Sudden cardiac death historical perspective: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
[[Sudden cardiac death]] ([[SCD]]) occurs abruptly and unexpectedly in a person who is not known to have [[cardiac disease]]. It usually happens within one hour of onset of [[symptoms]]. About twenty-five percent of human [[death]]s can be attributed to [[SCD]], with the most common mechanism being the [[ventricular fibrillation]] ([[VF]]). This concept was first proposed by MacWilliam more than 120 years ago, during the time when the [[electrocardiogram]] was not yet invented.<ref name="pmid24568828">{{cite journal| author=Abhilash SP, Namboodiri N| title=Sudden cardiac death--historical perspectives. | journal=Indian Heart J | year= 2014 | volume= 66 Suppl 1 | issue= Suppl 1 | pages= S4-9 | pmid=24568828 | doi=10.1016/j.ihj.2014.01.002 | pmc=4237290 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24568828  }} </ref>
[[Sudden cardiac death]] ([[SCD]]) was initially described by Hippocrates, the founder of modern [[medicine]]. MacWilliam proposed the concept that [[SCD]] in [[human beings]] is due to [[ventricular fibrillation]] ([[VF]]) more than 120 years ago, during the time when the [[electrocardiogram]] was not yet invented.<ref name="pmid24568828">{{cite journal| author=Abhilash SP, Namboodiri N| title=Sudden cardiac death--historical perspectives. | journal=Indian Heart J | year= 2014 | volume= 66 Suppl 1 | issue= Suppl 1 | pages= S4-9 | pmid=24568828 | doi=10.1016/j.ihj.2014.01.002 | pmc=4237290 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24568828  }} </ref>


The concept of evolutions on how the relationship of [[SCD]] and [[VF]] was established, the development of [[defibrillators]] was achieved, and [[cardiopulmonary resuscitation]] ([[CPR]]) methods were practiced, can provide a better description of how [[SCD]] evolved through time. <ref name="pmid24568828">{{cite journal| author=Abhilash SP, Namboodiri N| title=Sudden cardiac death--historical perspectives. | journal=Indian Heart J | year= 2014 | volume= 66 Suppl 1 | issue= Suppl 1 | pages= S4-9 | pmid=24568828 | doi=10.1016/j.ihj.2014.01.002 | pmc=4237290 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24568828  }} </ref>
The concept of evolutions on how the relationship of [[SCD]] and [[VF]] was established, the development of [[defibrillators]] was achieved, and [[cardiopulmonary resuscitation]] ([[CPR]]) methods were practiced, can provide a better description of how [[SCD]] evolved through time. <ref name="pmid24568828">{{cite journal| author=Abhilash SP, Namboodiri N| title=Sudden cardiac death--historical perspectives. | journal=Indian Heart J | year= 2014 | volume= 66 Suppl 1 | issue= Suppl 1 | pages= S4-9 | pmid=24568828 | doi=10.1016/j.ihj.2014.01.002 | pmc=4237290 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24568828  }} </ref>
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|+<big>'''<br> Table 1.Personalities With Significant Historical Contribution to the Discovery of [[Sudden Cardiac Death]].'''</big>
|+<big>'''<br> Table 1.Personalities With Significant Historical Contribution to the Discovery of [[Sudden Cardiac Death]].'''</big>
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| style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
| style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
* He proposed the concept of [[ventricular fibrillation]] ([[VF]] is the cause of [[SCD]] in [[man]] more than 120 years ago.
* He proposed the concept of [[ventricular fibrillation]] ([[VF]] is the cause of [[SCD]] in [[man]] more than 120 years ago.
* He demonstrated that [[fibrillating]] [[heart]] can still be brought back to normal [[[rhythm]] with [[injectable]] [[pilocarpine]] and internal massage.
*
* These later on became the foundation for a systematic approach to [[cardiopulmonary resuscitation]].
 
