Sarcoidosis differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__
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{{Sarcoidosis}}
{{Sarcoidosis}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}}{{HK}}Roshan Dinparasti Saleh M.D.


==Overview==
==Overview==
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[[Sarcoidosis]] has many differentials, which can be classified depending on the organ involved, pathologic findings and laboratory findings.


==Differential Diagnosis==
==Differential Diagnosis==
Sarcoidosis has many differentials, which can be classified depending on the organ involved.<ref>Samter's immunologic diseases.—6th ed./[edited by] K. Frank Austen … [et al.]</ref>
[[Sarcoidosis]] has been defined as a multisystem granulomatous disorder of unknown cause<ref name="wasog">Statement on sarcoidosis: Joint Statement of the American Thoracic Society (ATS), the European Respiratory Society (ERS) and the World Association of Sarcoidosis and Other Granulomatous Disorders (WASOG) adopted by the ATS Board of Directors and by the ERS Executive Committee, February 1999. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 160:736–755, 1999.</ref>, but [[granulomatous inflammation]] alone is not sufficient for the diagnosis of [[sarcoidosis]] because alternative etiologies of [[granulomatous inflammation]] need to be excluded.


'''Lung'''<ref name="pmid1871095">{{cite journal| author=Khomenko AG| title=[Diagnosis of granulomatous lung diseases]. | journal=Probl Tuberk | year= 1991 | volume= | issue= 3 | pages= 5-9 | pmid=1871095 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1871095  }} </ref>
===Causes of [[granulomatous reaction]] beside [[sarcoidosis]]===
* [[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]
1.Tuberculosis  2.Atypical Mycobacteriosis  3.Cryptococcosis  4.Aspergillosis  5.Aspiration of foriegn materials
* [[Mycoplasma]]
6.Blastomycosis  7.Pneumocystitis carinii    8.Pneumoconiosis  9.Drug reactions  10.Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
* [[Pneumocystis jiroveci]]
11.Drug reactions12..Histoplasmosis          13.Chronic interstitial pneumonia
* [[Brucellosis]]
14.Necrotizing sarcoid granulomatosis        15.Wegner's granulomatosis
* [[Cat-scratch fever]]
* [[Atypical mycobacteria]]
* [[Toxoplasmosis]]
* [[Berylliosis]]
* [[Hard metal]]
* [[Zirconium]]
* [[Tattoo]]
* [[Hypersensitivity pneumonitis]]
* Medications (e.g., [[methotrexate]])
* [[ANCA-associated vasculitis]]
* [[Necrotizing sarcoid granuloma]]
* [[Lymphoma]]
* [[Cancer]]
* Granulomatous lesions of unknown significance
* [[Crohn’s disease]]
* [[Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia]]
* [[Behçet’s disease]]
* [[Rheumatoid nodules]]<ref name="wasog">Statement on sarcoidosis: Joint Statement of the American Thoracic Society (ATS), the European Respiratory Society (ERS) and the World Association of Sarcoidosis and Other Granulomatous Disorders (WASOG) adopted by the ATS Board of Directors and by the ERS Executive Committee, February 1999. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 160:736–755, 1999.</ref>


'''Lymph Node'''
===Data supporting the likelihood of [[sarcoidosis]]===
 
# '''Demographics'''
1.Tuberculosis  2.Atypical Mycobacteriosis  3.Brucellosis  4.GLUS syndrome  5.Cat scratch disease
## U.S. [[African American]]
6.Toxoplasmosis  7.Hodgkin disease           8.Non Hodgkin lymphoma            9.Sarcoid reaction in lymph nodes to carcinoma
## [[Northern European]]
10.Kikuchi disease(granulomatous histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis)
# '''Medical history'''
## [[Non-smoker]]
## No symptoms (in patient with [[bilateral hilar adenopathy]] on [[CXR]])
## Family history of [[sarcoidosis]]
## Symptoms involving more than two organs commonly involved by [[sarcoidosis]]
# '''Laboratory data'''
## Elevated [[ACE]] level (especially if > 2× ULN)
## Elevated [[calcium]] level
## Elevated [[alkaline phosphatase]] level
## Elevated [[soluble IL-2 receptor]]
## [[Leukopenia]]
#  '''Radiographic findings'''
## [[CXR]]:
###[[bilateral hilar adenopathy]] especially if '''without''' symptoms
### Upper lobe disease
## [[HRCT]]:
### Disease along bronchovascular bundle
### Subpleural reticulonodular infiltrates
### [[Mediastinal adenopathy]]
### [[Peribronchial thickening]]
### [[Traction bronchiectasis]] of upper lobe
# '''Skin lesions'''
## [[Lupus pernio]]
## [[Erythema nodosum]]
## Maculopapular lesions
# '''Ocular disease'''
## [[Uveitis]]
## [[Optic neuritis]]
# '''Neurological disease'''
## [[Seventh cranial nerve palsy]]
# '''Renal disease'''
## [[Nephrocalcinosis]]
## [[Interstitial nephritis]]<ref name="judson">Judson MA: The diagnosis of sarcoidosis. Clin Chest Med 29(3):415–427, 2008.</ref>


'''Skin'''  
===Data weakening the likelihood of [[sarcoidosis]]===
# '''Demographics'''
## Age< 18 years


1.Tuberculosis  2.Atypical mycobacteriosis  3.Fungal infection  4.Rheumatoid nodules  6.Reaction to foreign bodies
# '''Medical history'''
## Exposure to [[tuberculosis]]
## Exposure to [[organic bioaerosol]]
## Exposure to [[beryllium]]
## [[Intravenous drug abuse]]


'''Liver'''
# '''Laboratory data'''
## Positive [[anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibody]] ([[ANCA]])


1.Tuberculosis  2.Brucellosis  3.Schitosomiasis  4.Crohn's disease  5.Hodgkin's disease  6. Non hodgkin's lymphoma
#  '''Radiographic findings'''
7.GLUS syndrome  8.Primary biliary cirrhosis
## [[CXR]]:
### [[Pleural effusion]]
## [[HRCT]]:
### Subpleural [[honeycombing]]


'''Bone Marrow'''
# '''Ocular disease'''
## [[Episcleritis]]


1.Tuberculosis  2.Histoplasmosis  3.Cytomegalovirus  4.Drugs  5.Infectious Mononucleosis  6.GLUS syndrome
# '''Renal disease'''
7.Hodgkin's disease  8.Non Hodgkin's lymphoma
## [[Glomerulonephritis]] <ref name="judson">Judson MA: The diagnosis of sarcoidosis. Clin Chest Med 29(3):415–427, 2008.</ref>


