Rhabdomyosarcoma natural history, complications and prognosis: Difference between revisions

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{{Rhabdomyosarcoma}}
{{Rhabdomyosarcoma}}
{{CMG}}
{{CMG}};{{AE}} {{S.M}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
Common complication of rhabdomyosarcoma include [[metastasis]] to lung, [[bone marrow]], and bone. Rhabdomyosarcoma is associated with a 5 year survival rate of 72%. The presence of metastasis is associated with a particularly poor [[prognosis]]. The embryonal type rhabdomyosarcoma is associated with the most favorable prognosis. Orbital and genitourinary tract rhabdomyosarcomas have the most favorable prognosis.
Common [[complications]] of rhabdomyosarcoma include [[metastasis]] to [[lung]], [[bone marrow]], and [[bone]], [[cardiomyopathy]], [[pulmonary]] [[failure]], [[renal]] [[electrolyte]] [[wasting]], [[acute myelogenous leukemia]], [[secondary]] [[malignancies]], and recurrent [[rhabdomyosarcoma]]. Rhabdomyosarcoma is associated with a 5 year [[survival rate]] of 72%. Adults and adolescents have worse [[outcome]] rather than [[children]]. The presence of [[metastasis]] is associated with a particularly poor [[prognosis]]. [[Histologically]], the [[embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma]] and anatomically, the [[Orbit (anatomy)|orbital]] and [[genitourinary tract]] rhabdomyosarcomas have the most favorable [[prognosis]].
 
