Urethral cancer overview: Difference between revisions
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== Overview == | == Overview == | ||
'''Urethral cancer''' is a rare type of [[cancer]] originating from the [[urethra]]. The [[incidence]] is approximately 0.43 per 100,000 in the | '''Urethral cancer''' is a rare type of [[cancer]] originating from the [[urethra]]. The [[incidence]] is approximately 0.43 per 100,000 in the [[United states preventive services task force recommendations scheme|United states]] for [[men]], and approximately 0.15 per 100,000 for [[Women's Health Initiative|women]]. Types of [[urethral]] [[cancer]] include [[transitional cell carcinoma]], [[squamous cell carcinoma]], and [[adenocarcinoma]]. It may be caused by an [[infection]] of [[human papillomavirus]]. Urethra cancer must be differentiated from [[bladder cancer]], [[cervical cancer]], [[bladder stones]], ureteral stones, [[cystitis]], [[neurogenic bladder]], and [[urethritis]]. Common [[risk factors]] in the development of urethral cancer are history of [[bladder cancer]], [[urinary tract infections]], and [[sexually transmitted diseases]]. [[Symptoms]] of [[urethral]] [[cancer]] include [[hematuria]], [[urinary hesitancy]], [[frequent urination]], [[incontinence]], [[swelling]] in the [[groin]], and a lump or thickness in the [[perineum]] or [[penis]]. The [[prognosis]] varies with the depth of invasion, [[anatomical]] location, size, and stage of the [[tumor]]. The predominant [[therapy]] for [[urethral cancer]] is [[surgical]] [[resection]]. Adjunctive [[chemotherapy]] or [[radiation therapy]] may be required. | ||
==Classification== | ==Classification== | ||
[[Urethral cancer]] may be classified according to cell types into 3 subtypes: [[transitional cell]], [[squamous cell]], and [[adenocarcinoma]]. It may also be classified into distal urethral cancer, proximal urethral cancer and [[urethral cancer]] associated with invasive [[bladder cancer]]. | [[Urethral cancer]] may be classified according to cell types into 3 subtypes: [[transitional cell]], [[squamous cell]], and [[adenocarcinoma]]. It may also be classified into distal [[urethral cancer]], proximal urethral cancer and [[urethral cancer]] associated with invasive [[bladder cancer]]. | ||
==Causes== | ==Causes== | ||
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==Differential diagnosis== | ==Differential diagnosis== | ||
Urethral cancer must be differentiated from [[bladder cancer]], [[cervical cancer]], [[bladder stones]], ureteral stones, [[cystitis]], [[neurogenic bladder]], and [[urethritis]]. | [[Urethral cancer]] must be differentiated from [[bladder cancer]], [[cervical cancer]], [[bladder stones]], ureteral stones, [[cystitis]], [[neurogenic bladder]], and [[urethritis]]. | ||
==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ||
[[Urethral]] [[cancer]] is a rare disease that tends to affect African American individuals. The incidence is approximately 0.43 per 100,000 in the | [[Urethral]] [[cancer]] is a rare disease that tends to affect African American individuals. The incidence is approximately 0.43 per 100,000 in the [[United states preventive services task force recommendations scheme|United states]] for [[men]], and approximately 0.15 per 100,000 for [[Women's College Hospital|women]]. | ||
==Risk Factors== | ==Risk Factors== | ||
Common [[risk factors]] in the development of urethral cancer are history of [[bladder cancer]], [[urinary tract infections]], and [[sexually transmitted diseases]]. | Common [[risk factors]] in the development of [[urethral cancer]] are history of [[bladder cancer]], [[urinary tract infections]], and [[sexually transmitted diseases]]. | ||
==Prognosis== | ==Prognosis== | ||
The prognosis varies with the depth of invasion, anatomical location, size, and stage of the [[tumor]]. Superficial tumors located in the distal [[urethra]] have the most favorable [[prognosis]]. | The [[prognosis]] varies with the depth of [[invasion]], [[anatomical]] location, size, and stage of the [[tumor]]. Superficial [[tumors]] located in the distal [[urethra]] have the most favorable [[prognosis]]. | ||
==Staging== | ==Staging== | ||
The staging of urethral cancer is based on the [[TNM]] staging system. | The [[Staging (pathology)|staging]] of [[urethral cancer]] is based on the [[TNM]] staging system. | ||
==History and Symptoms== | ==History and Symptoms== | ||
Symptoms of urethral cancer include [[hematuria]], [[urinary hesitancy]], [[frequent urination]], [[incontinence]], [[swelling]] in the groin, and a lump or thickness in the perineum or penis. | [[Symptoms]] of [[urethral cancer]] include [[hematuria]], [[urinary hesitancy]], [[frequent urination]], [[incontinence]], [[swelling]] in the [[groin]], and a [[lump]] or thickness in the [[perineum]] or [[penis]]. | ||
==Physical Examination== | ==Physical Examination== | ||