'''Other biopsy sites'''
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01 | | | | | | | | | |A01=Spirometry}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | }}
{{familytree | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | | B01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | B02 | | | |B01=Low FEV1/FVC ratio|B02=Normal to high FEV1/FVC ratio|}}
{{familytree | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | }}
{{familytree | | | | | | C01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | C02 | | | |C01=Obstructive Lung Disease|C02=Restrictive Lung Disease|}}
{{familytree | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | }}
{{familytree | | | | | | D01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | D02 | | | | |D01=Bronchodilator therapy|D02=DLCO}}
{{familytree | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | }}
{{familytree | |,|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|.| }}
{{familytree | E01 | | | | | | | | E02 | | | | E03 | | | | | | | | E04 | | |E01=Increased FEV1|E02=No change in FEV1|E03=Normal DLCO|E04=Decreased DLCO|}}
{{familytree | |!| | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |!| | | }}
{{familytree | F01 | | | | | | | | F02 | | | | F03 | | | | | | | | F04 | | |F01=Asthma|F02=COPD|F03=Chest wall disorders|F04=Interstitial Lung Disease|}}
{{familytree/end}}


1.Tuberculosis  2.Brucellosis  3.Crohn's disease  4.GLUS Syndrome  5.Other infections  6.Giant cell myocarditis