==Complications==
==Complications==
*Rhabdomyosarcoma may cause [[metastasis]] to other organs.
* Rhabdomyosarcoma may cause [[metastasis]] to other [[organs]].<ref name="pmid2843274">{{cite journal| author=Raney RB, Tefft M, Maurer HM, Ragab AH, Hays DM, Soule EH et al.| title=Disease patterns and survival rate in children with metastatic soft-tissue sarcoma. A report from the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study (IRS)-I. | journal=Cancer | year= 1988 | volume= 62 | issue= 7 | pages= 1257-66 | pmid=2843274 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2843274  }} </ref>
*[[Lung]] is the most common location for metastatic disease.<ref>{{Cite web | title =Patterns of spread| url =http://sarcomahelp.org/rhabdomyosarcoma.html#tpm1_1}}</ref>
** Less than 25% of [[patients]] present with distant [[metastases]] at he time of [[diagnosis]].<ref name="pmid1574030">{{cite journal| author=Koscielniak E, Rodary C, Flamant F, Carli M, Treuner J, Pinkerton CR et al.| title=Metastatic rhabdomyosarcoma and histologically similar tumors in childhood: a retrospective European multi-center analysis. | journal=Med Pediatr Oncol | year= 1992 | volume= 20 | issue= 3 | pages= 209-14 | pmid=1574030 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1574030  }} </ref>
*Other common sites of metastasis are [[bone marrow]] and [[bones]].
** The most common [[metastatic]] site is [[lung]].
** The other [[metastatic]] sites are as following:<ref name="pmid6546301">{{cite journal| author=Ruymann FB, Newton WA, Ragab AH, Donaldson MH, Foulkes M| title=Bone marrow metastases at diagnosis in children and adolescents with rhabdomyosarcoma. A report from the intergroup rhabdomyosarcoma study. | journal=Cancer | year= 1984 | volume= 53 | issue= 2 | pages= 368-73 | pmid=6546301 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6546301  }} </ref><ref name="pmid12506174">{{cite journal| author=Breneman JC, Lyden E, Pappo AS, Link MP, Anderson JR, Parham DM et al.| title=Prognostic factors and clinical outcomes in children and adolescents with metastatic rhabdomyosarcoma--a report from the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study IV. | journal=J Clin Oncol | year= 2003 | volume= 21 | issue= 1 | pages= 78-84 | pmid=12506174 | doi=10.1200/JCO.2003.06.129 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12506174  }} </ref>
*** [[Bone marrow]] (30%)
*** [[Bone]] (30%)
*** [[Omentum]] and [[ascites]] (16%)
*** [[Pleura]] (13%)
*** [[Visceral]] involvement
*** [[Brain]] [[metastases]]
* [[Patients]] may develop with some [[complications]] after treatment such as:<ref name="pmid15700252">{{cite journal| author=Punyko JA, Mertens AC, Gurney JG, Yasui Y, Donaldson SS, Rodeberg DA et al.| title=Long-term medical effects of childhood and adolescent rhabdomyosarcoma: a report from the childhood cancer survivor study. | journal=Pediatr Blood Cancer | year= 2005 | volume= 44 | issue= 7 | pages= 643-53 | pmid=15700252 | doi=10.1002/pbc.20310 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15700252  }} </ref><ref name="pmid24966711">{{cite journal |vauthors=Egas-Bejar D, Huh WW |title=Rhabdomyosarcoma in adolescent and young adult patients: current perspectives |journal=Adolesc Health Med Ther |volume=5 |issue= |pages=115–25 |date=2014 |pmid=24966711 |pmc=4069040 |doi=10.2147/AHMT.S44582 |url=}}</ref>
** [[Cardiomyopathy]]
*** Regarding [[anthracycline]] and [[cyclophosphamide]] use
** [[Pulmonary]] [[failure]]
** [[Renal]] [[electrolyte]] [[wasting]]
*** Regarding [[ifosfamide]] use
** [[Acute myelogenous leukemia]]
*** Regarding [[etoposide]] use
** [[Secondary]] [[malignancies]]
*** [[Skin]] and [[bone]] [[tumors]] regarding [[radiotherapy]]
* Recurrent rhabdomyosarcoma is prevalent among [[patients]] with following criteria:<ref name="pmid23418028">{{cite journal| author=Dantonello TM, Int-Veen C, Schuck A, Seitz G, Leuschner I, Nathrath M et al.| title=Survival following disease recurrence of primary localized alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. | journal=Pediatr Blood Cancer | year= 2013 | volume= 60 | issue= 8 | pages= 1267-73 | pmid=23418028 | doi=10.1002/pbc.24488 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23418028  }} </ref>
** Presence of [[gross]] [[residual]] [[disease]] after initial [[surgery]] located in unfavorable sites
** [[Lymph node]] involvement (N1)
** [[Tumor]] size > 5cm
** [[Age]] < 10 years
** [[Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma]]
** Distant [[metastatic]] at [[diagnosis]]
* Long-term [[complications]] after treatment regarding to different [[organs]] are listed below:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Affected organs
