Hepatitis B primary prevention: Difference between revisions
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:*Household memebers with negative test results for HBV serologic markers should be vaccinated. | :*Household memebers with negative test results for HBV serologic markers should be vaccinated. | ||
:*Regular sexual partners with negative test results for HBV serologic markers should be vaccinated. | :*Regular sexual partners with negative test results for HBV serologic markers should be vaccinated. | ||
:*Casual sexual partners or unvaccinated regular sexual partners should | :*Casual sexual partners or unvaccinated regular sexual partners should make use of barrier protection methods. | ||
:*Pregnant HBsAg-positive women should inform their healthcare providers | :*Pregnant HBsAg-positive women should inform their healthcare providers so that Hepatitis B Immune Globulin and hepatitis B vaccine may be administered to the infant after delivery. | ||
:*Healthcare workers infected with hepatitis B should consult an expert review panel. | :*Healthcare workers infected with hepatitis B should consult an expert review panel. | ||
:*In case of organ transplant | :*In case of organ transplant in which anti-HBc-positive organ donors are used for HBV seronegative recipients, HBV infection should be prevented with the administration of antiviral therapy. 6-12 months of prophylactic therapy may be sufficient for organ transplants other than hepatic. For hepatic transplants, life-long antiviral therapy is recommended. | ||
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==Vaccination== | ==Vaccination== | ||
[[Hepatitis B vaccine]] is the most effective tool in preventing the [[transmission]] of [[HBV]] and [[HDV]]. [[Vaccines]] are composed of the surface antigen of HBV ([[HBsAg]]), and are produced by two different methods:The [[natural reservoir]] for [[hepatitis B virus]] is man. Closely related [[hepadnaviruses]] have been found in woodchucks and ducks, but they are not [[infectious]] for humans.<ref name=WHO-Guideline-Hepatitis-B> World Health Organization, Guidelines for the Prevention, Care, and Treatment of persons with chronic Hepatitis B Infection. (March 2015). http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/154590/1/9789241549059_eng.pdf Accessed on October 4th, 2016</ref> | [[Hepatitis B vaccine]] is the most effective tool in preventing the [[transmission]] of [[HBV]] and [[HDV]]. [[Vaccines]] are composed of the surface antigen of HBV ([[HBsAg]]), and are produced by two different methods: plasma-derived and recombinant DNA. The [[natural reservoir]] for [[hepatitis B virus]] is man. Closely related [[hepadnaviruses]] have been found in woodchucks and ducks, but they are not [[infectious]] for humans.<ref name=WHO-Guideline-Hepatitis-B> World Health Organization, Guidelines for the Prevention, Care, and Treatment of persons with chronic Hepatitis B Infection. (March 2015). http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/154590/1/9789241549059_eng.pdf Accessed on October 4th, 2016</ref> | ||
The primary hepatitis B immunization series conventionally consists of three doses of vaccine. Vaccination of infants and, in particular, delivery of hepatitis B vaccine within 24 hours of birth is 90–95% effective in preventing infection with HBV as well as decreasing HBV transmission if followed by at least two other doses. [[WHO]] recommends universal hepatitis B vaccination for all [[infants]] | The primary hepatitis B immunization series conventionally consists of three doses of vaccine. Vaccination of infants and, in particular, delivery of hepatitis B vaccine within 24 hours of birth is 90–95% effective in preventing infection with HBV as well as decreasing HBV transmission if followed by at least two other doses. [[WHO]] recommends universal hepatitis B vaccination for all [[infants]] and specifies that the first dose should be given as soon as possible after birth.<ref name=WHO-Guideline-Hepatitis-B> World Health Organization, Guidelines for the Prevention, Care, and Treatment of persons with chronic Hepatitis B Infection. (March 2015). http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/154590/1/9789241549059_eng.pdf Accessed on October 4th, 2016</ref><ref Name=Hepatitis-B-Vac>Ni JD, Xiong YZ, Wang XJ, Xiu LC. Does increased hepatitis B vaccination dose lead to a better immune response in HIV- infected patients than standard dose vaccination: a meta-analysis? Int J STD AIDS. 2013;24(2):117–22.</ref> This strategy has resulted in a dramatic decrease in the prevalence of CHB among young children in regions of the world where universal infant vaccination programs have been implemented. A small proportion of vaccinated children (5–10%) have a poor response to vaccination and remain susceptible to acquisition of HBV infection throughout their lives.<ref name=WHO-Guideline-Hepatitis-B> World Health Organization, Guidelines for the Prevention, Care, and Treatment of persons with chronic Hepatitis B Infection. (March 2015). http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/154590/1/9789241549059_eng.pdf Accessed on October 4th, 2016</ref><ref name=hepatitis-B-virus>Liu CJ, Liou JM, Chen DS, Chen P J.Natural course and treatment of dual hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infections. J Formos Med Assoc Taiwan. 2005;104(11):783–91.</ref> | ||
[[WHO]] recommends that [[hepatitis B vaccine]] be included in routine [[immunization]] services in all countries. The primary objective of hepatitis B [[immunization]] is to prevent chronic HBV infections which result in [[chronic liver disease]] later in life. By preventing chronic HBV infections, the major reservoir for transmission of new infections is also reduced. | [[WHO]] recommends that [[hepatitis B vaccine]] be included in routine [[immunization]] services in all countries. The primary objective of hepatitis B [[immunization]] is to prevent chronic HBV infections, which result in [[chronic liver disease]] later in life. By preventing chronic HBV infections, the major reservoir for transmission of new infections is also reduced. | ||
