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==Overview==
==Overview==
* This section is the general overview statement for the disease. It should include the name of the main page in the first sentence.  
Thyroid [[adenoma]] is a [[benign]] [[tumor]] of the [[thyroid gland]]. Thyroid [[adenoma]] was first discovered by Fabricius, in 1619 when he described that [[thyroid]] enlargement causes midline [[neck]] swelling. Thyroid [[adenoma]] may be classified according to the [[histology]] into 3 subtypes/groups follicular [[adenoma]], [[papillary]] [[adenoma]], and signet cell [[adenoma]]. Thyroid [[adenoma]] arises from [[epithelial cell]]s of [[thyroid gland]], that are normally involved in secretion of [[thyroxine]] hormone. The most common gene involved in the [[pathogenesis]] of thyroid [[adenoma]] is ''THADA'' [[gene]]. Common causes of thyroid [[adenoma]] include iodine deficiency, chronic [[inflammation]], and [[genetic mutation]] of ''THADA'' gene. Thyroid [[adenoma]] must be differentiated from other thyroid disorders such as [[multinodular goiter]], [[grave's disease]], [[Hashimoto's disease]], medullary cell carcinoma, [[De Quervain's thyroiditis]], thyroid lymphoma, and acute suppurative thyroiditis. The incidence of thyroid [[adenoma]] is estimated to be 9 million cases annually in United States. Females are more commonly affected with thyroid [[adenoma]] than males. Common risk factors in the development of thyroid adenoma are family history of thyroid [[adenoma]], exposure to [[radiation]], lack of [[iodine]] in diet, smoking, and [[Hashimoto's thyroiditis]]. Depending on the extent of the [[tumor]] at the time of [[diagnosis]], the [[prognosis]] may vary. However, the [[prognosis]] is generally regarded as excellent. The hallmark of thyroid [[adenoma]] is swelling in front of the neck. A positive history of [[radiation]] exposure and family history of thyroid [[adenoma]]  is suggestive of thyroid [[adenoma]]. The most common symptoms thyroid adenoma include [[cough]] and [[dysphonia|hoarseness of voice]]. On [[ultrasound]], thyroid [[adenoma]] is characterized by [[halo sign]] or smooth margin of thyroid, hyperechoic nodules, and normal reactive cervical nodes. [[Fine needle aspiration]] [[biopsy]] may be helpful in diagnosis of thyroid [[adenoma]]. Findings on [[fine needle aspiration]] [[biopsy]] suggestive of thyroid [[adenoma]] include cystic changes, [[fibrosis]], and areas of [[hemorrhage]]. The mainstay of therapy for thyroid [[adenoma]] is supportive therapy and regular monitoring.
* This section will be an overview statement of all the overview statements below it.
* It should not contain any synonyms or keywords (as these should be at the top of the page listed next to {{SK}}).
* It should be aimed to be written at a medical student or intern level of understanding. To view an example of an overview section on an overview page, click [[Clostridium difficile infection overview#Overview|'''here''']].


==Historical Perspective==
==Historical Perspective==
Thyroid adenoma was first discovered by Fabricious, in 1619 when he described that thyroid enlargement causes mid line neck swelling
Thyroid adenoma was first discovered by Fabricius, in 1619 when he described that thyroid enlargement causes midline neck swelling.
 
==Classification==
==Classification==
Thyroid adenoma may be classified according to histology into 3 subtypes/groups: follicular adenoma, papillary adenoma, and signet cell adenoma.
Thyroid [[adenoma]] may be classified according to the [[histology]] into 3 subtypes/groups follicular [[adenoma]], [[papillary]] adenoma, and signet cell [[adenoma]].
 