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Long-term complications
|-
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Head]] and neck problems<ref name="pmid10491544">{{cite journal| author=Raney RB, Asmar L, Vassilopoulou-Sellin R, Klein MJ, Donaldson SS, Green J et al.| title=Late complications of therapy in 213 children with localized, nonorbital soft-tissue sarcoma of the head and neck: A descriptive report from the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Studies (IRS)-II and - III. IRS Group of the Children's Cancer Group and the Pediatric Oncology Group. | journal=Med Pediatr Oncol | year= 1999 | volume= 33 | issue= 4 | pages= 362-71 | pmid=10491544 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10491544  }}</ref><ref name="pmid11316695">{{cite journal| author=Katz JR, Bareille P, Levitt G, Stanhope R| title=Growth hormone and segmental growth in survivors of head and neck embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. | journal=Arch Dis Child | year= 2001 | volume= 84 | issue= 5 | pages= 436-9 | pmid=11316695 | doi= | pmc=1718743 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11316695  }}</ref><ref name="pmid11121653">{{cite journal| author=Paulino AC, Simon JH, Zhen W, Wen BC| title=Long-term effects in children treated with radiotherapy for head and neck rhabdomyosarcoma. | journal=Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys | year= 2000 | volume= 48 | issue= 5 | pages= 1489-95 | pmid=11121653 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11121653  }}</ref>
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Short stature ( due to [[growth hormone deficiency]] after [[radiotherapy]] to [[hypothalamic]]-[[pituitary]] area)
* [[Facial]] asymmetry
* Poor [[dentition]]
* Impaired [[hearing]], [[vision]], and [[learning]]
|-
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Bladder]] and [[bowel]] problems <ref name="pmid8453560">{{cite journal| author=Raney B, Heyn R, Hays DM, Tefft M, Newton WA, Wharam M et al.| title=Sequelae of treatment in 109 patients followed for 5 to 15 years after diagnosis of sarcoma of the bladder and prostate. A report from the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Committee. | journal=Cancer | year= 1993 | volume= 71 | issue= 7 | pages= 2387-94 | pmid=8453560 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8453560  }}</ref><ref name="pmid7947075">{{cite journal| author=Yeung CK, Ward HC, Ransley PG, Duffy PG, Pritchard J| title=Bladder and kidney function after cure of pelvic rhabdomyosarcoma in childhood. | journal=Br J Cancer | year= 1994 | volume= 70 | issue= 5 | pages= 1000-3 | pmid=7947075 | doi= | pmc=2033564 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7947075  }}</ref>
|[[Bladder]]:
* Incontinency
* [[Frequency]]
* [[Nocturia]]
[[Bowel]]:
* [[Hemorrhagic]] [[cystitis]]
* Primary [[hypogonadism]]
|-
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Eye]] problems<ref name="pmid10842248">{{cite journal| author=Raney RB, Anderson JR, Kollath J, Vassilopoulou-Sellin R, Klein MJ, Heyn R et al.| title=Late effects of therapy in 94 patients with localized rhabdomyosarcoma of the orbit: Report from the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study (IRS)-III, 1984-1991. | journal=Med Pediatr Oncol | year= 2000 | volume= 34 | issue= 6 | pages= 413-20 | pmid=10842248 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10842248  }}</ref>
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* [[Cataract]]
* [[Orbit (anatomy)|Orbital]] [[hypoplasia]]
|-
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Dental]] and [[facial]] problems<ref name="pmid7603407">{{cite journal| author=Kaste SC, Hopkins KP, Bowman LC| title=Dental abnormalities in long-term survivors of head and neck rhabdomyosarcoma. | journal=Med Pediatr Oncol | year= 1995 | volume= 25 | issue= 2 | pages= 96-101 | pmid=7603407 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7603407  }}</ref><ref name="pmid12621240">{{cite journal| author=Estilo CL, Huryn JM, Kraus DH, Sklar CA, Wexler LH, Wolden SL et al.| title=Effects of therapy on dentofacial development in long-term survivors of head and neck rhabdomyosarcoma: the memorial sloan-kettering cancer center experience. | journal=J Pediatr Hematol Oncol | year= 2003 | volume= 25 | issue= 3 | pages= 215-22 | pmid=12621240 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12621240  }}</ref>
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* [[Bony tumor|Bony]] [[hypoplasia]]
* [[Tooth]] and [[root]] [[agenesis]]
* [[Trismus]]
* [[Microdontia]]
* [[Enamel]] defects
* [[Osteonecrosis]]
|}


