Whipworm infection epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions

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{{Whipworm infection}}
{{Whipworm infection}}
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==Overview==
''[[Trichuris trichiura]]'' is the third most common [[nematode]] worldwide following ''[[Ascariasis|Ascaris]]'' and ''[[Pinworm|Enterobius]]''; in total, the three infections affect approximately 1 billion people. [[Whipworm infection|Whip worm]] infection is [[Endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] in [[Tropical disease|tropical]] and subtropical countries. The prevalence of ''[[Trichuris trichiura]]'' is high, affecting 95% of children in countries where protein energy [[malnutrition]] and [[anaemias|anemia]] are [[Prevalence|prevalent]].
 
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
 
=== Prevalence ===
* Worldwide, the total number of people infected with ''[[Trichuris trichiura]]'' in the year 2002 was 1 billion.<ref name="urlCDC - Trichuriasis - Epidemiology & Risk Factors">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/whipworm/epi.html |title=CDC - Trichuriasis - Epidemiology & Risk Factors |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
* In the USA, the prevalence of ''[[Trichuris trichiura]]'' is 100 per 100,000 individuals.<ref name="pmid21976572">{{cite journal |vauthors=Starr MC, Montgomery SP |title=Soil-transmitted Helminthiasis in the United States: a systematic review--1940-2010 |journal=Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. |volume=85 |issue=4 |pages=680–4 |year=2011 |pmid=21976572 |pmc=3183777 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.2011.11-0214 |url=}}</ref>


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*Worldwide, the prevalence of ''[[Trichuris trichiura]]'' is high, affecting 95% of children in countries where protein energy [[malnutrition]] and [[Anaemias|anemia]] are [[Prevalence|prevalent]].<ref name="StephensonHolland2001">{{cite journal|last1=Stephenson|first1=L.S.|last2=Holland|first2=C.V.|last3=Cooper|first3=E.S.|title=The public health significance of Trichuris trichiura|journal=Parasitology|volume=121|issue=S1|year=2001|pages=S73|issn=0031-1820|doi=10.1017/S0031182000006867}}</ref>
===Incidence===
*''[[Trichuris trichiura]]'' is the third most common [[nematode]] worldwide following ''[[Ascariasis|Ascaris]]'' and ''[[Pinworm|Enterobius]]''; in total, the three infections affect approximately 1 billion people.


==Overview==
=== Age ===
* [[Trichuris trichiura|''Trichuris trichiura'']] is more common among school-aged children compared to adults.<ref name="pmid166479722">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brooker S, Clements AC, Bundy DA |title=Global epidemiology, ecology and control of soil-transmitted helminth infections |journal=Adv. Parasitol. |volume=62 |issue= |pages=221–61 |year=2006 |pmid=16647972 |pmc=1976253 |doi=10.1016/S0065-308X(05)62007-6 |url=}}</ref>
 
=== Gender ===
* There is no gender predilection for infection with [[Trichuris trichiura|''Trichuris trichiura'']].


==Epidemiology and Demographics==
=== Race ===
* There is no racial predilection for infection with [[Trichuris trichiura|''Trichuris trichiura'']].


Whipworm infection is the third most common round worm of humans.  Worldwide, with infections more frequent in areas with tropical weather and poor sanitation practices, and among children.  It is estimated that 800 million people are infected worldwide.  Trichuriasis occurs in the southern United States.
===Geographic distribution===
*[[Trichuriasis]] occurs in the southern United States.


