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'''For the WikiDoc page for this topic, click [[Sudden cardiac death|here]]'''
'''For the WikiDoc page for this topic, click [[Sudden cardiac death|here]]'''
{{CMG}} {{AE}} [[User:Edzelco|Edzel Lorraine Co, D.M.D., M.D.]]
==Overview==
*[[Sudden cardiac death]] arises when the [[heart]] suddenly stops and not given prompt [[treatment]]. This happens because a problem occurs with the electrical system of the [[heart]].
==What are the symptoms of sudden cardiac death?==
* [[Patients]] with [[sudden cardiac death]] can experience:
**[[Chest pain]]
**[[Difficulty of breathing]]
**[[Dizziness]]
**[[Palpitations]]
**[[Body malaise]]
==What causes sudden cardiac death?==
Some medical problems that could cause [[sudden cardiac death]] include:
* Thickening of the [[heart]] [[muscles]]
* Electrical conduction problem of the [[heart]]
* [[Lung]] problems
* Illegal use of drugs such as [[cocaine]], [[methamphetamine]], or [[heroin]]
* [[Electrolyte]] problems
==Who is at highest risk?==
*[[Patients]] with ongoing [[heart]] problems are at high risk of experiencing [[sudden cardiac death]].
*This include:
** [[Heart attack]]
** Thickening of the [[heart]] [[muscles]]
** Clogging of the [[arteries]] of the [[heart]]
** Problem with the electrical system of the [[heart]]
** Irregular pumping of the [[heart]]
==Diagnosis==
* [[Cardiac monitoring]] must be done to [[patients]] who arrive in [[emergency]] department for evaluation of [[sudden cardiac arrest]] ([[SCA]]0. Full [[cardiac assessment]] is carried out to patients who survive [[SCA]] and these tests include:
** [[Electrocardiogram]]
** [[Echocardiogram]]
** [[Coronary angiography]]
** [[Exercise test]]
** [[Electrophysiology]]
** [[Cardiac magnetic resonance]]
** [[Genetic testing]]
** [[Cardiac biopsy]] <ref name="pmid28116082">{{cite journal| author=Katritsis DG, Gersh BJ, Camm AJ| title=A Clinical Perspective on Sudden Cardiac Death. | journal=Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev | year= 2016 | volume= 5 | issue= 3 | pages= 177-182 | pmid=28116082 | doi=10.15420/aer.2016:11:2 | pmc=5248660 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28116082  }} </ref>.
* Right after a sudden [[death]], [[autopsy]] and [[genetic testing]]] are done to determine the cause of [[death]].
* For a more specific [[diagnosis]], further workup such as [[toxicology screen]], [[chemistry]] and [[microbiology]] [[workup]] are done <ref name="pmid27332903">{{cite journal| author=Bagnall RD, Weintraub RG, Ingles J, Duflou J, Yeates L, Lam L | display-authors=etal| title=A Prospective Study of Sudden Cardiac Death among Children and Young Adults. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2016 | volume= 374 | issue= 25 | pages= 2441-52 | pmid=27332903 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1510687 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27332903  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid28889247">{{cite journal| author=Basso C, Aguilera B, Banner J, Cohle S, d'Amati G, de Gouveia RH | display-authors=etal| title=Guidelines for autopsy investigation of sudden cardiac death: 2017 update from the Association for European Cardiovascular Pathology. | journal=Virchows Arch | year= 2017 | volume= 471 | issue= 6 | pages= 691-705 | pmid=28889247 | doi=10.1007/s00428-017-2221-0 | pmc=5711979 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28889247  }} </ref>.
==When to seek urgent medical care?==
* Evaluation of [[SCD]] decedents is recommended for:
