Transitional cell carcinoma risk factors

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Common risk factors in the development of transitional cell carcinoma are smoking, occupational exposure to chemicals, chronic bladder irritation, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, arsenic, personal history of cancer in the urinary tract, congenital bladder anomalies, and aristolochic acids.

Risk Factors

• Smoking:

• Smoking tobacco is the strongest risk factor for developing cancer of the renal pelvis or ureter.
• Risk increases with the length of time a person smokes and with the number of cigarettes smoked.

• Phenacetin
• Human papilloma virus
• Balkan nephropathy
• Occupational exposure to chemicals

• Textiles
• Rubber
• Paint
• Leather
• Dye
• Print
• Metal
• Machining
• Plastics
• Transportation

• Chronic bladder irritation

• Inflammation

• Chronic urinary tract infection
• Bladder stones
• Schistosoma haematobium

• Trauma

• Chemotherapy

• Cyclophosphamide
• Ifosfamide

• Radiation therapy
• Arsenic
• Personal history of cancer in the urinary tract
• Congenital bladder anomalies

• Urachus
• Exstrophy

• Aristolochic acids