Infections with the soil-transmitted intestinal helminths (i.e., Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and hookworm), estimated to affect approximately 1 billion persons, are among the most common and widespread human infections.
*[[Whipworm infection|Whip worm]] infection is [[Endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] in [[Tropical disease|tropical]] and subtropical countries.<ref name="pmid28384306">{{cite journal| author=Manz KM, Clowes P, Kroidl I, Kowuor DO, Geldmacher C, Ntinginya NE et al.| title=Trichuris trichiura infection and its relation to environmental factors in Mbeya region, Tanzania: A cross-sectional, population-based study. | journal=PLoS One | year= 2017 | volume= 12 | issue= 4 | pages= e0175137 | pmid=28384306 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0175137 | pmc=5383155 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28384306  }} </ref>
*Incidence and prevalence rates are highest in children living in sub-Saharan Africa, followed by Asia, then Latin America and the Caribbean.<ref name="pmid14642761">{{cite journal |vauthors=de Silva NR, Brooker S, Hotez PJ, Montresor A, Engels D, Savioli L |title=Soil-transmitted helminth infections: updating the global picture |journal=Trends Parasitol. |volume=19 |issue=12 |pages=547–51 |year=2003 |pmid=14642761 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16647972">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brooker S, Clements AC, Bundy DA |title=Global epidemiology, ecology and control of soil-transmitted helminth infections |journal=Adv. Parasitol. |volume=62 |issue= |pages=221–61 |year=2006 |pmid=16647972 |pmc=1976253 |doi=10.1016/S0065-308X(05)62007-6 |url=}}</ref>
*Worldwide, infections are more frequent in areas with [[Tropical disease|tropical weather]] and poor [[sanitation]] practices.<ref name="pmid166479723">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brooker S, Clements AC, Bundy DA |title=Global epidemiology, ecology and control of soil-transmitted helminth infections |journal=Adv. Parasitol. |volume=62 |issue= |pages=221–61 |year=2006 |pmid=16647972 |pmc=1976253 |doi=10.1016/S0065-308X(05)62007-6 |url=}}</ref>
[[Image:Prevalence_whipworm_in_children_in_ssa.jpg|center|Prevalence of ''Trichuris trichiura'' among school-aged children in Sub-Saharan Africa, courtesy of the Global Land Information System (GLIS) of the United States Geological Survey (http://edcwww.cr.usgs.gov/landdaac/gtopo30/)|frame]]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
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Latest revision as of 00:45, 30 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aravind Kuchkuntla, M.B.B.S[2], Syed Hassan A. Kazmi BSc, MD [3]

Overview

Trichuris trichiura is the third most common nematode worldwide following Ascaris and Enterobius; in total, the three infections affect approximately 1 billion people. Whip worm infection is endemic in tropical and subtropical countries. The prevalence of Trichuris trichiura is high, affecting 95% of children in countries where protein energy malnutrition and anemia are prevalent.

Epidemiology and Demographics

Prevalence

Incidence

Age

Gender

Race

Geographic distribution

  • Whip worm infection is endemic in tropical and subtropical countries.[5]
  • Incidence and prevalence rates are highest in children living in sub-Saharan Africa, followed by Asia, then Latin America and the Caribbean.[6][7]
  • Worldwide, infections are more frequent in areas with tropical weather and poor sanitation practices.[8]
Prevalence of Trichuris trichiura among school-aged children in Sub-Saharan Africa, courtesy of the Global Land Information System (GLIS) of the United States Geological Survey (http://edcwww.cr.usgs.gov/landdaac/gtopo30/)

References

  1. ↑ "CDC - Trichuriasis - Epidemiology & Risk Factors".
  2. ↑ Starr MC, Montgomery SP (2011). "Soil-transmitted Helminthiasis in the United States: a systematic review--1940-2010". Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 85 (4): 680–4. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2011.11-0214. PMC 3183777. PMID 21976572.
  3. ↑ Stephenson, L.S.; Holland, C.V.; Cooper, E.S. (2001). "The public health significance of Trichuris trichiura". Parasitology. 121 (S1): S73. doi:10.1017/S0031182000006867. ISSN 0031-1820.
  4. ↑ Brooker S, Clements AC, Bundy DA (2006). "Global epidemiology, ecology and control of soil-transmitted helminth infections". Adv. Parasitol. 62: 221–61. doi:10.1016/S0065-308X(05)62007-6. PMC 1976253. PMID 16647972.
  5. ↑ Manz KM, Clowes P, Kroidl I, Kowuor DO, Geldmacher C, Ntinginya NE; et al. (2017). "Trichuris trichiura infection and its relation to environmental factors in Mbeya region, Tanzania: A cross-sectional, population-based study". PLoS One. 12 (4): e0175137. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0175137. PMC 5383155. PMID 28384306.
  6. ↑ de Silva NR, Brooker S, Hotez PJ, Montresor A, Engels D, Savioli L (2003). "Soil-transmitted helminth infections: updating the global picture". Trends Parasitol. 19 (12): 547–51. PMID 14642761.
  7. ↑ Brooker S, Clements AC, Bundy DA (2006). "Global epidemiology, ecology and control of soil-transmitted helminth infections". Adv. Parasitol. 62: 221–61. doi:10.1016/S0065-308X(05)62007-6. PMC 1976253. PMID 16647972.
  8. ↑ Brooker S, Clements AC, Bundy DA (2006). "Global epidemiology, ecology and control of soil-transmitted helminth infections". Adv. Parasitol. 62: 221–61. doi:10.1016/S0065-308X(05)62007-6. PMC 1976253. PMID 16647972.

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