**First degree relatives of [[patients]] who suffered [[SCD]]
**Relatives who have [[inherited]] the [[genetic mutation]] based on the [[family history]] analysis
**Relatives who possess [[symptoms]] of [[SCD]] <ref name="pmid20646679">{{cite journal| author=van der Werf C, Hofman N, Tan HL, van Dessel PF, Alders M, van der Wal AC | display-authors=etal| title=Diagnostic yield in sudden unexplained death and aborted cardiac arrest in the young: the experience of a tertiary referral center in The Netherlands. | journal=Heart Rhythm | year= 2010 | volume= 7 | issue= 10 | pages= 1383-9 | pmid=20646679 | doi=10.1016/j.hrthm.2010.05.036 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20646679  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid14602442">{{cite journal| author=Behr E, Wood DA, Wright M, Syrris P, Sheppard MN, Casey A | display-authors=etal| title=Cardiological assessment of first-degree relatives in sudden arrhythmic death syndrome. | journal=Lancet | year= 2003 | volume= 362 | issue= 9394 | pages= 1457-9 | pmid=14602442 | doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(03)14692-2 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14602442  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid15998675">{{cite journal| author=Tan HL, Hofman N, van Langen IM, van der Wal AC, Wilde AA| title=Sudden unexplained death: heritability and diagnostic yield of cardiological and genetic examination in surviving relatives. | journal=Circulation | year= 2005 | volume= 112 | issue= 2 | pages= 207-13 | pmid=15998675 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.522581 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15998675  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid18508782">{{cite journal| author=Behr ER, Dalageorgou C, Christiansen M, Syrris P, Hughes S, Tome Esteban MT | display-authors=etal| title=Sudden arrhythmic death syndrome: familial evaluation identifies inheritable heart disease in the majority of families. | journal=Eur Heart J | year= 2008 | volume= 29 | issue= 13 | pages= 1670-80 | pmid=18508782 | doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehn219 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18508782  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid29544603">{{cite journal| author=Papadakis M, Papatheodorou E, Mellor G, Raju H, Bastiaenen R, Wijeyeratne Y | display-authors=etal| title=The Diagnostic Yield of Brugada Syndrome After Sudden Death With Normal Autopsy. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2018 | volume= 71 | issue= 11 | pages= 1204-1214 | pmid=29544603 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2018.01.031 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29544603  }} </ref>.
==Treatment options==
* The main goal in [[treatment]] is to prevent [[sudden cardiac death]] ([[SCD]]. Options include the use of medications, [[implantable cardioverter defibrillators]] ([[ICD]]), and [[catheter ablation]] <ref name="pmid26940925">{{cite journal| author=Mazzanti A, Maragna R, Faragli A, Monteforte N, Bloise R, Memmi M | display-authors=etal| title=Gene-Specific Therapy With Mexiletine Reduces Arrhythmic Events in Patients With Long QT Syndrome Type 3. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2016 | volume= 67 | issue= 9 | pages= 1053-1058 | pmid=26940925 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2015.12.033 | pmc=4773513 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26940925  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid19330009">{{cite journal| author=Watanabe H, Chopra N, Laver D, Hwang HS, Davies SS, Roach DE | display-authors=etal| title=Flecainide prevents catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia in mice and humans. | journal=Nat Med | year= 2009 | volume= 15 | issue= 4 | pages= 380-3 | pmid=19330009 | doi=10.1038/nm.1942 | pmc=2904954 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19330009  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid1900101">{{cite