Typhus classification: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | |||
Typhus fevers are a group of diseases caused by bacteria that are spread to humans by fleas, lice, and chiggers. Typhus fevers include [[scrub typhus]], [[murine typhus]], and [[epidemic typhus]]. Chiggers spread [[scrub typhus]], fleas spread [[murine typhus]], and body lice spread [[epidemic typhus]]. The most common symptoms are [[fever]], [[headaches]], and [[rash]]. | |||
==Classification== | ==Classification== | ||
===Epidemic typhus=== | ===Epidemic typhus=== | ||
[[Epidemic]] typhus <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sedgleymanor.com/diseases/diseases_p-t.html |title=Diseases P-T at sedgleymanor.com |accessdate=2007-07-17 |format= |work=}}</ref> | *[[Epidemic]] typhus is so named because the disease often causes epidemics following wars and natural disasters.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sedgleymanor.com/diseases/diseases_p-t.html |title=Diseases P-T at sedgleymanor.com |accessdate=2007-07-17 |format= |work=}}</ref> | ||
*The causative organism is ''[[Rickettsia prowazekii]]'', transmitted by the [[human body louse]] (''Pediculus humanus humanus'').<ref>Gray, Michael W. [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v396/n6707/full/396109a0.html Rickettsia, typhus and the mitochondrial connection] Nature 396, 109 - 110 (12 November 1998)].</ref> | |||
*Feeding on a human who carries the bacillus infects the louse. ''[[Rickettsia prowazekii|R. prowazekii]]'' grows in the louse's gut and is excreted in its [[feces]]. | |||
*The disease is then transmitted to an uninfected human who scratches the louse bite (which itches) and rubs the feces into the wound. | |||
*The abysmally low standards of hygiene enforced in camps such as Theresienstadt and Bergen-Belsen created conditions where diseases such as typhus flourished. | |||
*A possible modern scenario for typhus epidemics would be in refugee camps during a major famine or natural disaster. This form of typhus is also known as "prison fever" or "ship fever" because it becomes prevalent in crowded conditions in prisons and aboard ships. | |||
===Endemic typhus=== | ===Endemic typhus=== | ||
* Endemic typhus (also called "flea-borne typhus" and "murine typhus" or "rat flea typhus") is caused by the bacteria ''Rickettsia typhi'', and is transmitted by the [[flea]]s that infest rats. <ref name="Texas">[http://www.dshs.state.tx.us/idcu/disease/murine_typhus/information/ Information on Murine Typhus (Fleaborne Typhus) or Endemic Typhus] Texas Department of State Health Services (2005).</ref> | |||
Endemic typhus (also called "flea-borne typhus" and "murine typhus" or "rat flea typhus") is caused by the bacteria ''Rickettsia typhi'', and is transmitted by the [[flea]]s that infest rats. <ref name=Texas>[http://www.dshs.state.tx.us/idcu/disease/murine_typhus/information/ Information on Murine Typhus (Fleaborne Typhus) or Endemic Typhus] Texas Department of State Health Services (2005).</ref> | * Less often, endemic typhus is caused by ''Rickettsia felis'' and transmitted by fleas carried by cats or possums. Symptoms of endemic typhus include [[headache]], [[fever]], chills, [[myalgia]], [[nausea]], [[vomiting]], and [[cough]]. | ||
* Endemic typhus is highly treatable with antibiotics.<ref name="Texas" /> Most people recover fully, but death may occur in the elderly, severely disabled or patients with a depressed immune system. | |||
Less often, endemic typhus is caused by ''Rickettsia felis'' and transmitted by fleas carried by cats or possums. Symptoms of endemic typhus include [[headache]], [[fever]], chills, [[myalgia]], [[nausea]], [[vomiting]], and [[cough]]. | |||
Endemic typhus is highly treatable with antibiotics.<ref name=Texas/> Most people recover fully, but death may occur in the elderly, severely disabled or patients with a depressed immune system. | |||
===Scrub typhus=== | ===Scrub typhus=== | ||
* [[Scrub typhus]] (also called "chigger-borne typhus") is caused by ''[[Orientia tsutsugamushi]]'' and transmitted by [[Harvest mite|chigger]]s, which are found in areas of heavy scrub vegetation. | |||