==Differential diagnosis==
====Spirometry Findings in Various Lung Conditions====
[[image:Figure 39 03 05f.jpg|thumb|center|Spirometry showing Obstructive and Restrictive Lung Disease ([Source:By CNX OpenStax [CC BY 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)], via Wikimedia Commons])]]
{|
|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Disease
! colspan="11" |Clinical manifestations
! colspan="5" |Diagnosis
|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" |Symptoms
! colspan="7" |Physical exam
! rowspan="2" |Lab findings
! colspan="3" |Imaging
!Gold standard
|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
!Cough
!Dyspnea
!Hemoptysis
!Fever
!History/Exposure
!Cyanosis
!Clubbing
!JVD
!Peripheral edema
!Auscultation
!Other prominent findings
!CXR
!CT
!DLCco
!
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
| colspan="2" |Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* History of [[allergen]] exposure
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Diffuse fine bibasilar [[crackles]] 
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Constitutional symptoms
** [[Weight loss]]
** Anorexia
** Muscle weakness
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Neutrophilia
* Elevated [[ESR]]
* Elevated [[CRP]]
* Elevated [[immunoglobulin]]
* No peripheral blood [[eosinophilia]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Poorly defined micronodular or diffuse interstitial pattern
* In chronic form
** Fibrosis
** Loss of lung volume
** Coarse linear opacities
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Ground-glass opacities '''or'''
* Diffusely increased radiodensities
* Diffuse micronodules
* Focal air trapping
* Mosaic perfusion
* Occasionaly thin-walled cysts
* Mild fibrotic changes 
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |''↓''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |
*Clinical diagnosis
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
| colspan="2" |[[Acute respiratory distress syndrome|Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome]] ([[Acute respiratory distress syndrome|ARDS]])
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | -
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | -
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | -
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* [[Trauma]]
* [[Sepsis]]
* [[Drug overdose]]
* [[Blood transfusion|Massive transfusion]]
* [[Acute pancreatitis]] [[Aspiration]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | -
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | -
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | -
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Coarse [[breath sounds]]
* Rhonchi [[crackles]]
* Decreased [[breath sounds]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Initially [[respiratory alkalosis]] transforming to respiratory acidosis
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* [[BNP]] level of less than 100 pg/mL
* PaO<sub>2</sub> '''/''' FiO<sub>2</sub> <300
* [[Leukopenia]]
* [[Leukocytosis]]
* [[Thrombocytopenia]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Bilateral pulmonary infiltrates
** Initially patchy peripheral
** Later diffuse bilateral
* Ground glass
* Frank alveolar infiltrate
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Bronchial dilatation within areas of ground-glass opacification
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |''↓''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* PaO<sub>2</sub> '''/''' FiO<sub>2</sub> <300
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bronchitis]]
|Acute
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Diffuse [[Wheeze|wheezes]]
* High-pitched continuous sounds
* The use of accessory muscles 
* Prolonged expiration
* [[Rhonchi]]
* [[Rales]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* [[Hoarseness]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* N/A
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Normal
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* N/A
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | -
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Clinical diagnosis
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
|Chronic
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | -
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | -
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* A positive history of chronic productive [[cough]] 
* Shortness of breath 
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | -
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Prolonged expiration; [[wheezing]]
* Diffusely decreased breath sound
* Coarse [[crackles]] with inspiration
* Coarse [[rhonchi]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* N/A
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Chronic [[hypoxemia]] may lead to [[polycythemia]] 
* Increase in [[Neutrophil|Neutrophils]] count
* Chronic [[respiratory acidosis]].
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Radiolucency
* Diaphragmatic flattening due to hyperinflation
* Increased retrosternal airspace on the lateral radiograph
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* N/A
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |''↓''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
*N/A
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Occupational lung disease|Pneumoconiosis]]<ref name="pmid9563720">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gay SE, Kazerooni EA, Toews GB, Lynch JP, Gross BH, Cascade PN, Spizarny DL, Flint A, Schork MA, Whyte RI, Popovich J, Hyzy R, Martinez FJ |title=Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: predicting response to therapy and survival |journal=Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. |volume=157 |issue=4 Pt 1 |pages=1063–72 |year=1998 |pmid=9563720 |doi=10.1164/ajrccm.157.4.9703022 |url=}}</ref>
|[[Occupational lung disease|SIlicosis]]<ref name="pmid16545629">{{cite journal |vauthors=du Bois RM |title=Evolving concepts in the early and accurate diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis |journal=Clin. Chest Med. |volume=27 |issue=1 Suppl 1 |pages=S17–25, v–vi |year=2006 |pmid=16545629 |doi=10.1016/j.ccm.2005.08.001 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21996929">{{cite journal |vauthors=Neghab M, Mohraz MH, Hassanzadeh J |title=Symptoms of respiratory disease and lung functional impairment associated with occupational inhalation exposure to carbon black dust |journal=J Occup Health |volume=53 |issue=6 |pages=432–8 |year=2011 |pmid=21996929 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| rowspan="4" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
| rowspan="4" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
| rowspan="4" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +/-
| rowspan="4" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | -
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Occupational history
** Sandblasting
** Bystanders
** Quartzite miller
** Tunnel workers
** Silica flour workers
** Workers in the scouring powder industry
| rowspan="4" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
| rowspan="4" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
| rowspan="4" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
| rowspan="4" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | -
| rowspan="4" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
**Hyperresonant
**Fine [[crackles]]
**Rhonchi
**Bronchial breath sounds
**Expiratory wheezing
**Increased [[tactile fremitus]].
**Loud P2
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
*Increased susceptiblity to [[tuberculosis]].
| rowspan="4" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
*[[Respiratory acidosis]]
*[[Abnormal sputum]]
*[[Anemia]]
*[[Neutrophilia]]
*Elevated [[ESR]]
*Elevated [[CRP]]
*Elevated [[immunoglobulin]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Small round opacities
** Symmetrically distributed
** Upper-zone predominance
* Diffuse interstitial pattern of fibrosis without the typical nodular opacities in chronic case
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Nodular changes in lung parenchyma
* Progressive massive fibrosis
* Bullae, emphysema
* Pleural, mediastinal, and hilar changes
| rowspan="4" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |''↓''
| rowspan="4" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* [[Biopsy|Lung biopsy]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
|[[Asbestosis]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Shipyard workers
* Pipe fitting
* Insulators
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* [[Lung cancer]]
* [[Mesothelioma]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Predilection to lower lobes
* Fine and coarse linear, peripheral, reticular opacities
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Subpleural linear opacities seen parallel to the pleura
* Basilar lung fibrosis
* Peribronchiolar, intralobular, and interlobular septal fibrosis;
* Honeycombing
* Pleural plaques.
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
|[[Berylliosis]] 
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Electronic manufactures
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | -
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Hilar adenopathy
* Increased interstitial markings.
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Ground glass opacification
* Parenchymal nodules
* Septal lines
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
|[[Byssinosis]] 
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Cotton wool workers
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Increased susceptibility to ''[[Actinomyces]]'' and ''[[Aspergillus]]'' infection.
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Diffuse air-space consolidation
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Pulmonary fibrosis with honeycombing
* Peri bronchovascular distribution of nodules
* Ground-glass attenuations
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
| colspan="2" |[[Sarcoidosis]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* African Americans
* [[Autoimmune]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Usually normal
* Occasional crackles
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* [[Dermatological lesions|Dermatologic manifestations]]
* Ocular involvement
* Osseous involvement
* Heart failure from [[cardiomyopathy]]
* Lymphocytic [[meningitis]]
* [[Cranial nerve palsies]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* [[Hypercalcemia]] or [[hypercalciuria]] 
* Elevated [[Vitamin D|1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels]]
* Elevated [[angiotensin-converting enzyme]] (ACE)
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* High-resolution CT (HRCT) scanning of the chest may identify
** Active alveolitis
** Fibrosis
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |''↓''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* [[Biopsy]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
| colspan="2" |[[Pleural effusion|Pleural Effusion]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |'''Transudate'''
* [[Congestive heart failure|CHF]]
* [[Cirrhosis]]
'''Exudate'''
* [[Parapneumonic effusion|Parapneumonic causes]] 
* [[Malignancy]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Decreased [[tactile fremitus]] 
* Diminished or inaudible [[breath sounds]]
* Pleural [[friction rub]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Peripheral edema, distended neck veins, and S<sub>3</sub> gallop suggest [[congestive heart failure]].
* Edema may also be a manifestation of nephrotic syndrome, pericardial disease, or, when combined with yellow nailbeds, the yellow nail syndrome.
* Cutaneous changes and ascites suggest liver disease.
* Lymphadenopathy or a palpable mass suggests malignancy.
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Thoracentesis 
** [[Exudate]]
** [[Transudate]]
** [[LDH]], [[glucose]], [[cytology]]
* Other specific labs of underlying etiology
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Supine
* Blunting of the costophrenic angle
* Homogenous increase in density spread over the lower lung fields
Lateral decubitus
* Free flowing effusion as layers
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Thickened pleura
* Mild effusions can aslo be detected
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |''↓''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* [[Thoracocentesis]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
| colspan="2" |Interstitial (Nonidiopathic) [[Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis|Pulmonary Fibrosis]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | ++
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | -
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* [[Connective tissue disorder|Connective-tissue disorder]]
* [[Pneumoconiosis]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* [[Wheezing]]
* [[S3]]
* [[P2]]
* End-inspiratory rales
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Increased A-a gradient
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Elevated [[ESR]]
* Serologic testing for [[ANA]], [[RF]], [[Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody|ANCA]] & ASCA may be positive
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Reticular and/or nodular opacities
* Honeycomb appearance (late finding)
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Bilateral reticular and nodular interstitial infiltrates
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |''↓''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Video-assisted thoracoscopic lung biopsy
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
| colspan="2" |[[Interstitial Pneumonia|Lymphocytic Interstitial Pneumonia]]<ref name="pmid10397102">{{cite journal |vauthors=Honda O, Johkoh T, Ichikado K, Tomiyama N, Maeda M, Mihara N, Higashi M, Hamada S, Naito H, Yamamoto S, Nakamura H |title=Differential diagnosis of lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia and malignant lymphoma on high-resolution CT |journal=AJR Am J Roentgenol |volume=173 |issue=1 |pages=71–4 |year=1999 |pmid=10397102 |doi=10.2214/ajr.173.1.10397102 |url=}}</ref>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* [[Autoimmune]]
* [[Lymphoproliferative disorders]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | -
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | -
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | -
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* [[Wheezing]]
* [[Rales]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Increased A-a gradient
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia
* Increased [[LDH]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Bibasilar interstitial or micronodular infiltrates
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Determines the degree of fibrosis
* Cysts (characterstic)
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |N
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Open lung biopsy
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
| colspan="2" |[[Obesity]]<ref name="pmid21116339">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zammit C, Liddicoat H, Moonsie I, Makker H |title=Obesity and respiratory diseases |journal=Int J Gen Med |volume=3 |issue= |pages=335–43 |year=2010 |pmid=21116339 |pmc=2990395 |doi=10.2147/IJGM.S11926 |url=}}</ref><ref name="O’Neill2015">{{cite journal|last1=O’Neill|first1=Donal|title=Measuring obesity in the absence of a gold standard|journal=Economics & Human Biology|volume=17|year=2015|pages=116–128|issn=1570677X|doi=10.1016/j.ehb.2015.02.002}}</ref>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | -
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | -
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Overweight
* [[Diabetes mellitus]]
* [[Asthma]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | -
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | -
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | -
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* [[Wheezing]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | -
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* [[Polycythemia|Increased hematocrit]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* X ray findings are often limited due to body habitus
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* CT findings are variable and depends upon severity of obesity
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |N
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Clinical
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
| colspan="2" |[[Eosinophilia|Pulmonary Eosinophilia]]<ref name="pmid19706907">{{cite journal |vauthors=de Górgolas M, Casado V, Renedo G, Alen JF, Fernández Guerrero ML |title=Nodular lung schistosomiais lesions after chemotherapy for dysgerminoma |journal=Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. |volume=81 |issue=3 |pages=424–7 |year=2009 |pmid=19706907 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Infections
* [[Parasitic]]
* [[Fungal]]
* [[Mycobacterial]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | -
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* [[Wheezing]]
* [[Rales]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Increased A-a gradient
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* [[Leukocytosis]] with [[eosinophilia]] (> 250/µL)
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |
* Interstitial or diffuse nodular densities
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Determines extent and distribution of the disease


