Concussion epidemiology and demographics
|
Concussion Microchapters |
|
Diagnosis |
|---|
|
Treatment |
|
Case Studies |
|
Concussion epidemiology and demographics On the Web |
|
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Concussion epidemiology and demographics |
|
Risk calculators and risk factors for Concussion epidemiology and demographics |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Please help WikiDoc by adding more content here. It's easy! Click here to learn about editing.
Epidemiology and Demographics
Most cases of traumatic brain injury are concussions. A World Health Organization (WHO) study estimated that between 70 and 90% of head injuries that receive treatment are mild.[1] However, due to underreporting and to the widely varying definitions of concussion and MTBI, it is difficult to estimate how common the condition is.[2] Estimates of the incidence of concussion may be artificially low, for example due to underreporting. At least 25% of MTBI sufferers fail to get assessed by a medical professional. The WHO group reviewed studies on the epidemiology of MTBI and found a hospital treatment rate of 1–3 per 1000 people, but since not all concussions are treated in hospitals, they estimated that the rate per year in the general population is over 6 per 1000 people.[1]
Young children have the highest concussion rate among all age groups. A Canadian study found that the yearly incidence of MTBI is lower in older age groups (graph at right). Studies suggest males suffer MTBI at about twice the rate of their female counterparts.[1] However, female athletes may be at a higher risk for suffering concussion than their male counterparts.[3]
Up to five percent of sports injuries are concussions.[4] The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that 300,000 sports-related concussions occur yearly in the U.S., but that number includes only athletes who lost consciousness. Since loss of consciousness is thought to occur in less than 10% of concussions,the CDC estimate is likely lower than the real number.[5] Sports in which concussion is particularly common include football and boxing (a boxer aims to "knock out", i.e. give a mild traumatic brain injury to, the opponent). The injury is so common in the latter that several medical groups have called for a ban on the sport, including the American Academy of Neurology, the World Medical Association, and the medical associations of the UK, the U.S., Australia, and Canada.[6]
Due to the lack of a consistent definition, the economic costs of MTBI are not known, but they are estimated to be very high.[7] These high costs are due in part to the large percentage of hospital admissions for head injury that are due to mild head trauma, but indirect costs such as lost work time and early retirement account for the bulk of the costs.[7] These direct and indirect costs cause the expense of mild brain trauma to rival that of moderate and severe head injuries.[8]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Cassidy JD, Carroll LJ, Peloso PM, Borg J, von Holst H, Holm L; et al. (2004). "Incidence, risk factors and prevention of mild traumatic brain injury: results of the WHO Collaborating Centre Task Force on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury". Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 36 (Supplement 43): 28–60. PMID 15083870.
- ↑ Petchprapai N, Winkelman C (2007). "Mild traumatic brain injury: determinants and subsequent quality of life. A review of the literature". Journal of Neuroscience Nursing. 39 (5): 260–272. PMID 17966292.
- ↑ McKeever CK, Schatz P (2003). "Current issues in the identification, assessment, and management of concussions in sports-related injuries". Applied Neuropsychology. 10 (1): 4–11. PMID 12734070.
- ↑ Herring SA, Bergfeld JA, Boland A, Boyajian-O'Neil LA, Cantu RC, Hershman E; et al. (2005). "Concussion (mild traumatic brain injury) and the team physician: A consensus statement" (PDF). Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. American College of Sports Medicine, American Academy of Family Physicians, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, American Medical Society for Sports Medicine, American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine, American Osteopathic Academy of Sports Medicine: 2012–2016. doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000186726.18341.70.
- ↑ Langlois JA, Rutland-Brown W, Wald MM (2006). "The epidemiology and impact of traumatic brain injury: A brief overview". Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation. 21 (5): 375–378. PMID 16983222.
- ↑ Solomon GS, Johnston KM, Lovell MR (2006). The Heads-up on Sport Concussion. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Pub. p. 77. ISBN 0736060081. Retrieved 2008-03-06.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Borg J, Holm L, Peloso PM, Cassidy JD, Carroll LJ, von Holst H; et al. (2004). "Non-surgical intervention and cost for mild traumatic brain injury: results of the WHO Collaborating Centre Task Force on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury". Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 36 (Supplement 43): 76–83. PMID 15083872.
- ↑ Kraus JF, Chu LD (2005). "Epidemiology". In Silver JM, McAllister TW, Yudofsky SC. Textbook Of Traumatic Brain Injury. American Psychiatric Pub., Inc. p. 23. ISBN 1585621056.