==Prognosis==
==Prognosis==
*Rhabdomyosarcoma is associated with a 5 year survival rate of 72%.
* Rhabdomyosarcoma [[prognosis]] are considered as a favorable one in presence of following criteria:<ref name="pmid14752797">{{cite journal| author=Joshi D, Anderson JR, Paidas C, Breneman J, Parham DM, Crist W et al.| title=Age is an independent prognostic factor in rhabdomyosarcoma: a report from the Soft Tissue Sarcoma Committee of the Children's Oncology Group. | journal=Pediatr Blood Cancer | year= 2004 | volume= 42 | issue= 1 | pages= 64-73 | pmid=14752797 | doi=10.1002/pbc.10441 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14752797  }} </ref><ref name="pmid18202417">{{cite journal| author=Dantonello TM, Int-Veen C, Winkler P, Leuschner I, Schuck A, Schmidt BF et al.| title=Initial patient characteristics can predict pattern and risk of relapse in localized rhabdomyosarcoma. | journal=J Clin Oncol | year= 2008 | volume= 26 | issue= 3 | pages= 406-13 | pmid=18202417 | doi=10.1200/JCO.2007.12.2382 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18202417  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16921036">{{cite journal| author=Meza JL, Anderson J, Pappo AS, Meyer WH, Children's Oncology Group| title=Analysis of prognostic factors in patients with nonmetastatic rhabdomyosarcoma treated on intergroup rhabdomyosarcoma studies III and IV: the Children's Oncology Group. | journal=J Clin Oncol | year= 2006 | volume= 24 | issue= 24 | pages= 3844-51 | pmid=16921036 | doi=10.1200/JCO.2005.05.3801 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16921036  }} </ref>
*The presence of [[metastasis]] is associated with a particularly poor [[prognosis]] among patients with rhabdomyosarcoma. The 5 year event free survival rate is less than 30%.
** No distant [[metastases]] at [[diagnosis]]
*Embryonal type rhabdomyosarcoma is associated with the most favorable prognosis.
** Primary [[tumors]] sites:
*Prognosis varies with location of tumor- orbital and genitourinary tract rhabdomyosarcomas have the most favorable prognosis.
*** [[Orbit]] [[tumors]]
*** Nonparameningeal [[head]] and [[neck]] [[tumors]]
*** [[Genitourinary]] [[tumors]] (non-[[bladder]] or [[prostate]] [[tumors]])
** Complete surgical removal of the localized [[tumor]] at the time of diagnosis
** Embyonal rhabdomyosarcoma or [[Botryoid rhabdomyosarcoma|botryoid]] on [[histology]]
** [[Tumor]] size ≤5 cm
** Patient's [[age]] between 1 to 10 years old
* Adults and adolescents have worse [[outcome]] rather than [[children]].<ref name="pmid19398574">{{cite journal| author=Sultan I, Qaddoumi I, Yaser S, Rodriguez-Galindo C, Ferrari A| title=Comparing adult and pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma in the surveillance, epidemiology and end results program, 1973 to 2005: an analysis of 2,600 patients. | journal=J Clin Oncol | year= 2009 | volume= 27 | issue= 20 | pages= 3391-7 | pmid=19398574 | doi=10.1200/JCO.2008.19.7483 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19398574  }} </ref><ref name="pmid12124838">{{cite journal| author=Little DJ, Ballo MT, Zagars GK, Pisters PW, Patel SR, El-Naggar AK et al.| title=Adult rhabdomyosarcoma: outcome following multimodality treatment. | journal=Cancer | year= 2002 | volume= 95 | issue= 2 | pages= 377-88 | pmid=12124838 | doi=10.1002/cncr.10669 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12124838  }} </ref>
** The overall 5-year [[survival rate]] is 27% in adults while it is 61% in children.
*** This difference is regarding to unfavorable [[tumor]] sites, [[metastatic]] recurrence, [[Lymph node|lymph nodes]] involvement, and [[pleomorphic]] and [[NOS]] (not otherwise specified) [[rhabdomyosarcoma]].<ref name="pmid19398574" /><ref name="pmid21751206">{{cite journal| author=Bisogno G, Compostella A, Ferrari A, Pastore G, Cecchetto G, Garaventa A et al.| title=Rhabdomyosarcoma in adolescents: a report from the AIEOP Soft Tissue Sarcoma Committee. | journal=Cancer | year= 2012 | volume= 118 | issue= 3 | pages= 821-7 | pmid=21751206 | doi=10.1002/cncr.26355 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21751206  }} </ref>
* The [[survival rate]] and event-free [[survival rate]] of nonmetastatic [[tumors]] are as following:<ref name="pmid15728222">{{cite journal| author=Donaldson SS, Anderson JR| title=Rhabdomyosarcoma: many similarities, a few philosophical differences. | journal=J Clin Oncol | year= 2005 | volume= 23 | issue= 12 | pages= 2586-7 | pmid=15728222 | doi=10.1200/JCO.2005.11.909 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15728222  }} </ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Tumors location
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Overall survival rate
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Event-free survival rate
|-
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Head]] and [[neck]] [[tumors]]
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |64%
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |35%
|-
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Orbit]]
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |85%
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |53%
|-
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Paramenigeal [[tumors]]
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |In [[age]] < 3 years: 59%
In [[age]] ≥ 3 years: 65%
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |In [[age]] < 3 years: 33%
In [[age]] ≥ 3 year:62%
|-
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Genitourinary]] [[tumors]] ( non-[[bladder]] and [[prostate]])
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |94%
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |82%
|-
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Genitourinary]] [[tumors]] ( [[bladder]] and [[prostate]])
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |80%
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |64%
|-
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Extremities]]
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |46%
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |35%
|-
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Other sites
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |63%
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |54%
|}