{| class="wikitable"
* Interstitial infiltrates
!Causes of
* Cysts and nodules
lung cavities
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |''↓''
!Differentiating Features
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Biopsy of lesion (skin or lung)
!Differentiating radiological findings
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
!Diagnosis
| rowspan="4" |Neuromuscular disease
confirmation
|Scoliosis
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | -
|
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
*[[Malignancy]] ([[Lung cancer|Primary lung cance<nowiki/>r]])<ref name="pmid4353362">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chaudhuri MR |title=Primary pulmonary cavitating carcinomas |journal=Thorax |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=354–66 |year=1973 |pmid=4353362 |pmc=470041 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | -
|
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | -
*Elderly male or female <ref name="pmid4353362">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chaudhuri MR |title=Primary pulmonary cavitating carcinomas |journal=Thorax |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=354–66 |year=1973 |pmid=4353362 |pmc=470041 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
*Chronic smokers
* Postural abnormality
*Presents with a [[low-grade fever]], absence of [[leukocytosis]], systemic complaints [[weight loss]], [[fatigue]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | -
*Absence of factors that predispose to [[gastric content aspiration]], no response to [[antibiotics]] within 10 days
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | -
*[[Hemoptysis]] is commonly associated with [[bronchogenic carcinoma]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | -
|
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | -
*A coin-shaped lesion with thick wall(>15mm) is seen on CXR with less ground glass opacities <ref name="pmid8572761">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mouroux J, Padovani B, Elkaïm D, Richelme H |title=Should cavitated bronchopulmonary cancers be considered a separate entity? |journal=Ann. Thorac. Surg. |volume=61 |issue=2 |pages=530–2 |year=1996 |pmid=8572761 |doi=10.1016/0003-4975(95)00973-6 |url=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid16183941">{{cite journal |vauthors=Onn A, Choe DH, Herbst RS, Correa AM, Munden RF, Truong MT, Vaporciyan AA, Isobe T, Gilcrease MZ, Marom EM |title=Tumor cavitation in stage I non-small cell lung cancer: epidermal growth factor receptor expression and prediction of poor outcome |journal=Radiology |volume=237 |issue=1 |pages=342–7 |year=2005 |pmid=16183941 |doi=10.1148/radiol.2371041650 |url=}}</ref>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
*[[Bronchoalveolar lavage]] [[cytology]] shows malignant cells
* Decreased [[breath sounds]]
|
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
*[[Biopsy]] of lung
* In severe scoliosis, the rib cage may press against the lungs making it more difficult to breathe.
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
|
* R/0 genetic conditions
*Pulmonary [[Tuberculosis, pulmonary|Tuberculosis]]
** [[Marfan's syndrome]]
|
** [[Edwards syndrome|Edward's syndrome]]
*Mostly in endemic areas
* Total [[Lymphocyte|lymphocyte count]] (should be >1500/μL)
*Symptoms include [[productive cough]],[[night sweats]], [[fever]] and [[weight loss]]
* Nutritional status must be assessed
|
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
*CXR and CT demonstrates [[Internal|cavities]] in the upper lobe of the lung
* Accurate depiction of the true magnitude of the spinal deformity can be assessed by supine anteroposterior (AP) and lateral spinal radiographs
|
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
*[[Sputum]] smear positive for [[acid-fast bacilli]] and nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT) is used on sputum or any sterile fluid for rapid diagnosis and is positive for mycobacteria.
* N/A
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |N
|
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
*[[Necrotizing Pulmonary Infections|Necrotizing]] [[Pneumonia]]
* Clinical
|
* Radiographs
*Any age group
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
*Acute, [[fulminant]] life threating complication of prior infection
|[[Muscular dystrophy]]
*>100.4F fever, with [[Hemodynamically unstable|hemodynamic]] instability
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
*Worsening [[pneumonia]]-like symptoms
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
*CXR demonstrates multiple cavitary lesions
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
*[[Pleural effusion]] and [[empyema]] are common findings
* Proximal muscle weakness
|
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
*[[Complete blood count|CBC]] is positive for causative organism 
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | -
*Loculated [[empyema]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
|
* Decreased [[breath sounds]]
* Children and elderly are at risk
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* [[Rash]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Elevated [[CPK]] and [[aldolase]]
* [[Antinuclear antibodies|+ANA]]
* +Anti-Jo abs
* Elevated [[ESR]], [[C-reactive protein|CRP]] and [[RF]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* N/A
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* N/A
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |N
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* [[Muscle biopsy]]
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
|[[ALS]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Muscle weakness
* Neurological deficit
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Decreased [[breath sounds]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Symptoms begin with limb involvement diue to muscle weakness and atrophy. 
* Cognitive or behavioral dysfunction
* Sensory nerves and the autonomic nervous system are generally unaffected
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |N/A
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Not significant/diagnostic
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Not significant/diagnostic
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Clinical diagnosis
* Nerve conduction studies and needle [[electromyography]] (EMG) 
|- style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
|[[Myasthenia gravis]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | -
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | -
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |H/O of difficulty getting up from chair
* Combing
* [[Dysphagia|Difficulty in swallowing]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | -
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | -
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | -
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | -
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Decreased [[breath sounds]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Extraocular, bulbar, or proximal limb muscles.
* Breathing as rapid and shallow
* Respiratory muscle weakness can lead to acute respiratory failure may require immediate intubation.
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Anti–acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibody (Ab) test +
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* [[Thymoma]] as an anterior mediastinal mass.
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* [[Thymoma]] as an anterior mediastinal mass.
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |N
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* [[Electromyography]]
|}


