Tumble weed
|
WikiDoc Resources for Tumble weed |
|
Articles |
|---|
|
Most recent articles on Tumble weed Most cited articles on Tumble weed |
|
Media |
|
Powerpoint slides on Tumble weed |
|
Evidence Based Medicine |
|
Clinical Trials |
|
Ongoing Trials on Tumble weed at Clinical Trials.gov Clinical Trials on Tumble weed at Google
|
|
Guidelines / Policies / Govt |
|
US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Tumble weed
|
|
Books |
|
News |
|
Commentary |
|
Definitions |
|
Patient Resources / Community |
|
Patient resources on Tumble weed Discussion groups on Tumble weed Patient Handouts on Tumble weed Directions to Hospitals Treating Tumble weed Risk calculators and risk factors for Tumble weed
|
|
Healthcare Provider Resources |
|
Causes & Risk Factors for Tumble weed |
|
Continuing Medical Education (CME) |
|
International |
|
|
|
Business |
|
Experimental / Informatics |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
A tumbleweed is the above-ground part of a plant that, once mature and dry, disengages from the root and tumbles away in the wind. Usually, the tumbleweed is the entire plant apart from the roots, but in a few species it is a flower cluster.[1] The tumbleweed habit is most common in steppe and desert climates. The tumbleweed is a diaspore, aiding in dispersal of propagules (seeds or spores). It does this by scattering the propagules either as it tumbles, or after it has come to rest in a wet location.[2] In the latter case, the tumbleweed opens mechanically as it absorbs water; apart from its propagules, the tumbleweed is dead.
Plants forming tumbleweeds
Although the number of species with the tumbleweed habit is small, quite a number of these species are common agricultural weeds.
Although thought to be native to Eurasia, several annual species of Salsola (family Amaranthaceae) that form tumbleweeds have become so common in North America that they are a common symbol in Western movies, where they are typically symbolic of desolation in frontier areas. Salsola pestifera became naturalized over large areas of North America after being imported from continental Asia often in shipments with agricultural seeds.[3] Salsola kali is said to have arrived in the United States in shipments of flax seeds to South Dakota in the nineteenth century.[4]
Salsola tragus (Russian thistle) is an annual plant that breaks off at the stem base, forming a tumbleweed that disperses its seeds as it rolls on top of the ground. It seems to have been imported into South Dakota from Russia in 1870 or 1874 in shipments of flaxseed. It has become a noxious weed that has spread throughout North America to inhabit suitable habitats which include areas with disturbed soils like roadsides, cultivated fields and eroded slopes, and in natural habitats that have sparse vegetation like coastal and riparian sands, semi-deserts and deserts. Salsola tragus is the correct name for the narrow-leaved, weedy representative of the S. kali aggregate found widely over North America. It is an extremely variable species with many races which vary in distinctness. Some of these varieties in the past have been divided into subspecies or even separate species. Though it is a noxious weed, Salsola tragus is useful on arid rangelands as forage for livestock.[5]
Other members of the family Amaranthaceae that form tumbleweeds include Amaranthus albus, native to Central America but introduced and weedy in Europe, Asia, and Australia; Amaranthus graecizans[6] naturalized to North America from its native Africa;[citation needed] Amaranthus retroflexus; Corispermum hyssopifolium;[7] Kochia; and Cycloloma atriplicifolium, which is called the plains tumbleweed.[8]
Atriplex rosea called the tumbling oracle or tumbling orach, is a member of the Chenopodiaceae.[9][10]
In the aster family (Asteraceae), Centaurea diffusa (a knapweed) forms tumbleweeds. This species is native to Eurasia and naturalized in much of North America. Also in this family, Lessingia glandulifera sometimes forms tumbleweeds; it grows in desert areas, chaparral, and open pine forests of the western United States and is usually found on sandy soils.[11]
In the legume family (Fabaceae), species reported to produce tumbleweeds include some members of the genus Psoralea, and Baptisia tinctoria.
In the plantain family (Plantaginaceae), Plantago cretica.
In the Solanaceae, Solanum rostratum.[7]
In the mustard family (Brassicaceae), Sisymbrium altissimum, Crambe maritima, Lepidium, and Anastatica (a resurrection plant) form tumbleweeds. Very similar in habit to Anastatica, but very distantly related, are the spore-bearing Selaginella lepidophylla (a lycopod) and earthstar mushroom family (Geastraceae). All of these curl into a ball when dry, and uncurl when moistened.
A tumbleweed formed from the flower cluster (inflorescence) occurs in some species of the parsley family (Apiaceae).[1]
The garden plant "baby's-breath" (Gypsophila paniculata), which is in the pink family Caryophyllaceae, has a dry inflorescence that forms tumbleweeds. In parts of central and western North America, it has become a common weed in many locations including hayfields and pastures.[12]
Anatomy
In some species, the tumbleweed is detached from the plant by abscission of the plant stem; abscission has been shown in Psoralea and Kochia.[13][14]
Similar diaspores
Diaspores made of inflorescences occur also in some grasses, including Schedonnardus paniculatus and some species of Eragrostis and Aristida.[15] In these plants, the inflorescences break off and tumble in the wind instead of the whole plant. The species of Spinifex from Southeast Asia are prominent examples of this dispersal adaptation.[16] These grasses are often called tumble-grasses, including such species as Panicum capillare and Eragrostis pectinacea in the United States.[17]
In Southern Africa genera of Amaryllidaceae such as Boophane, Crossyne, and to a lesser extent Brunsvigia, bear inflorescences in the form of globular umbels with long, spoke-like pedicels, either effectively at ground level, or breaking off once the stems are dry and the seeds ripe. The light, open, globular structures form very effective tumbleweed diaspores, dropping the seeds usually within a few days as the follicles fail under the wear of rolling. The seeds are fleshy, short-lived, and germinate rapidly where they land. Being poisonous and distasteful, they are not attractive to candidate transport animals, so the rolling diaspore is a very effective strategy for such plants.
