Hepatic encephalopathy causes

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: ;Mohamadmostafa Jahansouz M.D.[2]

Overview

The most common cause of hepatic encephalopathy is hepatic cirrhosis, drugs/toxins and acute fulminant hepatitis. Less common causes of hepatic encephalopathy include Wilson's disease, alpha-1-antitripsin deficiency, autoimmune hepatitis, Budd-chiari syndrome, cancer or metastasis to liver), HELLP syndrome(hemolysis, elevated liver function tests, and low platelets) and sepsis.

Causes

Common causes

Common causes of hepatic encephalopathy include:[1]

Less common causes

Less common causes of hepatic encephalopathy include:

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Budd-chiari syndrome

Right heart failure

Chemical/Poisoning Drug and toxins(acetaminophen, amoxicilin/clavulanate, halothane, iron, NSAIDs, isoniazid ,carbon tetrachloride, Wild mushroom Amanita phalloides)
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect No underlying causes
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine No underlying causes
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastrohepatic Hepatic cirrhosis, acute fulminant viral hepatitis, Wilson's disease, hemochromatosis, alpha-1-antitripsin deficiency, autoimmune hepatitis, cancer (primary hepatic cancer or metastasis to liver)
Genetic No underlying causes
Hematologic Porphyria, HELLP syndrome (hemolysis, elevated liver function tests, and low platelets)
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease Sepsis
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic No underlying causes
Neurologic No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic No underlying causes
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy No underlying causes
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous No underlying causes

Causes in Alphabetical Order

List the causes of the disease in alphabetical order.

References

  1. Schuppan D, Afdhal NH (2008). "Liver cirrhosis". Lancet. 371 (9615): 838–51. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60383-9. PMC 2271178. PMID 18328931.
  2. Brusilow SW, Cooper AJ (2011). "Encephalopathy in acute liver failure resulting from acetaminophen intoxication: new observations with potential therapy". Crit Care Med. 39 (11): 2550–3. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e31822572fd. PMC 3196740. PMID 21705899.
  3. Andrade, R. J.; Tulkens, P. M. (2011). "Hepatic safety of antibiotics used in primary care". Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 66 (7): 1431–1446. doi:10.1093/jac/dkr159. ISSN 0305-7453.
  4. Habibollahi P, Mahboobi N, Esmaeili S, Safari S, Dabbagh A, Alavian SM (2011). "Halothane-induced hepatitis: A forgotten issue in developing countries: Halothane-induced hepatitis". Hepat Mon. 11 (1): 3–6. PMC 3206652. PMID 22087107.
  5. Castaldo ET, Chari RS (2006). "Liver transplantation for acute hepatic failure". HPB (Oxford). 8 (1): 29–34. doi:10.1080/13651820500465741. PMC 2131363. PMID 18333235.
  6. Khan FY, Rasoul F (2010). "Rifampicin-isoniazid induced fatal fulminant hepatitis during treatment of latent tuberculosis: A case report and literature review". Indian J Crit Care Med. 14 (2): 97–100. doi:10.4103/0972-5229.68226. PMC 2936741. PMID 20859496.
  7. Chang HM, Liao YW, Chiang CH, Chen YJ, Lai YH, Chang YL; et al. (2012). "Improvement of carbon tetrachloride-induced acute hepatic failure by transplantation of induced pluripotent stem cells without reprogramming factor c-Myc". Int J Mol Sci. 13 (3): 3598–617. doi:10.3390/ijms13033598. PMC 3317730. PMID 22489170.
  8. Santi L, Maggioli C, Mastroroberto M, Tufoni M, Napoli L, Caraceni P (2012). "Acute Liver Failure Caused by Amanita phalloides Poisoning". Int J Hepatol. 2012: 487480. doi:10.1155/2012/487480. PMC 3395149. PMID 22811920.
  9. Manka P, Verheyen J, Gerken G, Canbay A (2016). "Liver Failure due to Acute Viral Hepatitis (A-E)". Visc Med. 32 (2): 80–5. doi:10.1159/000444915. PMC 4926881. PMID 27413724.
  10. Ferenci P, Litwin T, Seniow J, Czlonkowska A (2015). "Encephalopathy in Wilson disease: copper toxicity or liver failure?". J Clin Exp Hepatol. 5 (Suppl 1): S88–95. doi:10.1016/j.jceh.2014.09.002. PMC 4442862. PMID 26041965.
  11. Brode SK, Ling SC, Chapman KR (2012). "Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency: a commonly overlooked cause of lung disease". CMAJ. 184 (12): 1365–71. doi:10.1503/cmaj.111749. PMC 3447047. PMID 22761482.
  12. Mendizabal M, Marciano S, Videla MG, Anders M, Zerega A, Balderramo DC; et al. (2015). "Fulminant presentation of autoimmune hepatitis: clinical features and early predictors of corticosteroid treatment failure". Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 27 (6): 644–8. doi:10.1097/MEG.0000000000000353. PMID 25923939.
  13. Martens P, Nevens F (2015). "Budd-Chiari syndrome". United European Gastroenterol J. 3 (6): 489–500. doi:10.1177/2050640615582293. PMC 4669515. PMID 26668741.
  14. Willson KJ, Nott LM, Broadbridge VT, Price T (2013). "Hepatic encephalopathy associated with cancer or anticancer therapy". Gastrointest Cancer Res. 6 (1): 11–6. PMC 3597933. PMID 23505573.
  15. Pandey CK, Karna ST, Pandey VK, Tandon M (2015). "Acute liver failure in pregnancy: Challenges and management". Indian J Anaesth. 59 (3): 144–9. doi:10.4103/0019-5049.153035. PMC 4378074. PMID 25838585.
  16. Cotena S, Piazza O (2012). "Sepsis-associated encephalopathy". Transl Med UniSa. 2: 20–7. PMC 3728775. PMID 23905041.
  17. Saner FH, Heuer M, Meyer M, Canbay A, Sotiropoulos GC, Radtke A; et al. (2009). "When the heart kills the liver: acute liver failure in congestive heart failure". Eur J Med Res. 14: 541–6. PMC 3351940. PMID 20149988.

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