide antigen
:*Belongs to [[Enterobacteriaceae]] family
**Belongs to [[Enterobacteriaceae]] family
:*Chemotroph
**Chemotroph


== References ==
== References ==
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[[Category:Gastroenterology]]
[[Category:FinalQCRequired]]
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Latest revision as of 02:39, 18 July 2021

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aysha Aslam, M.B.B.S[2]

Overview

Causes

Serovars

Other Salmonellae which may cause similar symptoms include:

  • Salmonella Paratyphi A
  • Salmonella Paratyphi B
  • Salmonella Paratyphi C
  • Salmonella choleraesuis

Features of Salmonella Typhi[9][10][11]

  • O polysaccharide antigen
  • H flagellar antigen
  • Vi outer capsular polysaccharide antigen

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Arndt MB, Mosites EM, Tian M, Forouzanfar MH, Mokhdad AH, Meller M; et al. (2014). "Estimating the burden of paratyphoid a in Asia and Africa". PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 8 (6): e2925. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002925. PMC 4046978. PMID 24901439.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Maskey AP, Day JN, Phung QT, Thwaites GE, Campbell JI, Zimmerman M; et al. (2006). "Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A and S. enterica serovar Typhi cause indistinguishable clinical syndromes in Kathmandu, Nepal". Clin Infect Dis. 42 (9): 1247–53. doi:10.1086/503033. PMID 16586383.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Oboegbulam SI, Oguike JU, Gugnani HC (1995). "Microbiological studies on cases diagnosed as typhoid/enteric fever in south-east Nigeria". J Commun Dis. 27 (2): 97–100. PMID 7499779.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Vollaard AM, Ali S, Widjaja S, Asten HA, Visser LG, Surjadi C; et al. (2005). "Identification of typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever cases at presentation in outpatient clinics in Jakarta, Indonesia". Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 99 (6): 440–50. doi:10.1016/j.trstmh.2004.09.012. PMID 15837356.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Wain J, Hendriksen RS, Mikoleit ML, Keddy KH, Ochiai RL (2015). "Typhoid fever". Lancet. 385 (9973): 1136–45. PMID [//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25458731 doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62708-7 25458731 doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62708-7] Check |pmid= value (help). line feed character in |pmid= at position 9 (help)
  6. ↑ http://www.cdc.gov/typhoid-fever/health-professional.html
  7. ↑ Fàbrega, Anna, and Jordi Vila. "Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium skills to succeed in the host: virulence and regulation." Clinical microbiology reviews 26.2 (2013): 308-341.
  8. ↑ http://www.cdc.gov/typhoid-fever/health-professional.html
  9. ↑ Fàbrega, Anna, and Jordi Vila. "Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium skills to succeed in the host: virulence and regulation." Clinical microbiology reviews 26.2 (2013): 308-341.
  10. ↑ Grossman, Daniel A., et al. "Flagellar serotypes of Salmonella typhi in Indonesia: relationships among motility, invasiveness, and clinical illness." Journal of Infectious Diseases 171.1 (1995): 212-216.
  11. ↑ Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G (1975). "Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes". Biochem Pharmacol. 24 (17): 1639–41. PMID 10.1056/NEJMra020201 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra020201 Check |pmid= value (help).

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