*  
|-
|-
| align="center" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #E6E6FA; font-weight: bold" |Hippocrates
| align="center" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #E6E6FA; font-weight: bold" |Hippocrates
| align="center" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Image:Hippocrates.jpg|thumb|180px|center|Hippocrates.<br>('''Image courtesy of Wikipedia''')|link=Special:FilePath/.jpg]]
| align="center" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Image:Hippocrates.jpg|thumb|180px|center|Hippocrates.<br>('''Image courtesy of Wikipedia''')|link=Special:FilePath/.jpg]]
| style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
| style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
*.
* He initially described [[SCD]] as early as 4th century B.C.
* He stated that [[patients]] who frequently experience severe [[fainting]] attacks are more likely to die abruptly.
|-
|-
| align="center" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #E6E6FA; font-weight: bold" |Lyman Brewer
| align="center" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #E6E6FA; font-weight: bold" |Lyman Brewer
| align="center" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" | <br> ('''Image courtesy of Wikipedia''')|link=Special:FilePath/.jpg]]
| align="center" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" |  
| style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
| style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
*.  
* He suggested that the first recorded [[VF]] was first noted in 1500 B.C.
 
* His original statements are found in Eber papyrus in Egypt.<ref name="pmid24568828">{{cite journal| author=Abhilash SP, Namboodiri N| title=Sudden cardiac death--historical perspectives. | journal=Indian Heart J | year= 2014 | volume= 66 Suppl 1 | issue= Suppl 1 | pages= S4-9 | pmid=24568828 | doi=10.1016/j.ihj.2014.01.002 | pmc=4237290 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24568828  }} </ref>
*.
|-
|-
| align="center" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #E6E6FA; font-weight: bold" |Vesalius
| align="center" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #E6E6FA; font-weight: bold" |Vesalius
| align="center" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Image:Vesalius.jpg|thumb|180px|center|Vesalius.<br>('''Image courtesy of Wikipedia''')|link=Special:FilePath/.jpg]]
| style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
| style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
*.
* He described the "worm-like" movements found in an animal's [[heart]] before [[death]].  


*
*
|-
|-
| align="center" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #E6E6FA; font-weight: bold" |John Erichsen
| align="center" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #E6E6FA; font-weight: bold" |John Erichsen
| align="center" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br> ('''Image courtesy of Wikipedia''')|link=Special:FilePath/.jpg]]
| align="center" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Image:John Erichsen.jpg|thumb|180px|center|Erichsen.<br>('''Image courtesy of Wikipedia''')|link=Special:FilePath/.jpg]]
| style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
| style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
*.
* He described [[VF]] after ligation of a dog's [[coronary artery]].


|-
|-
| align="center" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #E6E6FA; font-weight: bold" |Carl Ludwig and M Hoffa
| align="center" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #E6E6FA; font-weight: bold" |Carl Ludwig and M Hoffa
| align="center" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br> ('''Image courtesy of Wikipedia''')|link=Special:FilePath/.jpg]]
| align="center" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Image:Carl Ludwig.jpg|thumb|180px|center|Carl Ludwig.<br>('''Image courtesy of Wikipedia''')|link=Special:FilePath/.jpg]]
| style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
| style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
* They demonstrated the application of electric current to induce [[VF]] in dogs.


|-
|-
| align="center" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #E6E6FA; font-weight: bold" |Ziemssen
| align="center" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #E6E6FA; font-weight: bold" |Ziemssen
| align="center" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br> ('''Image courtesy of Wikipedia''')|link=Special:FilePath/.jpg]]
| align="center" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
| style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
| style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
 
* His experiments on women's [[heart]] were the first records of electric stimulation of [[heart]] in vivo.
 
|}
|}


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|-
|-
| align="center" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #E6E6FA; font-weight: bold" |Jean Luis Prevost and Frederic Battelli
| align="center" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #E6E6FA; font-weight: bold" |Jean Luis Prevost and Frederic Battelli
| align="center" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br> ('''Image courtesy of ''')|link=Special:FilePath/.jpg]]
| align="center" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
| style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
| style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
*  
* In 1899, Swish researchers Prevost and Batteli reported that [[VF]] can be induced by low currents, and terminated by strong discharges.
 