*Pleuritic [[chest pain]], [[dry cough]], [[fever]] with chills
*Dullness to [[Percussion of the lungs|percussion]] decreased [[breath sounds]], and reduced vocal resonance on examination
|
*[[Empyema]] appears lenticular in shape and has a thin wall with smooth luminal margins
|
*[[Thoracocentesis]]
|-
|
*[[Granulomatosis with polyangiitis]] ([[Wegener's granulomatosis|Wegener's]])<ref name="pmid10377211">{{cite journal |vauthors=Langford CA, Hoffman GS |title=Rare diseases.3: Wegener's granulomatosis |journal=Thorax |volume=54 |issue=7 |pages=629–37 |year=1999 |pmid=10377211 |pmc=1745525 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
|
*Women are more commonly effected than man.<ref name="pmid12541109">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lee KS, Kim TS, Fujimoto K, Moriya H, Watanabe H, Tateishi U, Ashizawa K, Johkoh T, Kim EA, Kwon OJ |title=Thoracic manifestation of Wegener's granulomatosis: CT findings in 30 patients |journal=Eur Radiol |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=43–51 |year=2003 |pmid=12541109 |doi=10.1007/s00330-002-1422-2 |url=}}</ref>
*Kidneys are also involved
*Upper respiratory tract symptoms , perforation of [[nasal septum]], [[chronic sinusitis]], [[otitis media]], [[mastoiditis]].
*Lower respiratory tract symptoms, [[hemoptysis]],  [[cough]], [[dyspnea]].
*Renal symptoms, [[hematuria]], red cell [[casts]]
|
*Pulmonary nodules with cavities and infiltrates are a frequent manifestation on CXR


|
*Positive for [[P-ANCA]]
*Biopsy of the tissue involved shows necrotizing [[granulomas]] <ref name="pmid10377211">{{cite journal |vauthors=Langford CA, Hoffman GS |title=Rare diseases.3: Wegener's granulomatosis |journal=Thorax |volume=54 |issue=7 |pages=629–37 |year=1999 |pmid=10377211 |pmc=1745525 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
|-
|
*[[Rheumatoid nodule]]
|
*Elderly females of 40-50 age group
*Manifestation of [[rheumatoid arthritis]]
*Presents with other systemic symptoms including symmetric [[arthritis]] of the small joints of the hands and feet with morning stiffness are common manifestations.
|
*Pulmonary nodules with cavitation are located in the upper lobe ([[Caplan syndrome]]) on Xray.
|
*Positive for both [[rheumatoid factor]] and anticyclic citrullinated peptide [[Antibody|antibody.]]
|-
|
*[[Sarcoidosis]]
|
*More common in African-American females
*Often [[asymptomatic]] except for [[Lymphadenopathy|enlarged lymph nodes]]<ref name="pmid11734441">{{cite journal |vauthors=Baughman RP, Teirstein AS, Judson MA, Rossman MD, Yeager H, Bresnitz EA, DePalo L, Hunninghake G, Iannuzzi MC, Johns CJ, McLennan G, Moller DR, Newman LS, Rabin DL, Rose C, Rybicki B, Weinberger SE, Terrin ML, Knatterud GL, Cherniak R |title=Clinical characteristics of patients in a case control study of sarcoidosis |journal=Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. |volume=164 |issue=10 Pt 1 |pages=1885–9 |year=2001 |pmid=11734441 |doi=10.1164/ajrccm.164.10.2104046 |url=}}</ref>
*Associated with [[restrictive lung disease]]
*[[Erythema nodosum]]
*[[Lupus pernio]] (skin lesions on face resembling lupus)
*[[Bell's palsy|Bell palsy]]
*[[Epithelioid]] [[granuloma]]<nowiki/>s containing microscopic [[Schaumann bodies|Schaumann]] and asteroid bodies
|
*On CXR bilateral [[Lymphadenopathy|adenopathy]] and coarse reticular opacities are seen.
*CT of the chest demonstrates extensive [[Hilar lymphadenopathy|hilar]] and mediastinal adenopathy
*Additional findings on CT include [[fibrosis]] (honeycomb, linear, or associated with bronchial distortion), pleural thickening, and ground-glass opacities.<ref name="pmid2748828">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brauner MW, Grenier P, Mompoint D, Lenoir S, de Crémoux H |title=Pulmonary sarcoidosis: evaluation with high-resolution CT |journal=Radiology |volume=172 |issue=2 |pages=467–71 |year=1989 |pmid=2748828 |doi=10.1148/radiology.172.2.2748828 |url=}}</ref>
|
*Biopsy of lung shows non-[[caseating]] [[granuloma]]
|-
|
*[[Bronchiolitis obliterans]] ([[Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia]])<ref name="pmid9724431">{{cite journal |vauthors=Murphy J, Schnyder P, Herold C, Flower C |title=Bronchiolitis obliterans organising pneumonia simulating bronchial carcinoma |journal=Eur Radiol |volume=8 |issue=7 |pages=1165–9 |year=1998 |pmid=9724431 |doi=10.1007/s003300050527 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19561910">{{cite journal |vauthors=Al-Ghanem S, Al-Jahdali H, Bamefleh H, Khan AN |title=Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia: pathogenesis, clinical features, imaging and therapy review |journal=Ann Thorac Med |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=67–75 |year=2008 |pmid=19561910 |pmc=2700454 |doi=10.4103/1817-1737.39641 |url=}}</ref>
|
*Rare condition and mimics [[asthma]], [[pneumonia]] and [[emphysema]]
*It is caused by [[drug]] or [[toxin]] exposure, [[autoimmune diseases]], [[viral infections]], or [[radiation injury]]
*People working in industries are at high risk
*Presents with [[Fever|feve]]<nowiki/>r, [[cough]], [[wheezing]] and [[shortness of breath]] over weeks to months,<ref name="pmid2805873">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cordier JF, Loire R, Brune J |title=Idiopathic bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. Definition of characteristic clinical profiles in a series of 16 patients |journal=Chest |volume=96 |issue=5 |pages=999–1004 |year=1989 |pmid=2805873 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
|
*Common appearance on CT is patchy [[Consolidation (medicine)|consolidation,]]<nowiki/>often accompanied by ground-glass opacities and nodules.<ref name="pmid8109493">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lee KS, Kullnig P, Hartman TE, Müller NL |title=Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia: CT findings in 43 patients |journal=AJR Am J Roentgenol |volume=162 |issue=3 |pages=543–6 |year=1994 |pmid=8109493 |doi=10.2214/ajr.162.3.8109493 |url=}}</ref>
|
*Biopsy of the lung <ref name="pmid19561910">{{cite journal |vauthors=Al-Ghanem S, Al-Jahdali H, Bamefleh H, Khan AN |title=Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia: pathogenesis, clinical features, imaging and therapy review |journal=Ann Thorac Med |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=67–75 |year=2008 |pmid=19561910 |pmc=2700454 |doi=10.4103/1817-1737.39641 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Pulmonary function tests]] demonstrate low fev1/fvc
|-
|
*[[Langerhans cell histiocytosis|Langerhans]] cell [[Langerhans cell histiocytosis|Histiocytosis]]<ref name="pmid22429393">{{cite journal |vauthors=Suri HS, Yi ES, Nowakowski GS, Vassallo R |title=Pulmonary langerhans cell histiocytosis |journal=Orphanet J Rare Dis |volume=7 |issue= |pages=16 |year=2012 |pmid=22429393 |pmc=3342091 |doi=10.1186/1750-1172-7-16 |url=}}</ref>
|
*Exclusively afflicts smokers, with a peak age of onset of between 20 and 40 years.
*Clinical presentation varies, but symptoms generally include months of dry [[cough]], [[fever]], [[night sweats]] and [[weight loss]].
*Skin is involved in 80% of the cases, scaly [[erythematous rash]] is typical.
|
*Thin-walled cystic cavities are the usual radiographic manifestation, observed in over 50% of patients by either CXR or CT scans.<ref name="pmid2787035">{{cite journal |vauthors=Moore AD, Godwin JD, Müller NL, Naidich DP, Hammar SP, Buschman DL, Takasugi JE, de Carvalho CR |title=Pulmonary histiocytosis X: comparison of radiographic and CT findings |journal=Radiology |volume=172 |issue=1 |pages=249–54 |year=1989 |pmid=2787035 |doi=10.1148/radiology.172.1.2787035 |url=}}</ref>
|
*Biopsy of the lung
|}


