Annual ryegrass toxicity
Annual ryegrass toxicity (ARGT) is the poisoning of livestock from toxin contained in bacterially-infected annual ryegrass. The toxin is produced by the bacterium Rathayibacter toxicus (formerly Clavibacter toxicus), which is carried into the ryegrass by a nematode, Anguina funesta.
ARGT was first recorded in the Black Springs, South Australia area in the 1950s and then in the Gnowangerup, Western Australia area in the 1960s. The disease has spread rapidly and approximately 40,000 to 60,000 square kilometres of farmland in Western Australia and similar areas in SA are now infested by ARGT causal organisms. Most ARGT related livestock losses occur during October to January, but losses have been recorded as late as April.
Herbicide applications aimed to reduce ryegrass population have been successful in reducing the risk of ARGT but have undesirable effects such as rapid reduction in pasture productivity and increase in ryegrass herbicide resistance.
A recently released Biological control agent, the twist fungus, has been demonstrated to be effective in reducing the risk ARGT without the need of controlling ryegrass. The first use of the twist fungus inoculum was in 1997.