Rhabdomyosarcoma natural history, complications and prognosis

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Shadan Mehraban, M.D.[2]

Overview

Common complications of rhabdomyosarcoma include metastasis to lung, bone marrow, and bone, cardiomyopathy, pulmonary failure, renal electrolyte wasting, acute myelogenous leukemia, secondary malignancies, and recurrent rhabdomyosarcoma. Rhabdomyosarcoma is associated with a 5 year survival rate of 72%. Adults and adolescents have worse outcome rather than children. The presence of metastasis is associated with a particularly poor prognosis. Histologically, the embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma and anatomically, the orbital and genitourinary tract rhabdomyosarcomas have the most favorable prognosis.

Complications

Affected organs Long-term complications
Head and neck problems[8][9][10]
Bladder and bowel problems [11][12] Bladder:

Bowel:

Eye problems[13]
Dental and facial problems[14][15]

Prognosis

Tumors location Overall survival rate Event-free survival rate
Head and neck tumors 64% 35%
Orbit 85% 53%
Paramenigeal tumors In age < 3 years: 59%

In age ≥ 3 years: 65%

In age < 3 years: 33%

In age ≥ 3 year:62%

Genitourinary tumors ( non-bladder and prostate) 94% 82%
Genitourinary tumors ( bladder and prostate) 80% 64%
Extremities 46% 35%
Other sites 63% 54%

References

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  2. Koscielniak E, Rodary C, Flamant F, Carli M, Treuner J, Pinkerton CR; et al. (1992). "Metastatic rhabdomyosarcoma and histologically similar tumors in childhood: a retrospective European multi-center analysis". Med Pediatr Oncol. 20 (3): 209–14. PMID 1574030.
  3. Ruymann FB, Newton WA, Ragab AH, Donaldson MH, Foulkes M (1984). "Bone marrow metastases at diagnosis in children and adolescents with rhabdomyosarcoma. A report from the intergroup rhabdomyosarcoma study". Cancer. 53 (2): 368–73. PMID 6546301.
  4. Breneman JC, Lyden E, Pappo AS, Link MP, Anderson JR, Parham DM; et al. (2003). "Prognostic factors and clinical outcomes in children and adolescents with metastatic rhabdomyosarcoma--a report from the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study IV". J Clin Oncol. 21 (1): 78–84. doi:10.1200/JCO.2003.06.129. PMID 12506174.
  5. Punyko JA, Mertens AC, Gurney JG, Yasui Y, Donaldson SS, Rodeberg DA; et al. (2005). "Long-term medical effects of childhood and adolescent rhabdomyosarcoma: a report from the childhood cancer survivor study". Pediatr Blood Cancer. 44 (7): 643–53. doi:10.1002/pbc.20310. PMID 15700252.
  6. Egas-Bejar D, Huh WW (2014). "Rhabdomyosarcoma in adolescent and young adult patients: current perspectives". Adolesc Health Med Ther. 5: 115–25. doi:10.2147/AHMT.S44582. PMC 4069040. PMID 24966711.
  7. Dantonello TM, Int-Veen C, Schuck A, Seitz G, Leuschner I, Nathrath M; et al. (2013). "Survival following disease recurrence of primary localized alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma". Pediatr Blood Cancer. 60 (8): 1267–73. doi:10.1002/pbc.24488. PMID 23418028.
  8. Raney RB, Asmar L, Vassilopoulou-Sellin R, Klein MJ, Donaldson SS, Green J; et al. (1999). "Late complications of therapy in 213 children with localized, nonorbital soft-tissue sarcoma of the head and neck: A descriptive report from the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Studies (IRS)-II and - III. IRS Group of the Children's Cancer Group and the Pediatric Oncology Group". Med Pediatr Oncol. 33 (4): 362–71. PMID 10491544.
  9. Katz JR, Bareille P, Levitt G, Stanhope R (2001). "Growth hormone and segmental growth in survivors of head and neck embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma". Arch Dis Child. 84 (5): 436–9. PMC 1718743. PMID 11316695.
  10. Paulino AC, Simon JH, Zhen W, Wen BC (2000). "Long-term effects in children treated with radiotherapy for head and neck rhabdomyosarcoma". Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 48 (5): 1489–95. PMID 11121653.
  11. Raney B, Heyn R, Hays DM, Tefft M, Newton WA, Wharam M; et al. (1993). "Sequelae of treatment in 109 patients followed for 5 to 15 years after diagnosis of sarcoma of the bladder and prostate. A report from the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Committee". Cancer. 71 (7): 2387–94. PMID 8453560.
  12. Yeung CK, Ward HC, Ransley PG, Duffy PG, Pritchard J (1994). "Bladder and kidney function after cure of pelvic rhabdomyosarcoma in childhood". Br J Cancer. 70 (5): 1000–3. PMC 2033564. PMID 7947075.
  13. Raney RB, Anderson JR, Kollath J, Vassilopoulou-Sellin R, Klein MJ, Heyn R; et al. (2000). "Late effects of therapy in 94 patients with localized rhabdomyosarcoma of the orbit: Report from the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study (IRS)-III, 1984-1991". Med Pediatr Oncol. 34 (6): 413–20. PMID 10842248.
  14. Kaste SC, Hopkins KP, Bowman LC (1995). "Dental abnormalities in long-term survivors of head and neck rhabdomyosarcoma". Med Pediatr Oncol. 25 (2): 96–101. PMID 7603407.
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  21. Bisogno G, Compostella A, Ferrari A, Pastore G, Cecchetto G, Garaventa A; et al. (2012). "Rhabdomyosarcoma in adolescents: a report from the AIEOP Soft Tissue Sarcoma Committee". Cancer. 118 (3): 821–7. doi:10.1002/cncr.26355. PMID 21751206.
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