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Disease]]
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[[Category:Oncology]]
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Latest revision as of 14:14, 2 April 2019

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Shadan Mehraban, M.D.[2]

Overview

Common complications of rhabdomyosarcoma include metastasis to lung, bone marrow, and bone, cardiomyopathy, pulmonary failure, renal electrolyte wasting, acute myelogenous leukemia, secondary malignancies, and recurrent rhabdomyosarcoma. Rhabdomyosarcoma is associated with a 5 year survival rate of 72%. Adults and adolescents have worse outcome rather than children. The presence of metastasis is associated with a particularly poor prognosis. Histologically, the embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma and anatomically, the orbital and genitourinary tract rhabdomyosarcomas have the most favorable prognosis.

Complications

Affected organs Long-term complications
Head and neck problems[8][9][10]
Bladder and bowel problems [11][12] Bladder:

Bowel:

Eye problems[13]
Dental and facial problems[14][15]

Prognosis

Tumors location Overall survival rate Event-free survival rate
Head and neck tumors 64% 35%
Orbit 85% 53%
Paramenigeal tumors In age < 3 years: 59%

In age ≥ 3 years: 65%

In age < 3 years: 33%

In age ≥ 3 year:62%

Genitourinary tumors ( non-bladder and prostate) 94% 82%
Genitourinary tumors ( bladder and prostate) 80% 64%
Extremities 46% 35%
Other sites 63% 54%

