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==Overview==
==Overview==
   
[[Epidemiology]] of [[Vermiform appendix|appendix]] [[cancer]] should be discussed with respect to the major [[Histology|histological]] characteristics of the [[Tumor|tumors]]. [[Prevalence]], [[Risk factor|risk factors]], age distribution as well as [[prognosis]] are different in the two major types of appendiceal [[Cancer|cancers]], '''[[Adenocarcinoma|adenocarcinoma]]''' and [[Carcinoid Tumor|'''carcinoid tumors''']]'''''.''''' The [[Incidence (epidemiology)|incidence]] of [[Carcinoid Tumor|'''carcinoid tumor of appendix''']] is approximately 0.075 per 100,000 individuals worldwide. The [[Incidence (epidemiology)|incidence]] o[[Adenocarcinoma|f '''adenocarcinoma of the appendix''']] is approximately  0.2 per 100,000 individuals worldwide. Appendiceal [[Neoplasm|neoplasms]] account for approximately 0.4% of [[Gastrointestinal tract|gastrointestinal]] [[Tumor|tumors.]] The estimated [[prevalence]] of [[appendix cancer]] is approximately 0.12 cases per 100,000 individuals in the United States.The [[Incidence (epidemiology)|incidence]] of appendix cancer increases with [[Age Standardized Mortality Rates|age]]; meanwhile, patients with [[Carcinoid Tumor|carcinoid tumors]] are generally younger than their [[adenocarcinoma]] counterparts. The [[median]] age at diagnosis is 65 years for [[Adenocarcinoma|adenocarcinoma,]] compared to 32-43 years (range, 6 to 80 years) for [[Carcinoid Tumor|carcinoid]] tumors. There is no [[Race|racial predilection]] to appendiceal cancers. Meanwhile, [[Carcinoid tumor of appendix|carcinoid tumors]] are slightly more prevalent among Caucasians and African-Americans. Generally appendiceal cancers affects men and women equally. While in [[adenocarcinoma]], there is a male dominant pattern of [[prevalence]], females are more commonly affected by appendiceal [[Carcinoid Tumor|carcinoids]] than men.
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
*Epidemiology of appendix cancer should be discussed with respect to the major histological characteristics of tumors.  
*Epidemiology of appendix cancer should be discussed with respect to the major histological characteristics of the tumors.  
*Prevalence, risk factors, age distribution as well as prognosis are different in two major types of apendiceal cancers.
*[[Prevalence]], [[risk factor]]<nowiki/>s, age distribution as well as [[prognosis]] are different in the two major types of apendiceal cancers.<ref name="WHO">Chapter 5: Tumours of the Appendix - IARC. https://www.iarc.fr/en/publications/pdfs-online/pat-gen/bb2/bb2-chap5.pdf Accessed on January 15, 2019</ref>
* According to the [https://seer.cancer.gov/statistics/ SEER database], adenocarcinoma accounted for 58% of appendiceal tumors.   
* According to the [https://seer.cancer.gov/statistics/ SEER database], '''''adenocarcinoma''''' accounted for 58% of appendiceal tumors.<ref name="pmid8000994">{{cite journal| author=Thomas RM, Sobin LH| title=Gastrointestinal cancer. | journal=Cancer | year= 1995 | volume= 75 | issue= 1 Suppl | pages= 154-70 | pmid=8000994 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8000994 }} </ref>
* Carcinoid tumors comprise 50-77% of appendiceal malignancies.  
* '''''Carcinoid tumors''''' comprise 50-77% of appendiceal malignancies.<ref name="pmid464679">{{cite journal| author=Syracuse DC, Perzin KH, Price JB, Wiedel PD, Mesa-Tejada R| title=Carcinoid tumors of the appendix. Mesoappendiceal extension and nodal metastases. | journal=Ann Surg | year= 1979 | volume= 190 | issue= 1 | pages= 58-63 | pmid=464679 | doi= | pmc=1344458 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=464679  }} </ref>
===Incidence===
===Incidence===
*The incidence of carcinoid tumor of appendix is approximately  0.075 per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
*The incidence of '''''carcinoid''''' tumor of appendix is approximately  0.075 per 100,000 individuals, worldwide.<ref name="pmid9024720">{{cite journal| author=Modlin IM, Sandor A| title=An analysis of 8305 cases of carcinoid tumors. | journal=Cancer | year= 1997 | volume= 79 | issue= 4 | pages= 813-29 | pmid=9024720 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9024720  }} </ref>
*The incidence of adenocarcinoma of the appendix is approximately  0.2 per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
*The incidence of '''''adenocarcinoma''''' of the appendix is approximately  0.2 per 100,000 individuals, worldwide.<ref name="pmid7795991">{{cite journal| author=Deans GT, Spence RA| title=Neoplastic lesions of the appendix. | journal=Br J Surg | year= 1995 | volume= 82 | issue= 3 | pages= 299-306 | pmid=7795991 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7795991  }} </ref>


