Air Quality Index

File:Edinburgh air quality measurement station dsc06786.jpg

An air quality measurement station in Edinburgh, Scotland

The Air Quality Index (AQI) is a standardized indicator of the air quality in a given location. It measures mainly ground-level ozone and particulates (except the pollen count), but may also include sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide. Various agencies around the world measure such indices, though definitions may change between places.

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Meteorological Service of Canada (MSC) differ on what AQI structure and health classification is used:

Health classifications used by the EPA:

0-50 Good is usually green
51-100 Moderate is usually yellow
101-150 Unhealthy for sensitive groups is usually orange
151-200 Unhealthy is usually red
201-300 Very unhealthy is usually purple
301-500 Hazardous is usually maroon

The EPA's AQI 100 corresponds to 0.08 ppm ozone, and to other levels for other pollutants. Source: EPA

The AQI standards in Canada are relatively more stringent. The current health classifications used by the Meteorological Service of Canada (MSC) are as follows:

0-25*: Good (green)
26*-50: Fair (yellow)
51-100: Poor (orange)
101+: Very poor (red)

In Ontario, 31 is the upper limit for good and 32 the lower limit for moderate. Zero to 15 is classified as very good, and is given the color blue.

In June 2007, the EPA proposed a slight possible tightening of the pollution standards associated with smog after an independent EPA scientific board said that the standard “needs to be substantially reduced” and that there is “no scientific justification” for retaining the current, weaker standard. ^[1]

In light of the new scientific findings, one should expect adjustments in the AQI such that pollution currently denoted as "moderate" will in the future be recognized as "unhealthy."

The AQI can worsen (go up) due to lack of dilution with fresh air. Stagnant air, often caused by an anticyclone or temperature inversion, or other lack of winds lets air pollution remain in a local area. On these days, the news media may ask the public to carpool or use public transport, or take other air pollution prevention measures such as teleworking.

Other Indices

Hong Kong

The Air Pollution Index (API) levels for Hong Kong are related to the measured concentrations of ambient respirable suspended particulate (RSP), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O₃) and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) over a 24-hour period based on the potential health effects of air pollutants.

An API level at or below 100 means that the pollutant levels are in the satisfactory range over 24 hour period and pose no acute or immediate health effects. However, air pollution consistently at "High" levels (API of 51 to 100) in a year may mean that the annual Hong Kong "Air Quality Objectives" for protecting long-term health effects could be violated. Therefore, chronic health effects may be observed if one is persistently exposed to an API of 51 to 100 for a long time.

"Very High" levels (API in excess of 100) means that levels of one or more pollutant(s) is/are in the unhealthy range. The Hong Kong Environmental Protection Department provides advice to the public regarding precautionary actions to take for such levels.

API	Air Pollution Level	Health Implications
0 - 25	Low	Not expected.
26 - 50	Medium	Not expected for the general population.
51 - 100	High	Acute health effects are not expected but chronic effects may be observed if one is persistently exposed to such levels.
100 - 200	Very High	People with existing heart or respiratory illnesses may notice mild aggravation of their health conditions. Generally healthy individuals may also notice some discomfort.
201 - 500	Severe	People with existing heart or respiratory illnesses may experience significant aggravation of their symptoms. There may also be widespread symptoms in the healthy population (e.g. eye irritation, wheezing, coughing, phlegm and sore throats).

Malaysia

The air quality in Malaysia is reported as the API or Air Pollution Index. Four of the index's pollutant components (i.e., carbon monoxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide) are reported in ppmv but PM₁₀ particulate matter is reported in μg/m³.

Unlike the American AQI, the index number can exceed 500. Above 500, a state of emergency is declared in the reporting area. Usually, this means that non-essential government services are suspended, and all ports in the affected area closed. There may also be a prohibition on private sector commercial and industrial activities in the reporting area excluding the food sector.

For more information on the API reading please go here http://www.doe.gov.my/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=188&Itemid=370&lang=en

Singapore

Singapore uses the Pollutant Standards Index to report on its air quality. [1]

United Kingdom

The Met Office of the United Kingdom (UK) issues air quality forecasts wherein the level of pollution is described either as an index (ranging from 1 to 10) or as a banding (low, moderate, high or very high). These levels are based on the health effects of each pollutant.

Index	Banding	Health Effect
1 - 3	Low	Effects are unlikely to be noticed even by individuals who know they are sensitive to air pollutants.
4-6	Moderate	Mild effects, unlikely to require action, may be noticed amongst sensitive individuals.
7-9	High	Significant effects may be noticed by sensitive individuals and action to avoid or reduce these effects may be needed (e.g. reducing exposure by spending less time in polluted areas outdoors). Asthmatics will find that their 'reliever' inhaler is likely to reverse the effects on the lung.
10	Very High	The effects on sensitive individuals described for 'High' levels of pollution may worsen.

The forecast is produced for a number of different pollutants and their typical health effects are shown in the following table.

Pollutant	Health Effects at High Level
Nitrogen dioxide Ozone Sulphur dioxide	These gases irritate the airways of the lungs, increasing the symptoms of those suffering from lung diseases.
Particulates	Fine particles can be carried deep into the lungs where they can cause inflammation and a worsening of heart and lung diseases

United States

The United States Environment Protection Agency (USEPA) developed the Pollutant Standards Index (PSI) to provide accurate, timely and easily understandable information about daily levels of air pollution.

It is no longer in use, having been replaced by the AQI, which is more sensitive. For example, particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 micrometres (PM2.5) is a sub index, replacing the less sensitive PM10 component of the PSI.

Notes

In the context of this article about air quality:

ppmv = parts per million by volume = volume of pollutant gas per million volumes of ambient air
PM₁₀ = particulate matter smaller than 10 μm in diameter
μg/m³ = micrograms per cubic metre of ambient air
μm = micrometre

The air quality in the United States has improved dramatically over 23 years.

Air quality by country or region

References

↑ Air Quality - American Lung Association site

External links

AQI at airnow.gov - cross-agency U.S. Government site
New Mexico Air Quality and API data - Example of how New Mexico Environment Department publishes their Air Quality and API data.
AQI at Meteorological Service of Canada
The pollution index of the UK Met Office
API at JAS (Malaysian Department of Environment)
API at Hong Kong - Environmental Protection Department of the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
San Francisco Bay Area Spare-the-Air - AQI explanation
Malaysia Air Pollution Index

[1] Air Quality - American Lung Association site

[1]