==Pathophysiology==
==Pathophysiology==
Thyroid adenoma arises from epithelial cells of thyroid gland, that are normally involved in secretion of thyroxine hormone. The most common gene involved in the pathogenesis of thyroid adenoma is ''THADA'' gene.
Thyroid adenoma arises from [[epithelial cell]]s of [[thyroid]] gland, that are normally involved in secretion of [[thyroxine]] hormone. The most common gene involved in the [[pathogenesis]] of thyroid [[adenoma]] is ''THADA'' gene.
==Causes==
==Causes==
Common causes of thyroid adenoma include iodine deficiency, chronic inflammation, and genetic mutation of ''THADA'' gene
Common causes of thyroid [[adenoma]] include [[iodine deficiency]], [[chronic inflammation]], and [[genetic mutation]] of ''THADA'' gene.
==Differentiating (Disease name) from other Conditions==
 
Thyroid adenoma must be differentiated from other thyroid disorders such as [[multinodular goiter], [[grave's disease]], [[Hashimoto's disease]], medullary cell carcinoma, [[De Quervain's thyroiditis]], thyroid lymphoma, and acute suppurative thyroiditis.
==Differentiating thyroid adenoma from other Conditions==
Thyroid [[adenoma]] must be differentiated from other thyroid disorders such as [[multinodular goiter]], [[grave's disease]], [[Hashimoto's disease]], medullary cell carcinoma, [[De Quervain's thyroiditis]], thyroid lymphoma, and acute suppurative thyroiditis.
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
The incidence of thyroid adenoma is estimated to be 9 million cases annually in United States. Females are more commonly affected with thyroid adenoma than males.
The incidence of thyroid [[adenoma]] is estimated to be 9 million cases annually in United States. Females are more commonly affected with thyroid [[adenoma]] than males.
==Risk Factors==
==Risk Factors==
Common risk factors in the development of thyroid adenoma are family history, exposure to radiation, lack of iodine in diet, smoking, and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.
Common risk factors in the development of thyroid adenoma are family history of thyroid adenoma, exposure to [[radiation]], lack of iodine in diet, smoking, and [[Hashimoto's thyroiditis]].
 
==Natural History, Complications and Prognosis==
==Natural History, Complications and Prognosis==
Depending on the extent of the tumor at the time of diagnosis, the prognosis may vary. However, the prognosis is generally regarded as excellent.
Depending on the extent of the [[tumor]] at the time of [[diagnosis]], the [[prognosis]] of thyroid [[adenoma]] may vary. However, the prognosis is generally regarded as excellent. Common [[complications]] of thyroid [[adenoma]] include [[hyperthyroidism]],[[thyrotoxicosis]], [[hemorrhage]], thyroid cyst, and [[superior vena cava obstruction]].
==Diagnosis==
==Diagnosis==
===Study of Choice===
There is no single diagnostic study of choice for the [[diagnosis]] of thyroid [[adenoma]], but thyroid nodules can be diagnosed based on an [[ultrasound]] examination of the neck, a screening serum [[TSH]] level, and [[fine needle aspiration]] [[biopsy]].
===History and Symptoms===
===History and Symptoms===
The hallmark of thyroid adenoma is swelling infront of neck. A positive history of radiation exposure and family history of thyroid adenoma is
The hallmark of thyroid [[adenoma]] is [[swelling]] infront of the neck. A positive history of [[radiation]] exposure and family history of thyroid [[adenoma]] is suggestive of thyroid adenoma. The most common symptoms thyroid adenoma include [[cough]] and [[dysphonia|hoarseness of voice]].
suggestive of thyroid adenoma. The most common symptoms thyroid adenoma include cough and hoarseness of voice.
 
===Physical Examination===
===Physical Examination===
Patients with thyroid adenoma usually appear normal. Physical examination of patients with thyroid adenoma is usually remarkable for solitary non tender nodule in the midline of neck, which is smooth, soft, and mobile.
Patients with thyroid [[adenoma]] usually appear normal. [[Physical examination]] of patients with thyroid [[adenoma]] is usually remarkable for solitary, non-tender [[nodule]] in the midline of [[neck]], which is smooth, soft, and mobile.
===Laboratory Findings===
===Laboratory Findings===
Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of thyroid adenoma include decreased [[thyroid stimulating hormone]], elevated [[calcitonin]], and decreased calcium.
Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of thyroid [[adenoma]] include decreased [[thyroid stimulating hormone]], elevated [[calcitonin]], and [[hypocalcemia|decreased calcium]].
===Ultrasound===
===Ultrasound===
On ultrasound, thyroid adenoma is characterized by halo sign or smooth margin of thyroid, hyperechoic nodules, and normal reactive cervical nodes.
On [[ultrasound]], thyroid [[adenoma]] is characterized by [[halo sign]] or smooth margin of [[thyroid]], hyperechoic nodules, and normal reactive cervical nodes.
===Other Imaging Findings===
===Other Imaging Findings===
* List the most important diagnostic studies, such as imaging and other studies, that can lead to or exclude the diagnosis of the disease you are describing. You should name any "gold standard" studies here, and include the name of the disease in the first sentence.
Other diagnostic studies for thyroid [[adenoma]] include [[thyroid]] scan, which demonstrates hot, cold, and functioning nodule.
*To view a template and examples of the Other Imaging Findings overview statement, click [[CT template#Overview|'''here''']].
===Biopsy===
[[Fine needle aspiration]] [[biopsy]] may be helpful in diagnosis of thyroid [[adenoma]]. Findings on [[fine needle aspiration]] [[biopsy]] suggestive of thyroid [[adenoma]] include cystic changes, [[fibrosis]], and areas of hemorrhage.


