|
|
| (48 intermediate revisions by 8 users not shown) |
| Line 3: |
Line 3: |
| | Name = Psoriasis | | | Name = Psoriasis |
| | Image = Psoriasis_on_back.jpg | | | Image = Psoriasis_on_back.jpg |
| | Caption = A young man whose back and arms are affected by psoriasis. | | | Caption = A young man whose back and arms are affected by psoriasis, source: wikipedia.org |
| | DiseasesDB = 10895
| |
| | ICD10 = {{ICD10|L|40||l|40}}
| |
| | ICD9 = {{ICD9|696}}
| |
| | ICDO =
| |
| | OMIM = 177900
| |
| | MedlinePlus = 000434
| |
| | MeshID = D011565
| |
| }} | | }} |
| {{Psoriasis}} | | {{Psoriasis}} |
|
| |
|
| '''For patient information, click [[Psoriasis (patient information)|Psoriasis]]''' | | '''For patient information, click [[Psoriasis (patient information)|here]]''' |
|
| |
|
| {{CMG}} | | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{HK}}, {{CZ}}, {{KS}} |
| '''Associate Editor-In-Chief:''' {{CZ}}
| |
|
| |
|
| ==[[Psoriasis overview|Overview]]==
| | {{SK}} pustular psoriasis; inverse psoriasis; guttate psoriasis; plaque-type psoriasis; generalized pustular psoriasis; erythrodermic psoriasis; flexural psoriasis; nail psoriasis; drug-induced psoriasis; seborrheic-like psoriasis; soriasis; unstable psoriasis; psoriasis annularis; psoriasis inveterata; plaque psoriasis; drug induced psoriasis; eczematized psoriasis; cutaneous psoriasis; psoriasis wikidoc; psoriatic lesions |
|
| |
|
| ==Etiology==
| |
|
| |
|
| The cause of psoriasis is not known, but it is believed to have a [[genetics|genetic]] component. Several factors are thought to aggravate psoriasis. These include [[stress (medicine)|stress]], excessive alcohol consumption, and [[Tobacco smoking|smoking]]. Individuals with psoriasis may suffer from [[clinical depression|depression]] and loss of [[self-esteem]]. As such, quality of life is an important factor in evaluating the severity of the disease. There are many treatments available but because of its chronic recurrent nature psoriasis is a challenge to treat.
| | ==[[Psoriasis overview|Overview]]== |
|
| |
|
| ==[[Psoriasis historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]== | | ==[[Psoriasis historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]== |
| Line 31: |
Line 22: |
| ==[[Psoriasis pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]== | | ==[[Psoriasis pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]== |
|
| |
|
| ==[[Psoriasis epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]== | | ==[[Psoriasis causes|Causes]]== |
|
| |
|
| ==Diagnosis== | | ==[[Differentiating psoriasis from other diseases|Differentiating Psoriasis from other Diseases]]== |
| [[Psoriasis physical examination|Physical Examination]] | |
|
| |
|
| ==Severity== | | ==[[Psoriasis epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]== |
| [[Image:Psoriasis severity.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Pie chart showing the distribution of severity among people with psoriasis.]] | |
| Psoriasis is usually graded as mild (affecting less than 3% of the body), moderate (affecting 3-10% of the body) or severe. Several scales exist for measuring the severity of psoriasis.
| |
|
| |
|
| The degree of severity is generally based on the following factors: the proportion of body surface area affected; disease activity (degree of plaque redness, thickness and scaling); response to previous therapies; and the impact of the disease on the person.
| | ==[[Psoriasis risk factors|Risk Factors]]== |
|
| |
|
| The Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI) is the most widely used measurement tool for psoriasis. PASI combines the assessment of the severity of lesions and the area affected into a single score in the range 0 (no disease) to 72 (maximal disease).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.skinandaging.com/article/5394 |title=Psoriasis Update -Skin & Aging |accessdate=2007-07-28 |format= |work=}}</ref>
| | ==[[Psoriasis Screening|Screening]]== |
|
| |
|
| Nevertheless, the PASI can be too unwieldy to use outside of trials, which has led to attempts to simplify the index for clinical use.<ref name="pmid15530297">{{cite journal |author=Louden BA, Pearce DJ, Lang W, Feldman SR |title=A Simplified Psoriasis Area Severity Index (SPASI) for rating psoriasis severity in clinic patients |journal=Dermatol. Online J. |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=7 |year=2004 |pmid=15530297 |doi=}}</ref>
| | ==[[Psoriasis natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]== |
|
| |
|
| ==Effect on the quality of life== | | ==Diagnosis== |
| Psoriasis has been shown to affect health-related quality of life to an extent similar to the effects of other chronic diseases such as [[clinical depression|depression]], [[myocardial infarction]], [[hypertension]], [[congestive heart failure]] or [[type 2 diabetes]]. Depending on the severity and location of outbreaks, individuals may experience significant physical discomfort and some disability. Itching and pain can interfere with basic functions, such as self-care, [[walking]], and [[sleep]]. Plaques on [[hands]] and [[foot|feet]] can prevent individuals from working at certain occupations, playing some sports, and caring for family members or a home. The frequency of medical care is costly and can interfere with an employment or school schedule.
| | [[Psoriasis history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Psoriasis physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Psoriasis laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Psoriasis X-ray|X-Ray Findings]] | [[Psoriasis CT scan|CT-Scan Findings]] | [[Psoriasis MRI|MRI Findings]] | [[Psoriasis other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]] | [[Psoriasis Other Imaging Studies|Other Imaging Findings]] |
| | |
| Individuals with psoriasis may also feel self-conscious about their appearance and have a poor self-image that stems from fear of public rejection and psychosexual concerns. Psychological distress can lead to significant [[clinical depression|depression]] and [[social isolation]].