Sarcoidosis must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [[bone pain]], [[edema]], and [[erythema]].


{| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px;" align=center
|+
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 180px;" | {{fontcolor|#ffffff|Disease}}
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 650px;" | {{fontcolor|#ffffff|Findings}}
|-
| style="padding: 7px 7px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''Soft tissue infection'''<br> (Commonly [[cellulitis]])
| style="padding: 7px 7px; background: #F5F5F5;" | History of skin warmness, swelling and erythema. Bone probing is the definite way to differentiate them.<ref name="pmid8532002">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bisno AL, Stevens DL |title=Streptococcal infections of skin and soft tissues |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=334 |issue=4 |pages=240–5 |year=1996 |pmid=8532002 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199601253340407 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24947530">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF, Dellinger EP, Goldstein EJ, Gorbach SL, Hirschmann JV, Kaplan SL, Montoya JG, Wade JC |title=Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the infectious diseases society of America |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=147–59 |year=2014 |pmid=24947530 |doi=10.1093/cid/ciu296 |url=}}</ref>
|-
| style="padding: 7px 7px; background: #DCDCDC;" |'''[[Osteonecrosis]]'''<br>(Avascular necrosis of bone)
| style="padding: 7px 7px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Previous history of trauma, radiation, use of steroids or biphosphonates are suggestive to differentiate osteonecrosis from ostemyelitis.<ref name="pmid21865285">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shigemura T, Nakamura J, Kishida S, Harada Y, Ohtori S, Kamikawa K, Ochiai N, Takahashi K |title=Incidence of osteonecrosis associated with corticosteroid therapy among different underlying diseases: prospective MRI study |journal=Rheumatology (Oxford) |volume=50 |issue=11 |pages=2023–8 |year=2011 |pmid=21865285 |doi=10.1093/rheumatology/ker277 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25480307">{{cite journal |vauthors=Slobogean GP, Sprague SA, Scott T, Bhandari M |title=Complications following young femoral neck fractures |journal=Injury |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=484–91 |year=2015 |pmid=25480307 |doi=10.1016/j.injury.2014.10.010 |url=}}</ref><br> MRI is diagnostic.<ref name="pmid22022684">{{cite journal |vauthors=Amanatullah DF, Strauss EJ, Di Cesare PE |title=Current management options for osteonecrosis of the femoral head: part 1, diagnosis and nonoperative management |journal=Am J. Orthop. |volume=40 |issue=9 |pages=E186–92 |year=2011 |pmid=22022684 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15116601">{{cite journal |vauthors=Etienne G, Mont MA, Ragland PS |title=The diagnosis and treatment of nontraumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head |journal=Instr Course Lect |volume=53 |issue= |pages=67–85 |year=2004 |pmid=15116601 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
|-
| style="padding: 7px 7px; background: #DCDCDC;" |'''[[Charcot arthropathy|Charcot joint]]'''
| style="padding: 7px 7px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Patients with [[Charcot arthropathy|Charcot joint]] commonly develop skin ulcerations that can in turn lead to secondary osteomyelitis.<br>Contrast-enhanced MRI may be diagnostically useful if it shows a sinus tract, replacement of soft tissue fat, a fluid collection, or extensive marrow abnormalities. Bone biopsy is the definitive diagnostic modality.<ref name="pmid16436821">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ahmadi ME, Morrison WB, Carrino JA, Schweitzer ME, Raikin SM, Ledermann HP |title=Neuropathic arthropathy of the foot with and without superimposed osteomyelitis: MR imaging characteristics |journal=Radiology |volume=238 |issue=2 |pages=622–31 |year=2006 |pmid=16436821 |doi=10.1148/radiol.2382041393 |url=}}</ref>
|-
| style="padding: 7px 7px; background: #DCDCDC;" |'''[[Bone tumors]]'''
| style="padding: 7px 7px; background: #F5F5F5;" |May present with local pain and radiographic changes consistent with osteomyelitis. <br>Tumors most likely to mimic osteomyelitis are ''osteoid osteomas'' and ''chondroblastomas'' that produce small, round, radiolucent lesions on radiographs.<ref>{{cite book | last = Lovell | first = Wood | title = Lovell and Winter's pediatric orthopaedics | publisher = Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins | location = Philadelphia | year = 2014 | isbn = 978-1605478142 }}</ref>
|-
| style="padding: 7px 7px; background: #DCDCDC;" |'''[[Gout]]'''
| style="padding: 7px 7px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Gout presents with [[joint pain]] and [[swelling]]. Joint aspiration and crystals in synovial fluid is diagnostic for gout.<ref name="pmid20662061">{{cite journal |vauthors=Joosten LA, Netea MG, Mylona E, Koenders MI, Malireddi RK, Oosting M, Stienstra R, van de Veerdonk FL, Stalenhoef AF, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Kanneganti TD, van der Meer JW |title=Engagement of fatty acids with Toll-like receptor 2 drives interleukin-1β production via the ASC/caspase 1 pathway in monosodium urate monohydrate crystal-induced gouty arthritis |journal=Arthritis Rheum. |volume=62 |issue=11 |pages=3237–48 |year=2010 |pmid=20662061 |pmc=2970687 |doi=10.1002/art.27667 |url=}}</ref>
|-
| style="padding: 7px 7px; background: #DCDCDC;" |'''[[SAPHO syndrome]]'''<br>(Synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis)
| style="padding: 7px 7px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[SAPHO syndrome]] consists of a wide spectrum of neutrophilic [[dermatosis]] associated with aseptic osteoarticular lesions. <br>It can mimic osteomyelitis in patients who lack the characteristic findings of pustulosis and [[synovitis]]. <br>The diagnosis is established via clinical manifestations; bone culture is sterile in the setting of [[osteitis]].
|-
| style="padding: 7px 7px; background: #DCDCDC;" |'''[[Sarcoidosis]]'''
| style="padding: 7px 7px; background: #F5F5F5;" |It involves most frequently the pulmonary [[parenchyma]] and mediastinal lymph nodes, but any organ system can be affected. <br>Bone involvement is often bilateral and bones commonly affected include the middle and distal phalanges (producing “sausage finger”), wrist, skull, vertebral column, and long bones.
|-
| style="padding: 7px 7px; background: #DCDCDC;" |'''[[Langerhans' cell histiocytosis]]'''
| style="padding: 7px 7px; background: #F5F5F5;" |The disease usually manifests in the skeleton and solitary bone lesions are encountered twice as often as multiple bone lesions.<br>The tumours can develop in any bone, but most commonly originate in the skull and jaw, followed by vertebral bodies, ribs, pelvis, and long bones.<ref name="pmid26461144">{{cite journal |vauthors=Picarsic J, Jaffe R |title=Nosology and Pathology of Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis |journal=Hematol. Oncol. Clin. North Am. |volume=29 |issue=5 |pages=799–823 |year=2015 |pmid=26461144 |doi=10.1016/j.hoc.2015.06.001 |url=}}</ref>
|-
|}


