Transitional cell carcinoma risk factors
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Suveenkrishna Pothuru, M.B,B.S. [2]Anthony Gallo, B.S. [3]
Overview
Common risk factors in the development of transitional cell carcinoma are smoking, occupational exposure to chemicals, chronic bladder irritation, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, arsenic, personal history of cancer in the urinary tract, congenital bladder anomalies, and aristolochic acids.
Risk Factors
Environmental exposures account for most cases of bladder cancer.
Common risk factors in the development of transitional cell carcinoma are:[1][2][3][4][5][6]
- Smoking
- Smoking tobacco is the strongest risk factor for developing cancer of the renal pelvis or ureter.
- Risk increases with the length of time a person smokes and with the number of cigarettes smoked.
- Exposure to secondhand smoke
- Phenacetin
- Aromatic amines, such as 2-naphthylamine, benzidine
- Human papilloma virus
- Balkan nephropathy
- Well-characterized carcinogenic chemicals
- 4-aminobiphenyl
- 4-nitrobiphenyl
- 2-amino-1-naphthol
- Occupational exposure to chemicals
- Metal workers
- Painters
- Rubber industry workers
- Textile and electrical workers
- Miners
- Cement workers
- Transport operators
- Excavating-machine operators
- Jobs that involve the manufacture of carpets, paints, plastics, and industrial chemicals.
- Chronic bladder irritation
- Drinking chlorinated water
- High concentrations of arsenic in drinking water
- Decreased fluid intake
- Consumption of Chinese herbs that contain aristolochic acid
- Inflammation
- Chronic urinary tract infection
- Bladder stones
- Schistosoma haematobium
- Urothelial cancers of the renal pelvis and ureter
- Augmentation cystoplasty
- Thiazolidinediones given for diabetes
- Other factors
- Air pollution
- Artificial sweeteners
- Coffee and tea
- Hair dyes
- Genetic effects
- Hereditary
- Mutation in the TP53 gene
- Alterations of the RB gene
- Differences in the endogenous mechanisms responsible for metabolizing chemical carcinogens
References
- ↑ Risk factors for bladder cancer. Canadian Cancer Society 2015. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/renal-pelvis-and-ureter/risks/?region=ab Accessed on February 10, 2016
- ↑ Kirkali, Ziya; Tuzel, Emre (2003). "Transitional cell carcinoma of the ureter and renal pelvis". Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology. 47 (2): 155–169. doi:10.1016/S1040-8428(03)00079-9. ISSN 1040-8428.
- ↑ Freedman ND, Silverman DT, Hollenbeck AR, Schatzkin A, Abnet CC (2011). "Association between smoking and risk of bladder cancer among men and women". JAMA. 306 (7): 737–45. doi:10.1001/jama.2011.1142. PMC 3441175. PMID 21846855.
- ↑ Cumberbatch MG, Rota M, Catto JW, La Vecchia C (2016). "The Role of Tobacco Smoke in Bladder and Kidney Carcinogenesis: A Comparison of Exposures and Meta-analysis of Incidence and Mortality Risks". Eur Urol. 70 (3): 458–66. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2015.06.042. PMID 26149669.
- ↑ Kogevinas M, 't Mannetje A, Cordier S, Ranft U, González CA, Vineis P; et al. (2003). "Occupation and bladder cancer among men in Western Europe". Cancer Causes Control. 14 (10): 907–14. PMID 14750529.
- ↑ Jiang X, Yuan JM, Skipper PL, Tannenbaum SR, Yu MC (2007). "Environmental tobacco smoke and bladder cancer risk in never smokers of Los Angeles County". Cancer Res. 67 (15): 7540–5. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-0048. PMID 17671226.