===Prevalence===
===Prevalence===
*Appendiceal neoplasms account for approximately 0.4% of gastrointestinal tumors.  
*Appendiceal neoplasms account for approximately 0.4% of gastrointestinal tumors.<ref name="pmid8000994" />
* The estimated prevalence of appendix cancer is approximately 0.12 cases per 100,000 individuals in the United States.<ref name="pmid22302267">{{cite journal |vauthors=Turaga KK, Pappas SG, Gamblin T |title=Importance of histologic subtype in the staging of appendiceal tumors |journal=Ann. Surg. Oncol. |volume=19 |issue=5 |pages=1379–85 |year=2012 |pmid=22302267 |doi=10.1245/s10434-012-2238-1 |url=}}</ref>
* The estimated prevalence of appendix cancer is approximately 0.12 cases per 100,000 individuals in the United States.<ref name="pmid22302267">{{cite journal |vauthors=Turaga KK, Pappas SG, Gamblin T |title=Importance of histologic subtype in the staging of appendiceal tumors |journal=Ann. Surg. Oncol. |volume=19 |issue=5 |pages=1379–85 |year=2012 |pmid=22302267 |doi=10.1245/s10434-012-2238-1 |url=}}</ref>
* The estimated prevalence of adenocarcinoma of the appendix is 0.2 cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide;<ref name="pmid22302267">{{cite journal |vauthors=Turaga KK, Pappas SG, Gamblin T |title=Importance of histologic subtype in the staging of appendiceal tumors |journal=Ann. Surg. Oncol. |volume=19 |issue=5 |pages=1379–85 |year=2012 |pmid=22302267 |doi=10.1245/s10434-012-2238-1 |url=}}</ref> on the other hand,?????????
* The estimated prevalence of adenocarcinoma of the appendix is 0.2 cases per 100,000 individuals, worldwide.<ref name="pmid22302267">{{cite journal |vauthors=Turaga KK, Pappas SG, Gamblin T |title=Importance of histologic subtype in the staging of appendiceal tumors |journal=Ann. Surg. Oncol. |volume=19 |issue=5 |pages=1379–85 |year=2012 |pmid=22302267 |doi=10.1245/s10434-012-2238-1 |url=}}</ref>
 
 
===Case-fatality rate/Mortality rate===
???????????????????????????????????????
*In [year], the incidence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals with a case-fatality rate/mortality rate of [number range]%.
*The case-fatality rate/mortality rate of [disease name] is approximately [number range].


===Age===
===Age===
*The incidence of apendix cancer increases with age; meanwhile, patients with carcinoid tumors are generally younger than their adenocarcinoma counterparts.  
*The incidence of appendix cancer increases with age; meanwhile, patients with carcinoid tumors are generally younger than their adenocarcinoma counterparts.  
* The median age at diagnosis is 65 years for adenocarcinoma, compared to t 32-43 years (range, 6 to 80 years) for carcinoid tumors.
* The median age at diagnosis is 65 years for adenocarcinoma, compared to 32-43 years (range, 6 to 80 years) for carcinoid tumors.<ref name="pmid7828125">{{cite journal| author=Carr NJ, McCarthy WF, Sobin LH| title=Epithelial noncarcinoid tumors and tumor-like lesions of the appendix. A clinicopathologic study of 184 patients with a multivariate analysis of prognostic factors. | journal=Cancer | year= 1995 | volume= 75 | issue= 3 | pages= 757-68 | pmid=7828125 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7828125  }} </ref><ref name="pmid9024720" />
** The patients with Tubular carcinoids are significantly younger than the patients with goblet cell carcinoids.
** The patients with tubular [[Carcinoid Tumor|carcinoids]] are significantly younger than the patients with goblet cell carcinoids.<ref name="pmid2163192">{{cite journal| author=Burke AP, Sobin LH, Federspiel BH, Shekitka KM, Helwig EB| title=Goblet cell carcinoids and related tumors of the vermiform appendix. | journal=Am J Clin Pathol | year= 1990 | volume= 94 | issue= 1 | pages= 27-35 | pmid=2163192 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2163192  }} </ref>