References

  1. ↑ Raney RB, Tefft M, Maurer HM, Ragab AH, Hays DM, Soule EH; et al. (1988). "Disease patterns and survival rate in children with metastatic soft-tissue sarcoma. A report from the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study (IRS)-I". Cancer. 62 (7): 1257–66. PMID 2843274.
  2. ↑ Koscielniak E, Rodary C, Flamant F, Carli M, Treuner J, Pinkerton CR; et al. (1992). "Metastatic rhabdomyosarcoma and histologically similar tumors in childhood: a retrospective European multi-center analysis". Med Pediatr Oncol. 20 (3): 209–14. PMID 1574030.
  3. ↑ Ruymann FB, Newton WA, Ragab AH, Donaldson MH, Foulkes M (1984). "Bone marrow metastases at diagnosis in children and adolescents with rhabdomyosarcoma. A report from the intergroup rhabdomyosarcoma study". Cancer. 53 (2): 368–73. PMID 6546301.
  4. ↑ Breneman JC, Lyden E, Pappo AS, Link MP, Anderson JR, Parham DM; et al. (2003). "Prognostic factors and clinical outcomes in children and adolescents with metastatic rhabdomyosarcoma--a report from the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study IV". J Clin Oncol. 21 (1): 78–84. doi:10.1200/JCO.2003.06.129. PMID 12506174.
  5. ↑ Punyko JA, Mertens AC, Gurney JG, Yasui Y, Donaldson SS, Rodeberg DA; et al. (2005). "Long-term medical effects of childhood and adolescent rhabdomyosarcoma: a report from the childhood cancer survivor study". Pediatr Blood Cancer. 44 (7): 643–53. doi:10.1002/pbc.20310. PMID 15700252.
  6. ↑ Egas-Bejar D, Huh WW (2014). "Rhabdomyosarcoma in adolescent and young adult patients: current perspectives". Adolesc Health Med Ther. 5: 115–25. doi:10.2147/AHMT.S44582. PMC 4069040. PMID 24966711.
  7. ↑ Dantonello TM, Int-Veen C, Schuck A, Seitz G, Leuschner I, Nathrath M; et al. (2013). "Survival following disease recurrence of primary localized alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma". Pediatr Blood Cancer. 60 (8): 1267–73. doi:10.1002/pbc.24488. PMID 23418028.
  8. ↑ Raney RB, Asmar L, Vassilopoulou-Sellin R, Klein MJ, Donaldson SS, Green J; et al. (1999). "Late complications of therapy in 213 children with localized, nonorbital soft-tissue sarcoma of the head and neck: A descriptive report from the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Studies (IRS)-II and - III. IRS Group of the Children's Cancer Group and the Pediatric Oncology Group". Med Pediatr Oncol. 33 (4): 362–71. PMID 10491544.
  9. ↑ Katz JR, Bareille P, Levitt G, Stanhope R (2001). "Growth hormone and segmental growth in survivors of head and neck embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma". Arch Dis Child. 84 (5): 436–9. PMC 1718743. PMID 11316695.
  10. ↑ Paulino AC, Simon JH, Zhen W, Wen BC (2000). "Long-term effects in children treated with radiotherapy for head and neck rhabdomyosarcoma". Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 48 (5): 1489–95. PMID 11121653.
  11. ↑ Raney B, Heyn R, Hays DM, Tefft M, Newton WA, Wharam M; et al. (1993). "Sequelae of treatment in 109 patients followed for 5 to 15 years after diagnosis of sarcoma of the bladder and prostate. A report from the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Committee". Cancer. 71 (7): 2387–94. PMID 8453560.
  12. ↑ Yeung CK, Ward HC, Ransley PG, Duffy PG, Pritchard J (1994). "Bladder and kidney function after cure of pelvic rhabdomyosarcoma in childhood". Br J Cancer. 70 (5): 1000–3. PMC 2033564. PMID 7947075.
  13. ↑ Raney RB, Anderson JR, Kollath J, Vassilopoulou-Sellin R, Klein MJ, Heyn R; et al. (2000). "Late effects of therapy in 94 patients with localized rhabdomyosarcoma of the orbit: Report from the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study (IRS)-III, 1984-1991". Med Pediatr Oncol. 34 (6): 413–20. PMID 10842248.
  14. ↑ Kaste SC, Hopkins KP, Bowman LC (1995). "Dental abnormalities in long-term survivors of head and neck rhabdomyosarcoma". Med Pediatr Oncol. 25 (2): 96–101. PMID 7603407.
  15. ↑ Estilo CL, Huryn JM, Kraus DH, Sklar CA, Wexler LH, Wolden SL; et al. (2003). "Effects of therapy on dentofacial development in long-term survivors of head and neck rhabdomyosarcoma: the memorial sloan-kettering cancer center experience". J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 25 (3): 215–22. PMID 12621240.
  16. ↑ Joshi D, Anderson JR, Paidas C, Breneman J, Parham DM, Crist W; et al. (2004). "Age is an independent prognostic factor in rhabdomyosarcoma: a report from the Soft Tissue Sarcoma Committee of the Children's Oncology Group". Pediatr Blood Cancer. 42 (1): 64–73. doi:10.1002/pbc.10441. PMID 14752797.
  17. ↑ Dantonello TM, Int-Veen C, Winkler P, Leuschner I, Schuck A, Schmidt BF; et al. (2008). "Initial patient characteristics can predict pattern and risk of relapse in localized rhabdomyosarcoma". J Clin Oncol. 26 (3): 406–13. doi:10.1200/JCO.2007.12.2382. PMID 18202417.
  18. ↑ Meza JL, Anderson J, Pappo AS, Meyer WH, Children's Oncology Group (2006). "Analysis of prognostic factors in patients with nonmetastatic rhabdomyosarcoma treated on intergroup rhabdomyosarcoma studies III and IV: the Children's Oncology Group". J Clin Oncol. 24 (24): 3844–51. doi:10.1200/JCO.2005.05.3801. PMID 16921036.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Sultan I, Qaddoumi I, Yaser S, Rodriguez-Galindo C, Ferrari A (2009). "Comparing adult and pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma in the surveillance, epidemiology and end results program, 1973 to 2005: an analysis of 2,600 patients". J Clin Oncol. 27 (20): 3391–7. doi:10.1200/JCO.2008.19.7483. PMID 19398574.
  20. ↑ Little DJ, Ballo MT, Zagars GK, Pisters PW, Patel SR, El-Naggar AK; et al. (2002). "Adult rhabdomyosarcoma: outcome following multimodality treatment". Cancer. 95 (2): 377–88. doi:10.1002/cncr.10669. PMID 12124838.
  21. ↑ Bisogno G, Compostella A, Ferrari A, Pastore G, Cecchetto G, Garaventa A; et al. (2012). "Rhabdomyosarcoma in adolescents: a report from the AIEOP Soft Tissue Sarcoma Committee". Cancer. 118 (3): 821–7. doi:10.1002/cncr.26355. PMID 21751206.
  22. ↑ Donaldson SS, Anderson JR (2005). "Rhabdomyosarcoma: many similarities, a few philosophical differences". J Clin Oncol. 23 (12): 2586–7. doi:10.1200/JCO.2005.11.909. PMID 15728222.

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