Seminoma staging: Difference between revisions

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==Staging==
==Staging==
The staging for testicular seminoma is performed according to the '''TNM system''' with staging groupings. It can be remembered in its abbreviated form as:<ref name=testiculartumorstGING1>Testicular cancer staging. Dr Marcin Czarniecki and A.Prof Frank Gaillard et al. Radiopaedia 2016. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/testicular-cancer-staging. Accessed on February 26, 2016</ref>
*'''Stage I''': confined to testis, epididymis, spermatic cord, scrotum
*'''Stage II''': lymph nodes involved but no distant metastases, and serum tumor markers are not very high
*'''Stage III''': distant metastases or moderately high serum tumor markers
The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) includes [[tumor marker|serum tumor marker levels]] in the stages for germ cell tumors, including seminoma. '''S''' describes the levels of serum tumour markers in the blood after [[orchiectomy]]. The serum tumor markers measured are [[AFP|alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)]], [[HCG|human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)]], and [[LDH|lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)]].<ref name=stagingofgermcelltumors1>Staging testicular cancer. Canadian cancer society 2016. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/testicular/staging/?region=on. Accessed on February 26, 2016</ref>
The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) includes [[tumor marker|serum tumor marker levels]] in the stages for germ cell tumors, including seminoma. '''S''' describes the levels of serum tumour markers in the blood after [[orchiectomy]]. The serum tumor markers measured are [[AFP|alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)]], [[HCG|human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)]], and [[LDH|lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)]].<ref name=stagingofgermcelltumors1>Staging testicular cancer. Canadian cancer society 2016. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/testicular/staging/?region=on. Accessed on February 26, 2016</ref>



Revision as of 15:25, 26 February 2016

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sujit Routray, M.D. [2]

Overview

Staging

The staging for testicular seminoma is performed according to the TNM system with staging groupings. It can be remembered in its abbreviated form as:[1]

  • Stage I: confined to testis, epididymis, spermatic cord, scrotum
  • Stage II: lymph nodes involved but no distant metastases, and serum tumor markers are not very high
  • Stage III: distant metastases or moderately high serum tumor markers

The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) includes serum tumor marker levels in the stages for germ cell tumors, including seminoma. S describes the levels of serum tumour markers in the blood after orchiectomy. The serum tumor markers measured are alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH).[2]

S Serum tumor marker levels
SX Tumor marker levels are not available or have not been measured.
S0 Tumor marker levels are normal.
S1 All tumor marker levels are above normal.
  • AFP is less than 1,000 ng/mL.
  • HCG is less than 5,000 mIU/mL.
  • LDH is less than 1.5 times the upper limit of the normal range.
S2 At least one tumor marker level is high.
  • AFP is between 1,000 and 10,000 ng/mL.
  • HCG is between 5,000 and 50,000 mIU/mL.
  • LDH is 1.5–10 times the upper limit of the normal range.
S3 At least one tumor marker level is very high.
  • AFP is higher than 10,000 ng/mL.
  • HCG is higher than 50,000 mIU/mL.
  • LDH is more than 10 times the upper limit of the normal range.

References

  1. Testicular cancer staging. Dr Marcin Czarniecki and A.Prof Frank Gaillard et al. Radiopaedia 2016. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/testicular-cancer-staging. Accessed on February 26, 2016
  2. Staging testicular cancer. Canadian cancer society 2016. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/testicular/staging/?region=on. Accessed on February 26, 2016

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