===Race===
===Race===
*There is no racial predilection to appendiceal cancers.
*There is no racial predilection to appendiceal cancers.<ref name="WHO" />
*Meanwhile, [[Carcinoid Tumor|carcinoid]] tumors are slightly more prevalent among Caucasians and African-Americans.<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Irvin M. Modlin]], [[Kevin D. Lye]] & [[Mark Kidd]]
| title = A 5-decade analysis of 13,715 carcinoid tumors
| journal = [[Cancer]]
| volume = 97
| issue = 4
| pages = 934–959
| year = 2003
| month = February
| doi = 10.1002/cncr.11105
| pmid = 12569593
}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal
| author = [[Melinda A. Maggard]], [[Jessica B. O'Connell]] & [[Clifford Y. Ko]]
| title = Updated population-based review of carcinoid tumors
| journal = [[Annals of surgery]]
| volume = 240
| issue = 1
| pages = 117–122
| year = 2004
| month = July
| pmid = 15213627
}}</ref>
*A poorer [[Survival rate|survival]] has been reported for the black patients with [[Carcinoid syndrome|carcinoid]] tumors.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal
| author = [[Melinda A. Maggard]], [[Jessica B. O'Connell]] & [[Clifford Y. Ko]]
| title = Updated population-based review of carcinoid tumors
| journal = [[Annals of surgery]]
| volume = 240
| issue = 1
| pages = 117–122
| year = 2004
| month = July
| pmid = 15213627
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Irvin M. Modlin]], [[Kevin D. Lye]] & [[Mark Kidd]]
| title = A 5-decade analysis of 13,715 carcinoid tumors
| journal = [[Cancer]]
| volume = 97
| issue = 4
| pages = 934–959
| year = 2003
| month = February
| doi = 10.1002/cncr.11105
| pmid = 12569593
}}</ref>
===Gender===
===Gender===
*Generally appendiceal cancers affects men and women equally.
*Generally appendiceal cancers affects men and women equally.
* While in adenocarcinoma  there is a male dominant pattern of prevalence, females are more commonly affected by appendiceal carcinoids than men; This might be because of high incidental appendicectomies in women. Nevertheless, in the SEER database, the male to female ratio is approximately 1 to 1.
* While in adenocarcinoma, there is a male dominant pattern of prevalence, females are more commonly affected by appendiceal carcinoids than men.<ref name="pmid9024720" /><ref name="pmid7795991" />
==References ???????????????==
* This might be because of high incidental [[Appendectomy|appendectomi]]<nowiki/>es in women.  
* Nevertheless, in the SEER database, the male to female ratio is approximately 1 to 1.<ref name="WHO" /><ref name="pmid7828125" /><ref name="pmid7795991" />
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
 
<references />
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[[Category: (name of the system)]]
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[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]

Latest revision as of 17:45, 22 February 2019

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Soroush Seifirad, M.D.[2]

Overview

Epidemiology of appendix cancer should be discussed with respect to the major histological characteristics of the tumors. Prevalence, risk factors, age distribution as well as prognosis are different in the two major types of appendiceal cancers, adenocarcinoma and carcinoid tumors. The incidence of carcinoid tumor of appendix is approximately 0.075 per 100,000 individuals worldwide. The incidence of adenocarcinoma of the appendix is approximately 0.2 per 100,000 individuals worldwide. Appendiceal neoplasms account for approximately 0.4% of gastrointestinal tumors. The estimated prevalence of appendix cancer is approximately 0.12 cases per 100,000 individuals in the United States.The incidence of appendix cancer increases with age; meanwhile, patients with carcinoid tumors are generally younger than their adenocarcinoma counterparts. The median age at diagnosis is 65 years for adenocarcinoma, compared to 32-43 years (range, 6 to 80 years) for carcinoid tumors. There is no racial predilection to appendiceal cancers. Meanwhile, carcinoid tumors are slightly more prevalent among Caucasians and African-Americans. Generally appendiceal cancers affects men and women equally. While in adenocarcinoma, there is a male dominant pattern of prevalence, females are more commonly affected by appendiceal carcinoids than men.

