Property:AnswerBExp
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Chlamydia psittaci is a cause of pneumonia in individuals exposed to pigeon droppings. Chlamydia psittaci would not cause an acute exacerbation on exposure to pigeon droppings. +
Therapy for non-severe C. difficile infection (CDI) usually consists of oral metronidazole for 10-14 days. This patient has severe C. difficile infection and hence should be treated with vancomycin. +
The breath hydrogen test is simple and noninvasive test that has a sensitivity and specificity superior to the absorption test and hence usually preferred. +
A physician must not give any details about a patient without his prior consent. Even confirming that the patient is undergoing treatment or admitted to the hospital is unethical. However, if a patient has authorized outside parities to be informed, the physician can provide the desired information. +
Non pharmacological methods are the first measure in delirium, unless there is severe agitation that places the person at risk of harming oneself or others.
* Avoiding unnecessary movement
* Avoidance of inter‑ and intra‑ward transfers
* Continuity of care from caring staff
* Avoidance of physical restraints
* Involving family members
* Having recognizable faces at the bedside
* Sensory aids should be available and working where necessary
* Maintenance or restoration of normal sleep patterns
* Approach and handle gently
* Avoid sudden and irritating noise (e.g. Pump alarms)
* Careful management of bowel and bladder elimination
* Having a means of orientation available (such as a clock and a calendar) may be sufficient in stabilizing the situation
* Reassurance and explanation to the patient and carer of any procedures or treatment, using short simple sentences
* If this is insufficient, verbal and non-verbal de-escalation techniques may be required to offer reassurances and calm the person experiencing delirium. +
Egocentrism is characterized by preoccupation with one's own internal world. Egocentrics regard themselves and their own opinions or interests as being the most important or valid. To them, self-relevant information is seen to be more important in shaping one’s judgments than are thoughts about others and other-relevant information. Egocentric people are unable to fully understand or to cope with other people's opinions and the fact that reality can be different from what they are ready to accept. Jean Piaget claimed that young children are egocentric. Piaget was concerned with two aspects of egocentricity in children; language and morality. He believed that egocentric children use language primarily for communication with oneself. Piaget observed that children would talk to themselves during play, and that this egocentric speech was merely the child’s thoughts. He believed that this speech had no special function; it was used as a way of accompanying and reinforcing the child’s current activity. He theorised that as the child matures cognitively and socially the amount of egocentric speech used would be reduced. He believed that when communicating with others, the child believes that others know everything about the topic of discussion and become frustrated when asked to give further detail. Piaget also believed that egocentrism affects the child’s sense of morality. Due to egocentrism, the child is only concerned with the final outcome of an event rather than another’s intentions. For example, if someone breaks the child’s toy, the child would not forgive the other due to the child not being able to understand that the person who broke the toy did not intend to break it. +
She does not show features of psychosis, visual hallucination of lost individuals is a common feature in a bereavement. +
n 2013, the American Psychiatric Association released the fifth edition of the DSM (DSM-5). To be diagnosed with schizophrenia, two diagnostic criteria have to be met over much of the time of a period of at least one month, with a significant impact on social or occupational functioning for at least six months. The person had to be suffering from delusions, hallucinations or disorganized speech. A second symptom could be negative symptoms or severely disorganized or catatonic behaviour. The definition of schizophrenia remained essentially the same as that specified by the 2000 version of DSM (DSM-IV-TR), but DSM-5 makes a number of changes. Subtype classifications such as catatonic and paranoid schizophrenia – are removed. These were retained in previous revisions largely for reasons of tradition, but had subsequently proved to be of little worth. Catatonia is no longer so strongly associated with schizophrenia. In describing a person's schizophrenia, it is recommended that a better distinction be made between the current state of the condition and its historical progress, to achieve a clearer overall characterization. Special treatment of Schneider's first-rank symptoms is no longer recommended. Schizoaffective disorder is better defined to demarcate it more cleanly from schizophrenia. An assessment covering eight domains of psychopathology such as whether hallucination or mania is experienced is recommended to help clinical decision-making. +
'''Incorrect'''- Levothyroxine therapy is administered only after thyroidectomy in order to prevent hypothyroidism and to minimize the potential tumor regrowth due to TSH stimulation. +
Tropical estrogen cream on vertebra is not a treatment of osteoporosis. Hormone replacement therapy in post menopausal women tends to reduce incidence of osteoporosis. However, osteoporosis is not an indication for hormone replacement therapy. +
'''Correct''' - Levothyroxine therapy will be the next best step following thyroidectomy and radioiodine ablation in the treatment of papillary carcinoma of thyroid in order to prevent hypothyroidism and to minimize the potential tumor regrowth due to TSH stimulation. +