journal| author=Echt DS, Liebson PR, Mitchell LB, Peters RW, Obias-Manno D, Barker AH | display-authors=etal| title=Mortality and morbidity in patients receiving encainide, flecainide, or placebo. The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1991 | volume= 324 | issue= 12 | pages= 781-8 | pmid=1900101 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199103213241201 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1900101  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid1552108">{{cite journal| author=Greene HL, Roden DM, Katz RJ, Woosley RL, Salerno DM, Henthorn RW| title=The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial: first CAST ... then CAST-II. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 1992 | volume= 19 | issue= 5 | pages= 894-8 | pmid=1552108 | doi=10.1016/0735-1097(92)90267-q | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1552108  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid21208947">{{cite journal| author=van Welsenes GH, van Rees JB, Borleffs CJ, Cannegieter SC, Bax JJ, van Erven L | display-authors=etal| title=Long-term follow-up of primary and secondary prevention implantable cardioverter defibrillator patients. | journal=Europace | year= 2011 | volume= 13 | issue= 3 | pages= 389-94 | pmid=21208947 | doi=10.1093/europace/euq494 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21208947  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid20109864">{{cite journal| author=Kuck KH, Schaumann A, Eckardt L, Willems S, Ventura R, Delacrétaz E | display-authors=etal| title=Catheter ablation of stable ventricular tachycardia before defibrillator implantation in patients with coronary heart disease (VTACH): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. | journal=Lancet | year= 2010 | volume= 375 | issue= 9708 | pages= 31-40 | pmid=20109864 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61755-4 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20109864  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid32183887">{{cite journal| author=Schleberger R, Jularic M, Salzbrunn T, Hacke C, Schwarzl JM, Hoffmann BA | display-authors=etal| title=Outcome of catheter ablation of non-reentrant ventricular arrhythmias in patients with and without structural heart disease. | journal=Eur J Med Res | year= 2020 | volume= 25 | issue= 1 | pages= 4 | pmid=32183887 | doi=10.1186/s40001-020-0400-y | pmc=7076989 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32183887  }} </ref>
==Prevention==
* Application of [[ICD]] are helpful in minimizing the risk for [[SCD]] <ref name="pmid26464886">{{cite journal| author=Higgins JP, Andino A| title=Soccer and Sudden Cardiac Death in Young Competitive Athletes: A Review. | journal=J Sports Med (Hindawi Publ Corp) | year= 2013 | volume= 2013 | issue=  | pages= 967183 | pmid=26464886 | doi=10.1155/2013/967183 | pmc=4590894 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26464886  }} </ref>.
* [[Cardiac screening]] for [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]] ([[HCM]]) among athletes is necessary prior to active participation in sports as [[HCM]] is most commonly associated with [[SCD]] in young adults.
==What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?==
* Poor [[neurological]] outcomes are expected in patients who survived [[SCA]] <ref name="pmid32406999">{{cite journal| author=Lotfi A, Klein LW, Hira RS, Mallidi J, Mehran R, Messenger JC | display-authors=etal| title=SCAI expert consensus statement on out of hospital cardiac arrest. | journal=Catheter Cardiovasc Interv | year= 2020 | volume= 96 | issue= 4 | pages= 844-861 | pmid=32406999 | doi=10.1002/ccd.28990 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32406999  }} </ref>.
==Sources==