==Treatment==
==Treatment==
* Treatment describes the various, most commonly used methods in treating the disease you are describing.
* This section should contain the name of the disease you are describing in the first sentence.
* The overview of the treatments for a disease should ideally be written after the main treatment microchapter is written, to summarize the key points of the microchapter. It can be the same as the overview statement found on the main risk factors microchapter for the disease.
===Medical Therapy===
===Medical Therapy===
* Medical therapy describes all non-surgical therapies that are provided for the patient.
The mainstay of therapy for thyroid adenoma is supportive therapy and regular monitoring.
*This section should contain the name of the disease you are describing in the first sentence followed by the indication to treat the patient (if applicable) and the name of the therapy.
*To view a template and examples of the Medical Therapy overview statement, click [[Medical therapy template#Overview|'''here''']].
===Surgery===
===Surgery===
*Surgery describes all surgeries and therapeutic procedures that are provided for the patient.
Thyroid [[lobectomy]] is recommended for all patients who develop pressure [[Symptom|symptoms]] of thyroid [[adenoma]].
*This section should contain the name of the disease you are describing in the first sentence followed by the indication to surgically manage the patient (if application) and the name of the surgery.
*To view a template and examples of the Surgery overview statement, click [[Surgery template#Overview|'''here''']].
 
===Prevention===
===Prevention===
*Prevention describes all strategies that prevent from the occurrence of the disease. Prevention may be either primary (prevent occurrence of the disease), secondary (diagnose and treat existent disease in early stages), tertiary (reduce the negative impact of extant disease), and quaternary (methods to avoid results of unnecessary interventions). At least primary and secondary prevention are usually discussed in each chapter.
There is no established method for [[prevention]] of thyroid [[adenoma]].
*This section should contain the name of the disease you are describing in the first sentence. The availability or lack of vaccine availability of a vaccine against the disease should be clearly written. Other strategies for the prevention of the disease should be outlined and classified as either primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary.
*To view a template and examples of the Prevention overview statement, click [[Prevention template#Overview|'''here''']].
==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Endocrinology]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
[[Category:Medicine]]
[[Category:Endocrinology]]
[[Category:Surgery]]

Latest revision as of 15:23, 26 March 2021

Thyroid adenoma Microchapters

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Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Thyroid adenoma from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

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Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Study of Choice

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

X-ray

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MRI

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Other Diagnostic Studies

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ammu Susheela, M.D. [2]

