Tuberculosis epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions
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==Epidemiology== | ==Epidemiology== | ||
Tuberculosis is one of the world's deadliest diseases. Since 1990, the [[mortality rate]] of TB decreased 45%, and the 2015 global target is a 50% reduction of this rate. It is estimated that about 1/3 of the world's population is infected with TB: | Tuberculosis is one of the world's deadliest diseases. Since 1990, the [[mortality rate]] of TB decreased 45%, and the 2015 global target is a 50% reduction of this rate. It is estimated that about 1/3 of the world's population is infected with TB:<ref name=CDC>{{cite web | title = Tuberculosis (TB) | url = http://www.cdc.gov/tb/statistics/default.htm }}</ref><ref name=WHO>{{cite web | title = Tuberculosis | url = http://www.who.int/tb/en/ }}</ref> | ||
* In 2012 about 8.6 million people developed symptomatic TB | * In 2012 about 8.6 million people developed symptomatic TB | ||
:* 1.1 million of these cases occurred among people with [[HIV]] | :* 1.1 million of these cases occurred among people with [[HIV]] | ||
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In the United States, a total of 9 582 cases were reported in 2013. This represents an incidence of 3.0 cases per 100 000 persons. | In the United States, a total of 9 582 cases were reported in 2013. This represents an incidence of 3.0 cases per 100 000 persons.<ref name=CDC>{{cite web | title = Tuberculosis (TB) | url = http://www.cdc.gov/tb/statistics/default.htm }}</ref><ref name=WHO>{{cite web | title = Tuberculosis | url = http://www.who.int/tb/en/ }}</ref> | ||
Compared to 2012, both the number of TB cases reported and the case rate have decreased, 5.4% and 6.1%, respectively. | Compared to 2012, both the number of TB cases reported and the case rate have decreased, 5.4% and 6.1%, respectively.<ref name=CDC>{{cite web | title = Tuberculosis (TB) | url = http://www.cdc.gov/tb/statistics/default.htm }}</ref><ref name=WHO>{{cite web | title = Tuberculosis | url = http://www.who.int/tb/en/ }}</ref> | ||
===HIV Coinfection=== | ===HIV Coinfection=== | ||
TB is a leading killer of people who are infected with HIV. In 2012, 46% of notified TB patients had a documented HIV test result. Africa has the highest TB/HIV burden, where three out of four TB patients know their HIV status. In 2012, 4.1 million people enrolled in [[HIV]] care were screened for TB, up from 3.5 million in 2011. Globally, 57% of the TB patients known to be living with HIV in 2012 were started on antiretroviral therapy (ART). | TB is a leading killer of people who are infected with HIV. In 2012, 46% of notified TB patients had a documented HIV test result. Africa has the highest TB/HIV burden, where three out of four TB patients know their HIV status. In 2012, 4.1 million people enrolled in [[HIV]] care were screened for TB, up from 3.5 million in 2011. Globally, 57% of the TB patients known to be living with HIV in 2012 were started on antiretroviral therapy (ART).<ref name=CDC>{{cite web | title = Tuberculosis (TB) | url = http://www.cdc.gov/tb/statistics/default.htm }}</ref><ref name=WHO>{{cite web | title = Tuberculosis | url = http://www.who.int/tb/en/ }}</ref> | ||
[[Image:TB Incidence USA.jpg|thumb|center|1000 px| TB Incidence in the United States, 1953-2013<SMALL><SMALL>''[http://www.cdc.gov - Center for Disease Control and Prevention( CDC)]''<ref name="CDC">{{Cite web | title = Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) | url = http://www.cdc.gov}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>]] | [[Image:TB Incidence USA.jpg|thumb|center|1000 px| TB Incidence in the United States, 1953-2013<SMALL><SMALL>''[http://www.cdc.gov - Center for Disease Control and Prevention( CDC)]''<ref name="CDC">{{Cite web | title = Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) | url = http://www.cdc.gov}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>]] | ||
Revision as of 19:03, 15 September 2014
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Tuberculosis, or TB is a bacterial infection that kills 3 million people worldwide, more people than any other infection in the world. Approximately one-third of the world is infected, and 15 million people in the US. Active tuberculosis kills 60% of the time if not treated, but treatment cures 90% of patients. Most people are infected with TB have latent TB. This means that the bacteria is controlled by the body's immune system. People with latent TB do not have symptoms and cannot transmit TB to other people. However, later if the infected person has a weakened immune system (AIDS, young children, elderly, sick with other diseases, etc.), the bacteria can break out leading to active TB, or TB disease.