==References==
{{Reflist|2}}


[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Rheumatology]]


{{WH}}
==References==
{{WS}}

Latest revision as of 21:58, 27 October 2019

Sarcoidosis Microchapters

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Syed Hassan A. Kazmi BSc, MD [2]Roshan Dinparasti Saleh M.D.

Overview

Sarcoidosis has many differentials, which can be classified depending on the organ involved, pathologic findings and laboratory findings.

Differential Diagnosis

Sarcoidosis has been defined as a multisystem granulomatous disorder of unknown cause[1], but granulomatous inflammation alone is not sufficient for the diagnosis of sarcoidosis because alternative etiologies of granulomatous inflammation need to be excluded.

Causes of granulomatous reaction beside sarcoidosis

Data supporting the likelihood of sarcoidosis

  1. Demographics
    1. U.S. African American
    2. Northern European
  2. Medical history
    1. Non-smoker
    2. No symptoms (in patient with bilateral hilar adenopathy on CXR)
    3. Family history of sarcoidosis
    4. Symptoms involving more than two organs commonly involved by sarcoidosis
  3. Laboratory data
    1. Elevated ACE level (especially if > 2× ULN)
    2. Elevated calcium level
    3. Elevated alkaline phosphatase level
    4. Elevated soluble IL-2 receptor
    5. Leukopenia
  4. Radiographic findings
    1. CXR:
      1. bilateral hilar adenopathy especially if without symptoms
      2. Upper lobe disease
    2. HRCT:
      1. Disease along bronchovascular bundle
      2. Subpleural reticulonodular infiltrates
      3. Mediastinal adenopathy
      4. Peribronchial thickening
      5. Traction bronchiectasis of upper lobe
  5. Skin lesions
    1. Lupus pernio
    2. Erythema nodosum
    3. Maculopapular lesions
  6. Ocular disease
    1. Uveitis
    2. Optic neuritis
  7. Neurological disease
    1. Seventh cranial nerve palsy
  8. Renal disease
    1. Nephrocalcinosis
    2. Interstitial nephritis[2]

Data weakening the likelihood of sarcoidosis

  1. Demographics
    1. Age< 18 years
  1. Medical history
    1. Exposure to tuberculosis
    2. Exposure to organic bioaerosol
    3. Exposure to beryllium
    4. Intravenous drug abuse
  1. Laboratory data
    1. Positive anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibody (ANCA)
  1. Radiographic findings
    1. CXR:
      1. Pleural effusion
    2. HRCT:
      1. Subpleural honeycombing
  1. Ocular disease
    1. Episcleritis
  1. Renal disease
    1. Glomerulonephritis [2]


 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Spirometry
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Low FEV1/FVC ratio
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Normal to high FEV1/FVC ratio
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Obstructive Lung Disease
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Restrictive Lung Disease
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Bronchodilator therapy
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
DLCO
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Increased FEV1
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
No change in FEV1
 
 
 
Normal DLCO
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Decreased DLCO
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Asthma
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
COPD
 
 
 
Chest wall disorders
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interstitial Lung Disease
 
 


Spirometry Findings in Various Lung Conditions

Spirometry showing Obstructive and Restrictive Lung Disease ([Source:By CNX OpenStax [CC BY 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)], via Wikimedia Commons])
Disease Clinical manifestations Diagnosis
Symptoms Physical exam Lab findings Imaging Gold standard
Cough Dyspnea Hemoptysis Fever History/Exposure Cyanosis Clubbing JVD Peripheral edema Auscultation Other prominent findings CXR CT DLCco
Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis + + - + - + - -
  • Constitutional symptoms
  • Poorly defined micronodular or diffuse interstitial pattern
  • In chronic form
    • Fibrosis
    • Loss of lung volume
    • Coarse linear opacities
  • Ground-glass opacities or
  • Diffusely increased radiodensities
  • Diffuse micronodules
  • Focal air trapping
  • Mosaic perfusion
  • Occasionaly thin-walled cysts
  • Mild fibrotic changes 
  • Clinical diagnosis
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) - + - - + - - -
  • Bilateral pulmonary infiltrates
    • Initially patchy peripheral
    • Later diffuse bilateral
  • Ground glass
  • Frank alveolar infiltrate
  • Bronchial dilatation within areas of ground-glass opacification
  • PaO2 / FiO2 <300
Bronchitis Acute + - +/- + - - - - -
  • Diffuse wheezes
  • High-pitched continuous sounds
  • The use of accessory muscles 
  • Prolonged expiration
  • Rhonchi
  • Rales
  • N/A
  • Normal
  • N/A
-
  • Clinical diagnosis
Chronic + + - -
  • A positive history of chronic productive cough 
  • Shortness of breath 
+ - + +
  • Prolonged expiration; wheezing
  • Diffusely decreased breath sound
  • Coarse crackles with inspiration
  • Coarse rhonchi
  • N/A
  • Radiolucency
  • Diaphragmatic flattening due to hyperinflation
  • Increased retrosternal airspace on the lateral radiograph
  • N/A
  • N/A
Pneumoconiosis[3] SIlicosis[4][5] + + +/- -
  • Occupational history
    • Sandblasting
    • Bystanders
    • Quartzite miller
    • Tunnel workers
    • Silica flour workers
    • Workers in the scouring powder industry
+ + + -
  • Small round opacities
    • Symmetrically distributed
    • Upper-zone predominance
  • Diffuse interstitial pattern of fibrosis without the typical nodular opacities in chronic case
  • Nodular changes in lung parenchyma
  • Progressive massive fibrosis
  • Bullae, emphysema
  • Pleural, mediastinal, and hilar changes
Asbestosis
  • Shipyard workers
  • Pipe fitting
  • Insulators
  • Predilection to lower lobes
  • Fine and coarse linear, peripheral, reticular opacities
  • Subpleural linear opacities seen parallel to the pleura
  • Basilar lung fibrosis
  • Peribronchiolar, intralobular, and interlobular septal fibrosis;
  • Honeycombing
  • Pleural plaques.
Berylliosis 
  • Electronic manufactures
-
  • Hilar adenopathy
  • Increased interstitial markings.
  • Ground glass opacification
  • Parenchymal nodules
  • Septal lines
Byssinosis 
  • Cotton wool workers
  • Diffuse air-space consolidation
  • Pulmonary fibrosis with honeycombing
  • Peri bronchovascular distribution of nodules
  • Ground-glass attenuations
Sarcoidosis + + + + - - - -
  • Usually normal
  • Occasional crackles
  • Bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy
  • High-resolution CT (HRCT) scanning of the chest may identify
    • Active alveolitis
    • Fibrosis
Pleural Effusion + + +/- +/- Transudate