*
|-
|-
| align="center" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #E6E6FA; font-weight: bold" |William Kouwenhoven and Guy Knickerbocker
| align="center" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #E6E6FA; font-weight: bold" |William Kouwenhoven and Guy Knickerbocker
| align="center" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br> ('''Image courtesy of ''')|]]
| align="center" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Image:William Kouwenhoven.jpg|thumb|180px|center|William Kouwenhoven.<br>('''Image courtesy of Wikipedia''')|link=Special:FilePath/.jpg]]
| style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
| style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
*.
* They observed that a second alternating current shock could still bring back the life of an electrocuted dog.
|-
|-
| align="center" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #E6E6FA; font-weight: bold" |Albert Hyman and C. Henry Hyman
| align="center" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #E6E6FA; font-weight: bold" |Albert Hyman and C. Henry Hyman
| align="center" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" | <br> ('''Image courtesy of Wikipedia''')|link=Special:FilePath/.jpg]]
| align="center" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
| style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
| style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
*.  
* They invented the "Hyman Otor" which utilized an electric shock as an alternative to drug injection.  
 
* This experiment was not accepted by medical community.
*.
|-
|-
| align="center" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #E6E6FA; font-weight: bold" |Claude Beck
| align="center" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #E6E6FA; font-weight: bold" |Claude Beck
| align="center" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
| align="center" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Image:Claude Beck.jpg|thumb|180px|center|Claude Beck.<br>('''Image courtesy of Wikipedia''')|link=Special:FilePath/.jpg]]
| style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
| style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
*.
* In 1947, he was the first one to use a [[defibrillator]] on a [[human being]].
 
* He also used a [[procainamide]] along side with an alternating current.
*
|-
|-
| align="center" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #E6E6FA; font-weight: bold" |Eskin and Klimov
| align="center" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #E6E6FA; font-weight: bold" |Eskin and Klimov
| align="center" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br> ('''Image courtesy of Wikipedia''')|link=Special:FilePath/.jpg]]
| align="center" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
| style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
| style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
*.
* They pioneered the "closed [[chest]] [[defibrillators]] which use voltages exceeding 1000 volts.
 
|-
|-
| align="center" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #E6E6FA; font-weight: bold" |Bernard Lown and Barouh Berkovits
| align="center" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #E6E6FA; font-weight: bold" |Bernard Lown and Barouh Berkovits
| align="center" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br> ('''Image courtesy of Wikipedia''')|link=Special:FilePath/.jpg]]
| align="center" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Image:Bernard Lown.jpg|thumb|180px|center|Bernard Lown.<br>('''Image courtesy of Wikipedia''')|link=Special:FilePath/.jpg]]
| style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
| style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
 
* In 1959, they introduced the direct current [[defibrillation]] with 1000 volts of bank capacitors, and 100 to 200 Joules of energy content.
* Modifications to this defibrillator followed, which later on enabled the [[synchronized cardioversion]]. 
|-
|-
| align="center" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #E6E6FA; font-weight: bold" |McNeilly and Pemberton
| align="center" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #E6E6FA; font-weight: bold" |McNeilly and Pemberton
| align="center" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br> ('''Image courtesy of Wikipedia''')|link=Special:FilePath/.jpg]]
| align="center" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
| style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
| style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
 
*In 1968, they noticed that most of [[mortality]] attributed to [[heart attacks]] occurred immediately after [[onset]] of [[symptoms]].
|-
|-
| align="center" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #E6E6FA; font-weight: bold" |Stephen Heilman and Michel Mirowski
| align="center" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #E6E6FA; font-weight: bold" |Stephen Heilman and Michel Mirowski
| align="center" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br> ('''Image courtesy of Wikipedia''')|link=Special:FilePath/.jpg]]
| align="center" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
| style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
| style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
 
*They pioneered the [[implantable cardioverter defibrillator]] ([[ICD]]) at Mount Sinai Hospital.
|-
|-
| align="center" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #E6E6FA; font-weight: bold" |Morton Mower
| align="center" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #E6E6FA; font-weight: bold" |Morton Mower
| align="center" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br> ('''Image courtesy of Wikipedia''')|link=Special:FilePath/.jpg]]
| align="center" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
| style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
| style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
 
*He is a junior cardiologist with extensive animal studies and was later on joined by Mirowski to work on an ICD.
*This was published after several rejections.
|-
|-
| align="center" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #E6E6FA; font-weight: bold" |John Schuder
| align="center" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #E6E6FA; font-weight: bold" |John Schuder
| align="center" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br> ('''Image courtesy of Wikipedia''')|link=Special:FilePath/.jpg]]
| align="center" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
| style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
| style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
* He developed the present day miniature version of ICD with reliable, low-energy, high-voltage, and biphasic waveform features.
|}
|}