Epidemiology
Tuberculosis is one of the world's deadliest diseases. Since 1990, the mortality rate of TB decreased 45%, and the 2015 global target is a 50% reduction of this rate. It is estimated that about 1/3 of the world's population is infected with TB:[1][2]
- In 2012 about 8.6 million people developed symptomatic TB
- 1.1 million of these cases occurred among people with HIV
- 1.3 million people died from TB
- 320 000 of these cases occurred among people with HIV
In the United States, a total of 9 582 cases were reported in 2013. This represents an incidence of 3.0 cases per 100 000 persons.[1][2]
Compared to 2012, both the number of TB cases reported and the case rate have decreased, 5.4% and 6.1%, respectively.[1][2]
HIV Coinfection
TB is a leading killer of people who are infected with HIV. In 2012, 46% of notified TB patients had a documented HIV test result. Africa has the highest TB/HIV burden, where three out of four TB patients know their HIV status. In 2012, 4.1 million people enrolled in HIV care were screened for TB, up from 3.5 million in 2011. Globally, 57% of the TB patients known to be living with HIV in 2012 were started on antiretroviral therapy (ART).[1][2]
Age
An estimated 530 000 children became ill with TB and 74 000 children who were HIV-negative died of TB in 2012.
Gender
410 000 women died from TB in 2012, including 160 000 among women who were HIV-positive. Of the overall TB deaths among HIV-positive people, 50% were among women. TB is one of the top killers of women of reproductive age
Race
Developed Countries
Developing Countries
Cases of Tuberculosis (TB) Reported in the United States in 2005
In total, 14,097 TB cases (a rate of 4.8 cases per 100,000 persons) were reported in the United States in 2005. This represents a 3.8% decline in the rate from 2004. The 2005 TB rate was the lowest recorded since national reporting began in 1953.
Rate of Tuberculosis (TB) Declining in the United States
The TB rate is going down in the United States. But, the decrease in the percent change of the annual case rate has slowed, from an annual average of 5.6% for 1993 through 2002 to an average of 3.1% for 2003 through 2005.
Rate of Tuberculosis (TB) Compared Between U.S. Born Persons and Foreign-Born Persons Living in the United States
In 2005, the TB rate in foreign-born persons in the United States (21.8 cases per 100,000 persons) was 8.7 times greater than that of U.S.-born persons (2.5 cases per 100,000 persons).
Deaths from Tuberculosis (TB) in the United States
There were 662 deaths from TB in 2004, a 6.9% decline from 711 deaths in 2003. In 2004, mortality and morbidity statistics included 14.6 million chronic active TB cases, 8.9 million new cases, and 1.6 million deaths, mostly in developing countries. In addition, a rising number of people in the developed world are contracting tuberculosis because their immune systems are compromised by immunosuppressive drugs, substance abuse, or HIV/AIDS.
Rates of Tuberculosis (TB) for Different Racial and Ethnic Populations†
- American Indians or Alaska Natives: 6.9 cases per 100,000 persons
- Asians: 25.8 cases per 100,000 persons
- Blacks: 10.9 cases per 100,000 persons
- Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders: 13.8 cases per 100,000 persons
- Hispanics or Latinos: 9.5 cases per 100,000 persons
- Whites: 1.3 cases per 100,000 persons
† For this report, persons identified as white, black, Asian, American Indian/Alaska Native, native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, or of multiple races are all non-Hispanic. Persons identified as Hispanic may be of any race.
Percentage of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR TB)
Among all reported TB cases in the United States, the percentage of multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB cases in persons with no previous history of TB that were reported in the United States decreased from 2.5% in 1993 to 1.0% in 2005.
Since 1998, the percentage of U.S.-born patients with MDR TB has remained ≤0.7%. However, of the total number of reported primary MDR TB cases, the proportion occurring in foreign-born persons increased from 26% (105 of 410) in 1993 to 80% (76 of 95) in 2005.
TB Data Collection
The 50 states, the District of Columbia, New York City, Puerto Rico, and seven other U.S. jurisdictions in the Pacific and Caribbean, report all TB cases to CDC. These cases must meet the CDC/Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists case definition. When cases are reported, the report includes specific information about the person with TB. This includes the patient's race, ethnicity (either Hispanic or non-Hispanic), treatment information, and, when available, drug-susceptibility test results. CDC calculates national and state TB rates and rates for foreign-born, U.S. born, and racial/ethnic populations. These calculations use U.S. census population estimates for the years 1993 through 2005.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 "Tuberculosis (TB)".
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 "Tuberculosis".
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 World Health Organization (WHO). Global tuberculosis control - surveillance, planning, financing WHO Report 2006. Retrieved on 13 October 2006.