Overview

Thyroid adenoma is a benign tumor of the thyroid gland. Thyroid adenoma was first discovered by Fabricius, in 1619 when he described that thyroid enlargement causes midline neck swelling. Thyroid adenoma may be classified according to the histology into 3 subtypes/groups follicular adenoma, papillary adenoma, and signet cell adenoma. Thyroid adenoma arises from epithelial cells of thyroid gland, that are normally involved in secretion of thyroxine hormone. The most common gene involved in the pathogenesis of thyroid adenoma is THADA gene. Common causes of thyroid adenoma include iodine deficiency, chronic inflammation, and genetic mutation of THADA gene. Thyroid adenoma must be differentiated from other thyroid disorders such as multinodular goiter, grave's disease, Hashimoto's disease, medullary cell carcinoma, De Quervain's thyroiditis, thyroid lymphoma, and acute suppurative thyroiditis. The incidence of thyroid adenoma is estimated to be 9 million cases annually in United States. Females are more commonly affected with thyroid adenoma than males. Common risk factors in the development of thyroid adenoma are family history of thyroid adenoma, exposure to radiation, lack of iodine in diet, smoking, and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Depending on the extent of the tumor at the time of diagnosis, the prognosis may vary. However, the prognosis is generally regarded as excellent. The hallmark of thyroid adenoma is swelling in front of the neck. A positive history of radiation exposure and family history of thyroid adenoma is suggestive of thyroid adenoma. The most common symptoms thyroid adenoma include cough and hoarseness of voice. On ultrasound, thyroid adenoma is characterized by halo sign or smooth margin of thyroid, hyperechoic nodules, and normal reactive cervical nodes. Fine needle aspiration biopsy may be helpful in diagnosis of thyroid adenoma. Findings on fine needle aspiration biopsy suggestive of thyroid adenoma include cystic changes, fibrosis, and areas of hemorrhage. The mainstay of therapy for thyroid adenoma is supportive therapy and regular monitoring.

Historical Perspective

Thyroid adenoma was first discovered by Fabricius, in 1619 when he described that thyroid enlargement causes midline neck swelling.

Classification

Thyroid adenoma may be classified according to the histology into 3 subtypes/groups follicular adenoma, papillary adenoma, and signet cell adenoma.

Pathophysiology

Thyroid adenoma arises from epithelial cells of thyroid gland, that are normally involved in secretion of thyroxine hormone. The most common gene involved in the pathogenesis of thyroid adenoma is THADA gene.

Causes

Common causes of thyroid adenoma include iodine deficiency, chronic inflammation, and genetic mutation of THADA gene.

Differentiating thyroid adenoma from other Conditions

Thyroid adenoma must be differentiated from other thyroid disorders such as multinodular goiter, grave's disease, Hashimoto's disease, medullary cell carcinoma, De Quervain's thyroiditis, thyroid lymphoma, and acute suppurative thyroiditis.

Epidemiology and Demographics

The incidence of thyroid adenoma is estimated to be 9 million cases annually in United States. Females are more commonly affected with thyroid adenoma than males.

Risk Factors

Common risk factors in the development of thyroid adenoma are family history of thyroid adenoma, exposure to radiation, lack of iodine in diet, smoking, and Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Depending on the extent of the tumor at the time of diagnosis, the prognosis of thyroid adenoma may vary. However, the prognosis is generally regarded as excellent. Common complications of thyroid adenoma include hyperthyroidism,thyrotoxicosis, hemorrhage, thyroid cyst, and superior vena cava obstruction.

Diagnosis

Study of Choice

There is no single diagnostic study of choice for the diagnosis of thyroid adenoma, but thyroid nodules can be diagnosed based on an ultrasound examination of the neck, a screening serum TSH level, and fine needle aspiration biopsy.

History and Symptoms

The hallmark of thyroid adenoma is swelling infront of the neck. A positive history of radiation exposure and family history of thyroid adenoma is suggestive of thyroid adenoma. The most common symptoms thyroid adenoma include cough and hoarseness of voice.

Physical Examination

Patients with thyroid adenoma usually appear normal. Physical examination of patients with thyroid adenoma is usually remarkable for solitary, non-tender nodule in the midline of neck, which is smooth, soft, and mobile.

Laboratory Findings

Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of thyroid adenoma include decreased thyroid stimulating hormone, elevated calcitonin, and decreased calcium.

Ultrasound

On ultrasound, thyroid adenoma is characterized by halo sign or smooth margin of thyroid, hyperechoic nodules, and normal reactive cervical nodes.

Other Imaging Findings

Other diagnostic studies for thyroid adenoma include thyroid scan, which demonstrates hot, cold, and functioning nodule.

Biopsy

Fine needle aspiration biopsy may be helpful in diagnosis of thyroid adenoma. Findings on fine needle aspiration biopsy suggestive of thyroid adenoma include cystic changes, fibrosis, and areas of hemorrhage.

Treatment

Medical Therapy

The mainstay of therapy for thyroid adenoma is supportive therapy and regular monitoring.

Surgery

Thyroid lobectomy is recommended for all patients who develop pressure symptoms of thyroid adenoma.

Prevention

There is no established method for prevention of thyroid adenoma.

References

Template:WH Template:WS