[[Common- and special-causes|Common]] [[Physical culture|physical]] [[examination]] findings of [[urethral cancer]] include [[hematuria]], [[urethral discharge]], [[perineal]]/perigenital [[edema]] or [[mass]]. | [[Common- and special-causes|Common]] [[Physical culture|physical]] [[examination]] [[Findings on urinalysis|findings]] of [[urethral cancer]] include [[hematuria]], [[urethral discharge]], [[perineal]]/perigenital [[edema]] or [[mass]]. | ||
==Laboratory Findings== | ==Laboratory Findings== | ||
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==Other Diagnostic Studies== | ==Other Diagnostic Studies== | ||
Other diagnostic studies for urethral cancer include [[ureteroscopy]] and [[biopsy]]. | Other diagnostic studies for [[urethral cancer]] include [[ureteroscopy]] and [[biopsy]]. | ||
==Medical Therapy== | ==Medical Therapy== | ||
The predominant therapy for urethral cancer is surgical resection. Adjunctive [[chemotherapy]] or [[radiation therapy]] may be required. The optimal therapy depends on the stage at diagnosis and the anatomic location of the tumor. | The predominant [[therapy]] for [[urethral cancer]] is surgical resection. Adjunctive [[chemotherapy]] or [[radiation therapy]] may be required. The [[Optimal classification|optimal]] [[therapy]] depends on the stage at [[diagnosis]] and the [[anatomic]] location of the [[tumor]]. | ||
==Surgery== | ==Surgery== | ||
[[Surgery]] is the mainstay of [[Treatment-resistant depression|treatment]] for [[urethral]] [[cancer]]. However, it is not recommended among patients with metastatic urethral cancer. | [[Surgery]] is the mainstay of [[Treatment-resistant depression|treatment]] for [[urethral]] [[cancer]]. However, it is not recommended among [[patients]] with [[metastatic]] [[urethral]] [[cancer]]. | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 15:53, 5 July 2018
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Vindhya BellamKonda, M.B.B.S [2]
Overview
Urethral cancer is a rare type of cancer originating from the urethra. The incidence is approximately 0.43 per 100,000 in the United states for men, and approximately 0.15 per 100,000 for women. Types of urethral cancer include transitional cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma. It may be caused by an infection of human papillomavirus. Urethra cancer must be differentiated from bladder cancer, cervical cancer, bladder stones, ureteral stones, cystitis, neurogenic bladder, and urethritis. Common risk factors in the development of urethral cancer are history of bladder cancer, urinary tract infections, and sexually transmitted diseases. Symptoms of urethral cancer include hematuria, urinary hesitancy, frequent urination, incontinence, swelling in the groin, and a lump or thickness in the perineum or penis. The prognosis varies with the depth of invasion, anatomical location, size, and stage of the tumor. The predominant therapy for urethral cancer is surgical resection. Adjunctive chemotherapy or radiation therapy may be required.
Classification
Urethral cancer may be classified according to cell types into 3 subtypes: transitional cell, squamous cell, and adenocarcinoma. It may also be classified into distal urethral cancer, proximal urethral cancer and urethral cancer associated with invasive bladder cancer.
Causes
Urethral cancer may be caused by an infection of human papillomavirus.
Differential diagnosis
Urethral cancer must be differentiated from bladder cancer, cervical cancer, bladder stones, ureteral stones, cystitis, neurogenic bladder, and urethritis.
Epidemiology and Demographics
Urethral cancer is a rare disease that tends to affect African American individuals. The incidence is approximately 0.43 per 100,000 in the United states for men, and approximately 0.15 per 100,000 for women.
Risk Factors
Common risk factors in the development of urethral cancer are history of bladder cancer, urinary tract infections, and sexually transmitted diseases.
Prognosis
The prognosis varies with the depth of invasion, anatomical location, size, and stage of the tumor. Superficial tumors located in the distal urethra have the most favorable prognosis.
Staging
The staging of urethral cancer is based on the TNM staging system.
History and Symptoms
Symptoms of urethral cancer include hematuria, urinary hesitancy, frequent urination, incontinence, swelling in the groin, and a lump or thickness in the perineum or penis.
Physical Examination
Common physical examination findings of urethral cancer include hematuria, urethral discharge, perineal/perigenital edema or mass.
Laboratory Findings
Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of urethral cancer include abnormal cells in urine cytology and hematuria.
Other Diagnostic Studies
Other diagnostic studies for urethral cancer include ureteroscopy and biopsy.
Medical Therapy
The predominant therapy for urethral cancer is surgical resection. Adjunctive chemotherapy or radiation therapy may be required. The optimal therapy depends on the stage at diagnosis and the anatomic location of the tumor.
Surgery
Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for urethral cancer. However, it is not recommended among patients with metastatic urethral cancer.