{{For|hepatitis B vaccine|Hepatitis B vaccine}} | {{For|hepatitis B vaccine|Hepatitis B vaccine}} | ||
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==References == | ==References == | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
{{WH}} | {{WH}} | ||
{{WS}} | {{WS}} | ||
[[Category:Gastroenterology]] | |||
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[[Category:Emergency mdicine]] | |||
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[[Category:Infectious disease]] | |||
[[Category:Hepatology]] | |||
Latest revision as of 22:05, 29 July 2020
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Hepatitis B |
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
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Case Studies |
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Hepatitis B primary prevention On the Web |
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American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Hepatitis B primary prevention |
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Risk calculators and risk factors for Hepatitis B primary prevention |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: João André Alves Silva, M.D. [2], Sara Mehrsefat, M.D. [3]
Overview
The risk of transmission of hepatitis B may be reduced by the implementation of certain measures proposed by the WHO. These include the vaccination of all infants within 24 hours of birth; vaccination of members of certain risk groups, including travelers to endemic areas and healthcare workers (if they have not been vaccinated yet); avoidance of sexual contact with a person who has acute or chronic hepatitis B; and avoiding sharing personal items such as razors or toothbrushes. The HBV vaccine is effective in preventing HBV infections when it is administered either before exposure or shortly after exposure.[1][2][3]
Primary Prevention
According to the WHO, the following measures should be implemented to prevent infection by hepatitis B virus:[1][2][3]
| Primary Prevention | Recommendations |
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| Hepatitis B vaccine |
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| Screening of all donated blood |
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| Hepatitis B immune globulin |
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| Lifestyle measures |
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Patients with chronic hepatitis B should be aware of the following:[1][2]
| Education and Prevention of Hepatitis B |
|---|
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Vaccination
Hepatitis B vaccine is the most effective tool in preventing the transmission of HBV and HDV. Vaccines are composed of the surface antigen of HBV (HBsAg), and are produced by two different methods: plasma-derived and recombinant DNA. The natural reservoir for hepatitis B virus is man. Closely related hepadnaviruses have been found in woodchucks and ducks, but they are not infectious for humans.[1]
The primary hepatitis B immunization series conventionally consists of three doses of vaccine. Vaccination of infants and, in particular, delivery of hepatitis B vaccine within 24 hours of birth is 90–95% effective in preventing infection with HBV as well as decreasing HBV transmission if followed by at least two other doses. WHO recommends universal hepatitis B vaccination for all infants and specifies that the first dose should be given as soon as possible after birth.[1][4] This strategy has resulted in a dramatic decrease in the prevalence of CHB among young children in regions of the world where universal infant vaccination programs have been implemented. A small proportion of vaccinated children (5–10%) have a poor response to vaccination and remain susceptible to acquisition of HBV infection throughout their lives.[1][5]
WHO recommends that hepatitis B vaccine be included in routine immunization services in all countries. The primary objective of hepatitis B immunization is to prevent chronic HBV infections, which result in chronic liver disease later in life. By preventing chronic HBV infections, the major reservoir for transmission of new infections is also reduced.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 World Health Organization, Guidelines for the Prevention, Care, and Treatment of persons with chronic Hepatitis B Infection. (March 2015). http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/154590/1/9789241549059_eng.pdf Accessed on October 4th, 2016
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. A Comprehensive Immunization Strategy to Eliminate Transmission of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in the United States. (2006). http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr5516.pdf Accessed on October 4th, 2016
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention and Control of Infections with Hepatitis Viruses in Correctional Settings http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5201a1.htm Accessed on October 4th 2016
- ↑ Ni JD, Xiong YZ, Wang XJ, Xiu LC. Does increased hepatitis B vaccination dose lead to a better immune response in HIV- infected patients than standard dose vaccination: a meta-analysis? Int J STD AIDS. 2013;24(2):117–22.
- ↑ Liu CJ, Liou JM, Chen DS, Chen P J.Natural course and treatment of dual hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infections. J Formos Med Assoc Taiwan. 2005;104(11):783–91.