Epidemiology and Demographics

  • Epidemiology of appendix cancer should be discussed with respect to the major histological characteristics of the tumors.
  • Prevalence, risk factors, age distribution as well as prognosis are different in the two major types of apendiceal cancers.[1]
  • According to the SEER database, adenocarcinoma accounted for 58% of appendiceal tumors.[2]
  • Carcinoid tumors comprise 50-77% of appendiceal malignancies.[3]

Incidence

  • The incidence of carcinoid tumor of appendix is approximately 0.075 per 100,000 individuals, worldwide.[4]
  • The incidence of adenocarcinoma of the appendix is approximately 0.2 per 100,000 individuals, worldwide.[5]

Prevalence

  • Appendiceal neoplasms account for approximately 0.4% of gastrointestinal tumors.[2]
  • The estimated prevalence of appendix cancer is approximately 0.12 cases per 100,000 individuals in the United States.[6]
  • The estimated prevalence of adenocarcinoma of the appendix is 0.2 cases per 100,000 individuals, worldwide.[6]

Age

  • The incidence of appendix cancer increases with age; meanwhile, patients with carcinoid tumors are generally younger than their adenocarcinoma counterparts.
  • The median age at diagnosis is 65 years for adenocarcinoma, compared to 32-43 years (range, 6 to 80 years) for carcinoid tumors.[7][4]
    • The patients with tubular carcinoids are significantly younger than the patients with goblet cell carcinoids.[8]

Race

  • There is no racial predilection to appendiceal cancers.[1]
  • Meanwhile, carcinoid tumors are slightly more prevalent among Caucasians and African-Americans.[9][10]
  • A poorer survival has been reported for the black patients with carcinoid tumors.[10][11]

Gender

  • Generally appendiceal cancers affects men and women equally.
  • While in adenocarcinoma, there is a male dominant pattern of prevalence, females are more commonly affected by appendiceal carcinoids than men.[4][5]
  • This might be because of high incidental appendectomies in women.
  • Nevertheless, in the SEER database, the male to female ratio is approximately 1 to 1.[1][7][5]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Chapter 5: Tumours of the Appendix - IARC. https://www.iarc.fr/en/publications/pdfs-online/pat-gen/bb2/bb2-chap5.pdf Accessed on January 15, 2019
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Thomas RM, Sobin LH (1995). "Gastrointestinal cancer". Cancer. 75 (1 Suppl): 154–70. PMID 8000994.
  3. ↑ Syracuse DC, Perzin KH, Price JB, Wiedel PD, Mesa-Tejada R (1979). "Carcinoid tumors of the appendix. Mesoappendiceal extension and nodal metastases". Ann Surg. 190 (1): 58–63. PMC 1344458. PMID 464679.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Modlin IM, Sandor A (1997). "An analysis of 8305 cases of carcinoid tumors". Cancer. 79 (4): 813–29. PMID 9024720.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Deans GT, Spence RA (1995). "Neoplastic lesions of the appendix". Br J Surg. 82 (3): 299–306. PMID 7795991.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Turaga KK, Pappas SG, Gamblin T (2012). "Importance of histologic subtype in the staging of appendiceal tumors". Ann. Surg. Oncol. 19 (5): 1379–85. doi:10.1245/s10434-012-2238-1. PMID 22302267.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Carr NJ, McCarthy WF, Sobin LH (1995). "Epithelial noncarcinoid tumors and tumor-like lesions of the appendix. A clinicopathologic study of 184 patients with a multivariate analysis of prognostic factors". Cancer. 75 (3): 757–68. PMID 7828125.
  8. ↑ Burke AP, Sobin LH, Federspiel BH, Shekitka KM, Helwig EB (1990). "Goblet cell carcinoids and related tumors of the vermiform appendix". Am J Clin Pathol. 94 (1): 27–35. PMID 2163192.
  9. ↑ Irvin M. Modlin, Kevin D. Lye & Mark Kidd (2003). "A 5-decade analysis of 13,715 carcinoid tumors". Cancer. 97 (4): 934–959. doi:10.1002/cncr.11105. PMID 12569593. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Melinda A. Maggard, Jessica B. O'Connell & Clifford Y. Ko (2004). "Updated population-based review of carcinoid tumors". Annals of surgery. 240 (1): 117–122. PMID 15213627. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  11. ↑ Irvin M. Modlin, Kevin D. Lye & Mark Kidd (2003). "A 5-decade analysis of 13,715 carcinoid tumors". Cancer. 97 (4): 934–959. doi:10.1002/cncr.11105. PMID 12569593. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

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