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{{Rubella}}
{{Rubella}}
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==Overview==
Patients with [[rubella]] infection present with a [[fever]], [[skin rash]] and cervical [[lymphadenopathy]]. [[Malaise]] and [[anorexia]] precede the development of [[fever]] and [[rash]].


==Signs and Symptoms==
==History and Symptoms==
After an incubation period of 14-21 days, the primary symptom of rubella virus infection is the appearance of a rash ([[exanthem]]) on the face which spreads to the trunk and limbs and usually fades after three days. Other symptoms include low grade fever, swollen glands (post cervical lymphadenopathy), joint pains, headache, conjunctivitis.<ref name="pmid16022642">{{cite journal
*Questions regarding contact with an infected patient and a detailed documentation of the [[immunization]] status must be taken in all patients with suspected [[rubella]] infection.
|author=Edlich RF, Winters KL, Long WB, Gubler KD
*All the women with suspected [[rubella]] infection should be asked for the possibility of being a [[pregnant]].
|title=Rubella and congenital rubella (German measles)
[[Symptoms]] of [[rubella]] infection include:<ref name="Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics">Kliegman, Robert; Stanton, Bonita; St. Geme, Joseph; Schor, Nina (2016). "Chapter 247:Rubella". Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics Twentieth Edition. Elsevier. pp. 1548–1552. ISBN 978-1-4557-7566-8.</ref><ref name="Goldman-Cecil Medicine">Goldman, Lee; Schafer, Andrew (2016). "Chapter 368:Rubella (German Measles)". Goldman-Cecil Medicine, 25th Edition. Elsevier. pp. 2204–2206. ISBN 9781455750177.</ref><ref name="pmid2408312">{{cite journal| author=Buimovici-Klein E, Cooper LZ| title=Cell-mediated immune response in rubella infections. | journal=Rev Infect Dis | year= 1985 | volume= 7 Suppl 1 | issue= | pages= S123-8 | pmid=2408312 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2408312  }} </ref>
|journal=J Long Term Eff Med Implants
*Low grade [[fever]]
|volume=15
*[[Skin rash]] which starts on the [[face]] and spreads to the rest of the body
|issue=3
*[[Sore throat]]
|pages=319–28
*[[Lymph node]] swelling in the [[neck]]
|year=2005
*[[Headache]]
|pmid=16022642
*[[Malaise]]
|doi=
*[[Anorexia]]
|url=http://www.begellhouse.com/journals/1bef42082d7a0fdf,69622d0e4ea6cf4b,4fb4b32d494cf55c.html
*Mild [[conjunctivitis]]
}}</ref> The swollen [[gland]]s or lymph nodes can persist for up to a week and the [[fever]] rarely rises above 38 <sup>o</sup>C (100.4 <sup>o</sup>F). The rash disappears after a few days with no staining or peeling of the skin. Forchheimer's sign occurs in 20% of cases, and is characterized by small, red [[papule]]s on the area of the [[soft palate]].
*[[Rhinitis|Runny nose]]
 
*About 25 to 50% of people infected with [[rubella]] will not experience any symptoms
Rubella can affect anyone of any age and is generally a mild disease, rare in infants or those over the age of 40. The older the person is the more severe the symptoms are likely to be. Up to one-third of older girls or women experience joint pain or arthritic type symptoms with rubella. The virus is contracted through the respiratory tract and has an incubation period of 2 to 3 weeks. During this incubation period, the carrier is contagious but may show no symptoms.
====Congenital Rubella Syndrome====
{{main|Congenital rubella syndrome}}
Rubella can cause [[congenital rubella syndrome]] in the newly born. The syndrome (CRS) follows intrauterine infection by Rubella virus and comprises cardiac, cerebral, ophthalmic and auditory defects.<ref name="pmid15259032">{{cite journal
|author=Atreya CD, Mohan KV, Kulkarni S
|title=Rubella virus and birth defects: molecular insights into the viral teratogenesis at the cellular level.
|journal=Birth Defects Res. Part A Clin. Mol. Teratol.
|volume=70
|issue=7
|pages=431–7
|year=2004
|pmid=15259032
|doi=10.1002/bdra.20045
|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bdra.20045
}}</ref> It may also cause prematurity, low birth weight, and neonatal thrombocytopenia, anaemia and hepatitis. The risk of major defects or organogenesis is highest for infection in the first trimester. CRS is the main reason a vaccine for rubella was developed. Many mothers who contract rubella within the first critical trimester either have a miscarriage or a still born baby. If the baby survives the infection, it can be born with severe heart disorders (PDA being the most common), blindness, deafness, or other life threatening organ disorders. The skin manifestations are called "blueberry muffin lesions." <ref name="pmid16580940">{{cite journal
|author=De Santis M, Cavaliere AF, Straface G, Caruso A
|title=Rubella infection in pregnancy.
|journal=Reprod. Toxicol.
|volume=21
|issue=4
|pages=390–8
|year=2006
|pmid=16580940
|doi=10.1016/j.reprotox.2005.01.014
|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0890-6238(05)00073-0
}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
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[[Category:Togaviruses]]
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[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Primary care]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]
 
[[Category:Emergency mdicine]]
{{WH}}
[[Category:Disease]]
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[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Dermatology]]

Latest revision as of 00:04, 30 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aravind Kuchkuntla, M.B.B.S[2]

Overview

Patients with rubella infection present with a fever, skin rash and cervical lymphadenopathy. Malaise and anorexia precede the development of fever and rash.

History and Symptoms

  • Questions regarding contact with an infected patient and a detailed documentation of the immunization status must be taken in all patients with suspected rubella infection.
  • All the women with suspected rubella infection should be asked for the possibility of being a pregnant.

Symptoms of rubella infection include:[1][2][3]

References

  1. ↑ Kliegman, Robert; Stanton, Bonita; St. Geme, Joseph; Schor, Nina (2016). "Chapter 247:Rubella". Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics Twentieth Edition. Elsevier. pp. 1548–1552. ISBN 978-1-4557-7566-8.
  2. ↑ Goldman, Lee; Schafer, Andrew (2016). "Chapter 368:Rubella (German Measles)". Goldman-Cecil Medicine, 25th Edition. Elsevier. pp. 2204–2206. ISBN 9781455750177.
  3. ↑ Buimovici-Klein E, Cooper LZ (1985). "Cell-mediated immune response in rubella infections". Rev Infect Dis. 7 Suppl 1: S123–8. PMID 2408312.

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