==Cardiopulmonary resuscitation==


{| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 1px; width: " align="center" 800px;"
| valign="top" |
|+<big>''' Table 2. The development of defibrillation therapy for sudden cardiac death.'''</big>
! align="center" style="background: #00CED1; width: 200px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFF|Name}}
! align="center" style="background: #00CED1; width: 400px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFF|Image}}
! align="center" style="background: #00CED1; width: 500px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFF|Description}}
|-
| align="center" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #E6E6FA; font-weight: bold" |University of Arizona Sarver Heart Center Resuscitation Group
| align="center" style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" |<br> ('''Image courtesy of ''')|link=Special:FilePath/.jpg]]
| style="padding: 2px 2px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
*
*
|}


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 21:51, 9 July 2023

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sara Zand, M.D.[2] Edzel Lorraine Co, DMD, MD[3]

Overview

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) was initially described by Hippocrates, the founder of modern medicine. MacWilliam proposed the concept that SCD in human beings is due to ventricular fibrillation (VF) more than 120 years ago, during the time when the electrocardiogram was not yet invented.[1]

The concept of evolutions on how the relationship of SCD and VF was established, the development of defibrillators was achieved, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) methods were practiced, can provide a better description of how SCD evolved through time. [1]

Discovery

  • The importance of VF became clear after decades of exploring the scientific explanation for sudden cardiac death.

Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies


Table 1.Personalities With Significant Historical Contribution to the Discovery of Sudden Cardiac Death.
Name Image Description
John A. MacWilliam
John A. MacWilliam.
(Image courtesy of Wikipedia)
Hippocrates
Hippocrates.
(Image courtesy of Wikipedia)
  • He initially described SCD as early as 4th century B.C.
  • He stated that patients who frequently experience severe fainting attacks are more likely to die abruptly.
Lyman Brewer
  • He suggested that the first recorded VF was first noted in 1500 B.C.
  • His original statements are found in Eber papyrus in Egypt.[1]
Vesalius
Vesalius.
(Image courtesy of Wikipedia)
  • He described the "worm-like" movements found in an animal's heart before death.
John Erichsen
Erichsen.
(Image courtesy of Wikipedia)
Carl Ludwig and M Hoffa
Carl Ludwig.
(Image courtesy of Wikipedia)
  • They demonstrated the application of electric current to induce VF in dogs.
Ziemssen
  • His experiments on women's heart were the first records of electric stimulation of heart in vivo.

Development of Defibrillators

Table 2. The development of defibrillation therapy for sudden cardiac death.
Name Image Description
Jean Luis Prevost and Frederic Battelli
  • In 1899, Swish researchers Prevost and Batteli reported that VF can be induced by low currents, and terminated by strong discharges.
William Kouwenhoven and Guy Knickerbocker
William Kouwenhoven.
(Image courtesy of Wikipedia)
  • They observed that a second alternating current shock could still bring back the life of an electrocuted dog.
Albert Hyman and C. Henry Hyman
  • They invented the "Hyman Otor" which utilized an electric shock as an alternative to drug injection.
  • This experiment was not accepted by medical community.
Claude Beck
Claude Beck.
(Image courtesy of Wikipedia)
Eskin and Klimov
Bernard Lown and Barouh Berkovits
Bernard Lown.
(Image courtesy of Wikipedia)
  • In 1959, they introduced the direct current defibrillation with 1000 volts of bank capacitors, and 100 to 200 Joules of energy content.
  • Modifications to this defibrillator followed, which later on enabled the synchronized cardioversion.
McNeilly and Pemberton
Stephen Heilman and Michel Mirowski
Morton Mower
  • He is a junior cardiologist with extensive animal studies and was later on joined by Mirowski to work on an ICD.
  • This was published after several rejections.
John Schuder
  • He developed the present day miniature version of ICD with reliable, low-energy, high-voltage, and biphasic waveform features.


References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 Abhilash SP, Namboodiri N (2014). "Sudden cardiac death--historical perspectives". Indian Heart J. 66 Suppl 1 (Suppl 1): S4–9. doi:10.1016/j.ihj.2014.01.002. PMC 4237290. PMID 24568828.

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