Wind dispersed fruits that tumble or roll on the ground, sometimes known as "tumble fruits", are rare. Some are technically achenes. Highly inflated indehiscent fruits that may facilitate tumbling include Alyssopsis,[18] Coluteocarpus,[18] Physoptychis,[18] and Physaria.[18]
Environmental effects
Tumbleweeds have a significant effect on wind soil erosion in open regions, particularly on dry-land agricultural operations where the outside application of additional moisture is impossible. One study showed that a single Russian Thistle can remove up to 44 gallons of water from the soil while competing with a wheat crop.[19] The amount of water removed from fallow land more subject to erosion would be even higher. In addition to the moisture consumed by the plant, significant damage to the protective soil crust is caused by the tumbleweeds' motion. The damage to the soil surface then provides exposure for subsequent wind damage and topsoil loss.
Symbolism
The tumbleweed's association with the Western film has led to a highly symbolic meaning in visual media. It has come to represent locations that are desolate, dry, and often humorless, with few or no occupants. A common use is when characters encounter a long abandoned or dismal-looking place: a tumbleweed will be seen rolling past, often accompanied by the sound of a dry, hollow wind. This is sometimes used in locations where tumbleweeds are not expected, for comedic effect (for example in the opening credits of the film Big Lebowski.). Tumbleweeds can also be shown to punctuate a bad joke or a character otherwise making an absurd declaration, with the plant rolling past in the background and the wind effect emphasizing the awkward silence (similar to the sound of crickets).
See also
- Bovista - some species of puffball use essentially the same dispersal strategy
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 William Francis Ganong (1921). A Textbook of Botany for Colleges. MacMillan Co. p. 359.
- ↑ W. F. Ganong (1896). "An outline of phytobiology". Bulletin of the Natural History Society of New Brunswick. 13: 3–26, page 1 errata. page 16
- ↑ Main, Douglas. "Consider the tumbleweed". scienceline.org. Retrieved 4 August 2011.
- ↑ Epple (1997). Plants of Arizona. Falcon. p. 352. ISBN 978-1-56044-563-0. Unknown parameter
|name=ignored (help) - ↑ Salsola tragus Linnaeus in Vol. 4 Page 399, 400, 401, 402 Flora of North America, eFloras.org.
- ↑ Matt Jolley Abrams, LeRoy (1944). Illustrated Flora of the Pacific States Volume 2. Stanford University Press. p. 644. ISBN 978-0-8047-0004-7.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Louis Hermann Pammel (1903). Some Weeds of Iowa. Experiment Station, Iowa State College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts. page 477
- ↑ Chenopodiaceae, Standardized nomenclature, Texas A&M University: Center for the Study of Digital Libraries.
- ↑ WILDLAND FIRE MANAGEMENT PLAN: SACRAMENTO NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE COMPLEX, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
- ↑ Atriplex rosea Linnaeus, in Vol. 4 Page 326, 340, 358 Flora of North America, eFloras.org.
- ↑ Lessingia glandulifera in Vol. 20 Page 452, 454, 456 Flora of North America, eFloras.org.
- ↑ Gypsophila paniculata Linnaeus in Vol. 5 Flora of North America, eFloras.org.
- ↑ D. A. Becker (1968). "Stem abscission in the tumbleweed, Psoralea". American Journal of Botany. 55 (753–756).
- ↑ D. A. Becker (1978). "Stem abscission in tumbleweeds of the Chenopodiaceae: Kochia". American Journal of Botany. 65 (375–383).
- ↑ Gibson, David J. (2009). Grasses and grassland ecology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 52. ISBN 0-19-852919-8.
- ↑ Dawson, John; Lucas, Rob (2005). The nature of plants : habitats, challenges, and adaptations. Melbourne. p. 314. ISBN 0-643-09161-0.
- ↑ Pound, Roscoe; Clements, Frederic E. (1977). The phytogeography of Nebraska. New York: Arno Press: Arno Press. p. 156. ISBN 0-405-10417-0.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 O. Appel and I. A. Al-Shehbaz. "Cruciferae". In K. Kubitzki and C. Bayer. The families and genera of vascular plants. 5: Flowering Plants: Dicotyledons: Malvales, Capparales and Non-betalain Caryophyllales. Springer. pp. 75–174. ISBN 3-540-42873-9. page 83
- ↑ Parker, Ph.D., Robert (2003). DROUGHT ADVISORY EM4856 - Water Conservation, Weed Control Go Hand in Hand (PDF). Washington State University Cooperative Extension.
External links
| File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg | Look up tumbleweed in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tumbleweed. |
ca:Estepicursor cs:Stepní běžci de:Chamaechorie eo:Rultigaro it:Rotolacampo nl:Tumbleweed fi:Arokierijä chy:Heškóvó'êstse
- Pages with citations using unsupported parameters
- Pages with script errors
- Pages with broken file links
- All articles with unsourced statements
- Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009
- Articles with invalid date parameter in template
- Commons category link is locally defined
- Commons category link is on Wikidata using P373
- Tumbleweeds
- Plant morphology
- Plant reproduction