Exudate

+/- +/- +/- +/-
  • Peripheral edema, distended neck veins, and S3 gallop suggest congestive heart failure.
  • Edema may also be a manifestation of nephrotic syndrome, pericardial disease, or, when combined with yellow nailbeds, the yellow nail syndrome.
  • Cutaneous changes and ascites suggest liver disease.
  • Lymphadenopathy or a palpable mass suggests malignancy.
Supine
  • Blunting of the costophrenic angle
  • Homogenous increase in density spread over the lower lung fields

Lateral decubitus

  • Free flowing effusion as layers
  • Thickened pleura
  • Mild effusions can aslo be detected
Interstitial (Nonidiopathic) Pulmonary Fibrosis + ++ + - + + + +
  • Increased A-a gradient
  • Elevated ESR
  • Serologic testing for ANA, RF, ANCA & ASCA may be positive
  •  Reticular and/or nodular opacities
  • Honeycomb appearance (late finding)
  • Bilateral reticular and nodular interstitial infiltrates
Video-assisted thoracoscopic lung biopsy
Lymphocytic Interstitial Pneumonia[6] + + + + - + - -
  • Increased A-a gradient
  • Polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia
  • Increased LDH
  • Bibasilar interstitial or micronodular infiltrates
  • Determines the degree of fibrosis
  • Cysts (characterstic)
N Open lung biopsy
Obesity[7][8] + + - - - - - + -
  • X ray findings are often limited due to body habitus
  • CT findings are variable and depends upon severity of obesity
N Clinical
Pulmonary Eosinophilia[9] + + + + Infections + - + +
  • Increased A-a gradient
  • Interstitial or diffuse nodular densities
  • Determines extent and distribution of the disease
  • Interstitial infiltrates
  • Cysts and nodules
Biopsy of lesion (skin or lung)
Neuromuscular disease Scoliosis - + - -
  • Postural abnormality
- - - -
  • In severe scoliosis, the rib cage may press against the lungs making it more difficult to breathe.
  • Accurate depiction of the true magnitude of the spinal deformity can be assessed by supine anteroposterior (AP) and lateral spinal radiographs
  • N/A
N
  • Clinical
  • Radiographs
Muscular dystrophy - + - -
  • Proximal muscle weakness
- - - -
  • N/A
  • N/A
N
ALS - + - -
  • Muscle weakness
  • Neurological deficit
- - - -
  • Symptoms begin with limb involvement diue to muscle weakness and atrophy. 
  • Cognitive or behavioral dysfunction
  • Sensory nerves and the autonomic nervous system are generally unaffected
N/A Not significant/diagnostic Not significant/diagnostic -
Myasthenia gravis - + - + H/O of difficulty getting up from chair - - - -
  • Extraocular, bulbar, or proximal limb muscles.
  • Breathing as rapid and shallow
  • Respiratory muscle weakness can lead to acute respiratory failure may require immediate intubation.
  • Anti–acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibody (Ab) test +
  • Thymoma as an anterior mediastinal mass.
  • Thymoma as an anterior mediastinal mass.
N




References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Statement on sarcoidosis: Joint Statement of the American Thoracic Society (ATS), the European Respiratory Society (ERS) and the World Association of Sarcoidosis and Other Granulomatous Disorders (WASOG) adopted by the ATS Board of Directors and by the ERS Executive Committee, February 1999. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 160:736–755, 1999.
  2. 2.0 2.1 Judson MA: The diagnosis of sarcoidosis. Clin Chest Med 29(3):415–427, 2008.
  3. Gay SE, Kazerooni EA, Toews GB, Lynch JP, Gross BH, Cascade PN, Spizarny DL, Flint A, Schork MA, Whyte RI, Popovich J, Hyzy R, Martinez FJ (1998). "Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: predicting response to therapy and survival". Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 157 (4 Pt 1): 1063–72. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.157.4.9703022. PMID 9563720.
  4. du Bois RM (2006). "Evolving concepts in the early and accurate diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis". Clin. Chest Med. 27 (1 Suppl 1): S17–25, v–vi. doi:10.1016/j.ccm.2005.08.001. PMID 16545629.
  5. Neghab M, Mohraz MH, Hassanzadeh J (2011). "Symptoms of respiratory disease and lung functional impairment associated with occupational inhalation exposure to carbon black dust". J Occup Health. 53 (6): 432–8. PMID 21996929.
  6. Honda O, Johkoh T, Ichikado K, Tomiyama N, Maeda M, Mihara N, Higashi M, Hamada S, Naito H, Yamamoto S, Nakamura H (1999). "Differential diagnosis of lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia and malignant lymphoma on high-resolution CT". AJR Am J Roentgenol. 173 (1): 71–4. doi:10.2214/ajr.173.1.10397102. PMID 10397102.
  7. Zammit C, Liddicoat H, Moonsie I, Makker H (2010). "Obesity and respiratory diseases". Int J Gen Med. 3: 335–43. doi:10.2147/IJGM.S11926. PMC 2990395. PMID 21116339.
  8. O’Neill, Donal (2015). "Measuring obesity in the absence of a gold standard". Economics & Human Biology. 17: 116–128. doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2015.02.002. ISSN 1570-677X.
  9. de Górgolas M, Casado V, Renedo G, Alen JF, Fernández Guerrero ML (2009). "Nodular lung schistosomiais lesions after chemotherapy for dysgerminoma". Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 81 (3): 424–7. PMID 19706907.