Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the lung pathophysiology

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Trusha Tank, M.D.[2]

Overview

Sarcomatoid carcinomas are rare, aggressive, malignant cancer and can occur in different organs such as the thyroid gland, bone, skin, breast, pancreas, liver, urinary tract, and lung. Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the lung is a group of poorly differentiated non-small cell lung carcinomas. Sarcomatoid carcinoma is defined as a biphasic tumor with morphological characteristics of both, carcinomatous and sarcomatous components. The exact pathogenesis of sarcomatoid carcinoma of the lung is not fully understood, but the EGFR and K-ras gene mutations have been associated with the development of sarcomatoid carcinoma of the lung.

Pathophysiology

Pathogenesis

  • The pathogenesis of sarcomatoid carcinoma of the lung is characterized by a rare epithelial origin and morphologic features suggestive of a malignant mesenchymal tumor.[1][2][3]
  • Four major hypotheses may explain sarcomatoid neoplasms:[4][5]
    • The embryonic rest hypothesis: This theory suggests that sarcomatoid tumors are the result of misplaced “mini-organs” that has epithelial and stromal component.
    • The collision hypothesis: This theory implies separate but concomitant malignant proliferation of epithelium and mesenchyme.
    • The stromal induction/metaplasia hypothesis: This theory suggests that sarcomatous elements are an atypical response to the growth of a carcinoma.
    • Totipotential hypothesis: This hypothesis proposes an origin from a single totipotential stem cell that differentiates into epithelial and mesenchymal components.

Genetics

Associated Conditions

There are no conditions associated with sarcomatoid carcinoma of the lung.

Gross Pathology

  • Sarcomatoid carcinomas can arise centrally or peripherally.[7][8]
  • Most commonly present as poorly circumscribed solitary peripheral masses.
  • Sarcomatoid carcinoma is commonly found in upper lobe of the lungs.
  • Tumors are large, ranging from 1 to 13 cm, with a median of 4.9 cm, and often invade the chest wall.
  • Tumor consistency is described as soft and fleshy or firm, hard, or rubbery.
  • Cut surfaces vary from white-grey to yellow, frequently show hemorrhagic and necrotic foci, and occasionally demonstrate cavitation.

Microscopic Pathology

Microscopic feature of adenosquamous carcinoma of the lung with sarcoma component (Picture courtesy Librepathology)


References

  1. Sobin LH (1981). "The international histological classification of tumours". Bull. World Health Organ. 59 (6): 813–9. PMC 2396133. PMID 6978190.
  2. Brambilla E, Travis WD, Colby TV, Corrin B, Shimosato Y (December 2001). "The new World Health Organization classification of lung tumours". Eur. Respir. J. 18 (6): 1059–68. PMID 11829087.
  3. Franks TJ, Galvin JR (2010). "Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the lung: histologic criteria and common lesions in the differential diagnosis". Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 134 (1): 49–54. doi:10.1043/2008-0547-RAR.1. PMID 20073605.
  4. Thompson L, Chang B, Barsky SH (March 1996). "Monoclonal origins of malignant mixed tumors (carcinosarcomas). Evidence for a divergent histogenesis". Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 20 (3): 277–85. PMID 8772780.
  5. Franks TJ, Galvin JR (January 2010). "Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the lung: histologic criteria and common lesions in the differential diagnosis". Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 134 (1): 49–54. doi:10.1043/2008-0547-RAR.1. PMID 20073605.
  6. Billah, Shahreen; Stewart, John; Staerkel, Gregg; Chen, Su; Gong, Yun; Guo, Ming (2011). "EGFR and KRAS mutations in lung carcinoma". Cancer Cytopathology. 119 (2): 111–117. doi:10.1002/cncy.20151. ISSN 1934-662X.
  7. Rossi G, Cavazza A, Sturm N, Migaldi M, Facciolongo N, Longo L, Maiorana A, Brambilla E (March 2003). "Pulmonary carcinomas with pleomorphic, sarcomatoid, or sarcomatous elements: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 75 cases". Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 27 (3): 311–24. PMID 12604887.
  8. Koss MN, Hochholzer L, Frommelt RA (December 1999). "Carcinosarcomas of the lung: a clinicopathologic study of 66 patients". Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 23 (12): 1514–26. PMID 10584705.
  9. Hountis P, Moraitis S, Dedeilias P, Ikonomidis P, Douzinas M (June 2009). "Sarcomatoid lung carcinomas: a case series". Cases J. 2: 7900. doi:10.4076/1757-1626-2-7900. PMC 2740247. PMID 19830024.

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