Psychogenic dwarfism: Difference between revisions

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VisualWikitext

Latest revision as of 19:42, 19 September 2012

For patient information click here

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Synonyms and keywords: Psychosocial dwarfism; psychosocial short stature; psychological short stature.

Overview

Historical Perspective

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Psychogenic dwarfism from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Treatment

Medical Therapy | Surgery | Prevention | Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy | Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

External links

I Won't Grow Up: The Causes of Psychogenic Dwarfism by Karen Munoz

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-==Overview==
-'''Psychogenic [[dwarfism]]''', also known as Psychosocial dwarfism, Psychosocial short stature  or Stress dwarfism is a growth disorder that is observed between the ages of 2 and 15, caused by extreme emotional deprivation or [[stress (medicine)|stress]].
-The symptoms include decreased [[growth hormone]] (GH) secretion, very short stature, weight that is inappropriate for the height, and immature [[skeletal age]]. This disease is a progressive one, and as long as the child is left in the stressing environment, his or her cognitive abilities continue to degenerate. It is often seen in [[feral children]] and in children kept in abusive, confined conditions for extended lengths of time. It can cause the body to completely stop growing but is generally considered to be temporary; regular growth will resume when the source of stress is removed.
+{{SK}} Psychosocial dwarfism; psychosocial short stature; psychological short stature.
-==Etiology==
+==[[Psychogenic dwarfism overview|Overview]]==
-Children with psychogenic dwarfism have extremely low levels of [[growth hormone]].  These children possibly have a problem with [[somatostatin|growth hormone inhibiting hormone]] (GHIH) or [[growth hormone releasing hormone]] (GHRH). The children could either be unresponsive to these hormones or too sensitive.
+==[[Psychogenic dwarfism historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]==
-Children that have psychogenic dwarfism exhibit signs of [[failure to thrive]]. Even though they appear to be receiving adequate [[nutrition]], they do not grow and develop normally compared to other children of their age.
+==[[Psychogenic dwarfism pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]==
-An environment of constant and extreme stress causes psychogenic dwarfism. Stress releases hormones in the body such as [[epinephrine]] and [[norepinephrine]], engaging what is known as the 'fight or flight' response. The heart speeds up and the body diverts resources away from processes that are not immediately important; in psychogenic dwarfism, the production of growth hormone (GH) is thus affected.  As well as lacking growth hormone, children with psychogenic dwarfism exhibit [[gastrointestinal tract|gastrointestinal]] problems due to the large amounts of epinephrine and norepinephrine, resulting in their bodies lacking proper digestion of nutrients and further affecting development.
+==[[Psychogenic dwarfism causes|Causes]]==
-While the cure for psychogenic dwarfism is questionable, some studies show that placing the child affected with the disease in a foster or group home increases growth rate and socialization skills.
+==[[Psychogenic dwarfism differential diagnosis|Differentiating Psychogenic dwarfism from other Diseases]]==
-==Cases==
+==[[Psychogenic dwarfism epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]==
-Peter Pan author JM Barrie suffered from psychogenic dwarfism.
+==[[Psychogenic dwarfism risk factors|Risk Factors]]==
-Many apparent cases of psychogenic dwarfism were apparent in the twentieth century, around the time of World War II. Two [[orphanage]]s were run in close proximity; one orphanage was run by a woman who did not pay attention to the children and the other was run by a woman who showed the children love and attention. Growth rates at the latter orphanage were higher than at the first, due mainly to how the woman nurtured and nourished the children's need for love and companionship{{Fact|date=July 2007}}.
+==[[Psychogenic dwarfism natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]==
-Another case is a child who was admitted to a hospital with an extremely low weight. One nurse overtook his care and he began to rapidly gain weight and his growth hormone levels increased while the nurse was over his care. The child was so dependent on the nurse emotionally that when she left, his levels returned to that of what they were when he was admitted to the hospital, and once she returned, they stabilized once more<ref>Sapolsky, Robert M. Why Zebras Don't Get Ulcers: An Updated Guide to Stress, Stress-Related Diseases, and Coping. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company, 1998.
+==Diagnosis==
-When a police raid in 1987 released the children held by an Australian cult known as The Family, one twelve year old girl weighed under 20 kg and was under 120 cm tall. She grew 11 cm in the following year and her growth hormone levels returned to normal <ref>Hamilton-Byrne, S. (1995) Hierarchies of organisation within cults ''The Skeptic'' 15(3): 26 [http://www.skeptics.com.au/journal/1995/3.pdf] </ref>.
+[[Psychogenic dwarfism history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Psychogenic dwarfism physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Psychogenic dwarfism laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Psychogenic dwarfism x ray|X Ray]] | [[Psychogenic dwarfism CT|CT]] | [[Psychogenic dwarfism MRI|MRI]] | [[Psychogenic dwarfism echocardiography or ultrasound|Echocardiography or Ultrasound]] | [[Psychogenic dwarfism other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Psychogenic dwarfism other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]
-==Reference==
+==Treatment==
-<references/>
+[[Psychogenic dwarfism medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Psychogenic dwarfism surgery|Surgery]] | [[Psychogenic dwarfism prevention|Prevention]] | [[Psychogenic dwarfism cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Psychogenic dwarfism future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]]
-<div class="references-small"></div>
+==Case Studies==
+[[Psychogenic dwarfism case study one|Case #1]]
 ==External links==
-* [http://www.feralchildren.com/en/dwarfism.php Psychosocial dwarfism] from FeralChildren.com
 * [http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/neuro/neuro01/web3/Munoz.html  I Won't Grow Up: The Causes of Psychogenic Dwarfism] by Karen Munoz
-* [http://www.feralchildren.com/en/dwarfism.php]
-* [http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/neuro/neuro01/web3/Munoz.html]
-*Arch Fr Pediatr. 1987 May;44(5):331-8 [Psychogenic growth retardation. Critical study of diagnostic data]