Latest revision as of 18:52, 19 July 2023

For the WikiDoc page for this topic, click here


Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Edzel Lorraine Co, D.M.D., M.D.

Overview

What are the symptoms of sudden cardiac death?

What causes sudden cardiac death?

Some medical problems that could cause sudden cardiac death include:

Who is at highest risk?

Diagnosis

When to seek urgent medical care?

Treatment options

Prevention

What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?

Sources

  1. ↑ Katritsis DG, Gersh BJ, Camm AJ (2016). "A Clinical Perspective on Sudden Cardiac Death". Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev. 5 (3): 177–182. doi:10.15420/aer.2016:11:2. PMC 5248660. PMID 28116082.
  2. ↑ Bagnall RD, Weintraub RG, Ingles J, Duflou J, Yeates L, Lam L; et al. (2016). "A Prospective Study of Sudden Cardiac Death among Children and Young Adults". N Engl J Med. 374 (25): 2441–52. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1510687. PMID 27332903.
  3. ↑ Basso C, Aguilera B, Banner J, Cohle S, d'Amati G, de Gouveia RH; et al. (2017). "Guidelines for autopsy investigation of sudden cardiac death: 2017 update from the Association for European Cardiovascular Pathology". Virchows Arch. 471 (6): 691–705. doi:10.1007/s00428-017-2221-0. PMC 5711979. PMID 28889247.
  4. ↑ van der Werf C, Hofman N, Tan HL, van Dessel PF, Alders M, van der Wal AC; et al. (2010). "Diagnostic yield in sudden unexplained death and aborted cardiac arrest in the young: the experience of a tertiary referral center in The Netherlands". Heart Rhythm. 7 (10): 1383–9. doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2010.05.036. PMID 20646679.
  5. ↑ Behr E, Wood DA, Wright M, Syrris P, Sheppard MN, Casey A; et al. (2003). "Cardiological assessment of first-degree relatives in sudden arrhythmic death syndrome". Lancet. 362 (9394): 1457–9. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)14692-2. PMID 14602442.
  6. ↑ Tan HL, Hofman N, van Langen IM, van der Wal AC, Wilde AA (2005). "Sudden unexplained death: heritability and diagnostic yield of cardiological and genetic examination in surviving relatives". Circulation. 112 (2): 207–13. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.522581. PMID 15998675.
  7. ↑ Behr ER, Dalageorgou C, Christiansen M, Syrris P, Hughes S, Tome Esteban MT; et al. (2008). "Sudden arrhythmic death syndrome: familial evaluation identifies inheritable heart disease in the majority of families". Eur Heart J. 29 (13): 1670–80. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehn219. PMID 18508782.
  8. ↑ Papadakis M, Papatheodorou E, Mellor G, Raju H, Bastiaenen R, Wijeyeratne Y; et al. (2018). "The Diagnostic Yield of Brugada Syndrome After Sudden Death With Normal Autopsy". J Am Coll Cardiol. 71 (11): 1204–1214. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2018.01.031. PMID 29544603.
  9. ↑ Mazzanti A, Maragna R, Faragli A, Monteforte N, Bloise R, Memmi M; et al. (2016). "Gene-Specific Therapy With Mexiletine Reduces Arrhythmic Events in Patients With Long QT Syndrome Type 3". J Am Coll Cardiol. 67 (9): 1053–1058. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2015.12.033. PMC 4773513. PMID 26940925.
  10. ↑ Watanabe H, Chopra N, Laver D, Hwang HS, Davies SS, Roach DE; et al. (2009). "Flecainide prevents catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia in mice and humans". Nat Med. 15 (4): 380–3. doi:10.1038/nm.1942. PMC 2904954. PMID 19330009.
  11. ↑ Echt DS, Liebson PR, Mitchell LB, Peters RW, Obias-Manno D, Barker AH; et al. (1991). "Mortality and morbidity in patients receiving encainide, flecainide, or placebo. The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial". N Engl J Med. 324 (12): 781–8. doi:10.1056/NEJM199103213241201. PMID 1900101.
  12. ↑ Greene HL, Roden DM, Katz RJ, Woosley RL, Salerno DM, Henthorn RW (1992). "The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial: first CAST ... then CAST-II". J Am Coll Cardiol. 19 (5): 894–8. doi:10.1016/0735-1097(92)90267-q. PMID 1552108.
  13. ↑ van Welsenes GH, van Rees JB, Borleffs CJ, Cannegieter SC, Bax JJ, van Erven L; et al. (2011). "Long-term follow-up of primary and secondary prevention implantable cardioverter defibrillator patients". Europace. 13 (3): 389–94. doi:10.1093/europace/euq494. PMID 21208947.
  14. ↑ Kuck KH, Schaumann A, Eckardt L, Willems S, Ventura R, Delacrétaz E; et al. (2010). "Catheter ablation of stable ventricular tachycardia before defibrillator implantation in patients with coronary heart disease (VTACH): a multicentre randomised controlled trial". Lancet. 375 (9708): 31–40. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61755-4. PMID 20109864.
  15. ↑ Schleberger R, Jularic M, Salzbrunn T, Hacke C, Schwarzl JM, Hoffmann BA; et al. (2020). "Outcome of catheter ablation of non-reentrant ventricular arrhythmias in patients with and without structural heart disease". Eur J Med Res. 25 (1): 4. doi:10.1186/s40001-020-0400-y. PMC 7076989 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32183887 Check |pmid= value (help).
  16. ↑ Higgins JP, Andino A (2013). "Soccer and Sudden Cardiac Death in Young Competitive Athletes: A Review". J Sports Med (Hindawi Publ Corp). 2013: 967183. doi:10.1155/2013/967183. PMC 4590894. PMID 26464886.
  17. ↑ Lotfi A, Klein LW, Hira RS, Mallidi J, Mehran R, Messenger JC; et al. (2020). "SCAI expert consensus statement on out of hospital cardiac arrest". Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 96 (4): 844–861. doi:10.1002/ccd.28990. PMID 32406999 Check |pmid= value (help).
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