[[Scrub typhus]] (also called "chigger-borne typhus") is caused by ''[[Orientia tsutsugamushi]]'' and transmitted by [[Harvest mite|chigger]]s, which are found in areas of heavy scrub vegetation. Symptoms include fever, headache, muscle pain, cough, and [[gastrointestinal]] symptoms. More virulent strains of ''O. tsutsugamushi'' can cause [[hemorrhaging]] and [[intravascular coagulation]]. | * Symptoms include [[fever]], [[headache]], [[Myalgia|muscle pain]], [[cough]], and [[gastrointestinal]] symptoms. More virulent strains of ''O. tsutsugamushi'' can cause [[hemorrhaging]] and [[intravascular coagulation]]. | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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[[Category:Disease]] | |||
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[[Category:Infectious disease]] | [[Category:Infectious disease]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Gastroenterology]] | ||
[[Category:Pulmonology]] | |||
Latest revision as of 00:32, 30 July 2020
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Typhus Microchapters |
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
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Case Studies |
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Typhus classification On the Web |
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American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Typhus classification |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] ; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aditya Ganti M.B.B.S. [2]
Overview
Typhus fevers are a group of diseases caused by bacteria that are spread to humans by fleas, lice, and chiggers. Typhus fevers include scrub typhus, murine typhus, and epidemic typhus. Chiggers spread scrub typhus, fleas spread murine typhus, and body lice spread epidemic typhus. The most common symptoms are fever, headaches, and rash.
Classification
Epidemic typhus
- Epidemic typhus is so named because the disease often causes epidemics following wars and natural disasters.[1]
- The causative organism is Rickettsia prowazekii, transmitted by the human body louse (Pediculus humanus humanus).[2]
- Feeding on a human who carries the bacillus infects the louse. R. prowazekii grows in the louse's gut and is excreted in its feces.
- The disease is then transmitted to an uninfected human who scratches the louse bite (which itches) and rubs the feces into the wound.
- The abysmally low standards of hygiene enforced in camps such as Theresienstadt and Bergen-Belsen created conditions where diseases such as typhus flourished.
- A possible modern scenario for typhus epidemics would be in refugee camps during a major famine or natural disaster. This form of typhus is also known as "prison fever" or "ship fever" because it becomes prevalent in crowded conditions in prisons and aboard ships.
Endemic typhus
- Endemic typhus (also called "flea-borne typhus" and "murine typhus" or "rat flea typhus") is caused by the bacteria Rickettsia typhi, and is transmitted by the fleas that infest rats. [3]
- Less often, endemic typhus is caused by Rickettsia felis and transmitted by fleas carried by cats or possums. Symptoms of endemic typhus include headache, fever, chills, myalgia, nausea, vomiting, and cough.
- Endemic typhus is highly treatable with antibiotics.[3] Most people recover fully, but death may occur in the elderly, severely disabled or patients with a depressed immune system.
Scrub typhus
- Scrub typhus (also called "chigger-borne typhus") is caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi and transmitted by chiggers, which are found in areas of heavy scrub vegetation.
- Symptoms include fever, headache, muscle pain, cough, and gastrointestinal symptoms. More virulent strains of O. tsutsugamushi can cause hemorrhaging and intravascular coagulation.
References
- ↑ "Diseases P-T at sedgleymanor.com". Retrieved 2007-07-17.
- ↑ Gray, Michael W. Rickettsia, typhus and the mitochondrial connection Nature 396, 109 - 110 (12 November 1998)].
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Information on Murine Typhus (Fleaborne Typhus) or Endemic Typhus Texas Department of State Health Services (2005).