v t e Endocrine pathology: endocrine diseases (E00-35, 240-259)
Thyroid	Hypothyroidism (Iodine deficiency, Cretinism, Congenital hypothyroidism, Goitre, Myxedema) - Hyperthyroidism (Graves disease, Toxic multinodular goitre, Teratoma with thyroid tissue or Struma ovarii) - Thyroiditis (De Quervain's thyroiditis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Riedel's thyroiditis) - Euthyroid sick syndrome
Pancreas	Diabetes mellitus (type 1, type 2, coma, angiopathy, ketoacidosis, nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy) - Hypoglycemia - Hyperinsulinism - Zollinger-Ellison syndrome - insulin receptor (Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome)
Parathyroid	Hypoparathyroidism (Pseudohypoparathyroidism) - Hyperparathyroidism (Primary, Secondary, Tertiary)
Pituitary	Hyperpituitarism (Acromegaly, Hyperprolactinaemia, SIADH) - Hypopituitarism (Simmonds' disease / Sheehan's syndrome, Kallmann syndrome, Growth hormone deficiency, Diabetes insipidus) - Adiposogenital dystrophy - Empty sella syndrome - Hypophysitis
Adrenal	Cushing's syndrome (Nelson's syndrome, Pseudo-Cushing's syndrome) - CAH (Lipoid, 3β, 11β, 17α, 21α) - Hyperaldosteronism (Conn syndrome, Bartter syndrome) - Adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease) - Hypoaldosteronism
Gonads	Ovarian dysfunction (Polycystic ovary syndrome, Premature ovarian failure) - Testicular dysfunction (5-alpha-reductase deficiency) - Testosterone biosynthesis (17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency) - General (Hypogonadism, Delayed puberty, Precocious puberty)
Other	Androgen insensitivity syndrome - Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome - Carcinoid syndrome - Gigantism - Short stature (Laron syndrome, Psychogenic dwarfism) - Multiple endocrine neoplasia (1, 2) - Progeria - Woodhouse-Sakati syndrome

Psychogenic dwarfism: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 19:42, 19 September 2012

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