| |
| | |
| ==Cause==
| |
| | |
| The cause of psoriasis is not fully understood. There are two main hypotheses about the process that occurs in the development of the disease. The first considers psoriasis as primarily a disorder of excessive growth and reproduction of skin cells. The problem is simply seen as a fault of the [[epidermis (skin)|epidermis]] and its [[keratinocytes]]. The second hypothesis sees the disease as being an [[immune-mediated disease|immune-mediated disorder]] in which the excessive reproduction of skin cells is secondary to factors produced by the [[immune system]]. [[T cell]]s (which normally help protect the body against infection) become active, migrate to the [[dermis]] and trigger the release of [[cytokines]] ([[tumor necrosis factor-alpha]] TNFα, in particular) which cause inflammation and the rapid production of skin cells. It is not known what initiates the activation of the T cells.
| |
| | |
| The immune-mediated model of psoriasis has been supported by the observation that [[immunosuppressant]] medications can clear psoriasis plaques. However, the role of the immune system is not fully understood, and it has recently been reported that an [[animal model]] of psoriasis can be triggered in mice lacking T cells.<!--
| |
| --><ref name=Zenz>{{cite journal |author=Zenz R, Eferl R, Kenner L, ''et al'' |title=Psoriasis-like skin disease and arthritis caused by inducible epidermal deletion of Jun proteins |journal=Nature |volume=437 |issue=7057 |pages=369–75 |year=2005 |pmid=16163348 |doi=10.1038/nature03963}}</ref> [[Animal model]]s, however, reveal only a few aspects resembling human psoriasis.
| |
| | |
| Psoriasis is a fairly [[idiosyncratic]] disease. The majority of people's experience of psoriasis is one in which it may worsen or improve for no apparent reason. Studies of the factors associated with psoriasis tend to be based on small (usually hospital based) samples of individuals. These studies tend to suffer from representative issues, and an inability to tease out [[causal]] associations in the face of other (possibly unknown) intervening factors. Conflicting findings are often reported. Nevertheless, the first outbreak is sometimes reported following [[stress (medicine)|stress]] (physical and mental), skin injury, and [[streptococcal infection]]. Conditions that have been reported as accompanying a worsening of the disease include infections, stress, and changes in season and [[climate]]. Certain medicines, including [[lithium salt]] and [[beta blocker]]s, have been reported to trigger or aggravate the disease. Excessive alcohol consumption, smoking and obesity may exacerbate psoriasis or make the management of the condition difficult.<ref>[http://www.skincarephysicians.com/psoriasisnet/triggers.html] Psoriasis Triggers at Psoriasis Net. SkinCarePhysicians.com 9-28-05. American Academy of Dermatology, 2008.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Behnam SM, Behnam SE, Koo JY |title=Smoking and psoriasis |journal=Skinmed |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=174–6 |year=2005 |pmid=15891254 |doi= |url=http://www.lejacq.com/articleDetail.cfm?pid=SKINmed_4;3:174}}</ref> | |
| | |
| Individuals suffering from the advanced effects of the [[HIV|Human immunodeficiency virus]], or HIV, often exhibit psoriasis.<ref>[http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/556533][http://dermatology.cdlib.org/132/reviews/HIV/fife.html] Fife, Jeffes, Koo, Waller. Unraveling the Paradoxes of HIV-associated Psoriasis: A Review of T-cell Subsets and Cytokine Profiles. 5-18-07. Retrieved 5-13-08.</ref> This presents a paradox to researchers as traditional therapies that reduce [[T-cell]] counts generally cause psoriasis to improve. Yet, as CD4-T-cell counts decrease with the progression of HIV, psoriasis worsens.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ortonne JP, Lebwohl M, Em Griffiths C |title=Alefacept-induced decreases in circulating blood lymphocyte counts correlate with clinical response in patients with chronic plaque psoriasis |journal=Eur J Dermatol |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=117–23 |year=2003 |pmid=12695125 |doi= |url=http://www.john-libbey-eurotext.fr/medline.md?issn=1167-1122&vol=13&iss=2&page=117}}</ref> In addition, HIV is typically characterized by a strong [[T helper cell|Th2]] [[cytokine]] profile, whereas psoriasis vulgaris is characterized by a strong [[T helper cell|Th1]] secretion pattern.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Austin LM, Ozawa M, Kikuchi T, Walters IB, Krueger JG |title=The majority of epidermal T cells in Psoriasis vulgaris lesions can produce type 1 cytokines, interferon-gamma, interleukin-2, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, defining TC1 (cytotoxic T lymphocyte) and TH1 effector populations: a type 1 differentiation bias is also measured in circulating blood T cells in psoriatic patients |journal=J. Invest. Dermatol. |volume=113 |issue=5 |pages=752–9 |year=1999 |month=November |pmid=10571730 |doi=10.1046/j.1523-1747.1999.00749.x |url=}}</ref> It's hypothesized that the diminished CD4-T-Cell presence causes an over-activation of CD8-T-Cells, which are responsible for the exacerbation of psoriasis in HIV positive patients. It is important to remember that most individuals with psoriasis are otherwise healthy and the presence of HIV accounts for less than 1% of cases. The prevalence of psoriasis in the HIV positive population ranges from 1 to 6 percent, which is about 3 times higher than the normal population.<ref>[http://www.nsc.gov.sg/cgi-bin/WB_ContentGen.pl?id=401&gid=83] A Case Report of Severe Psoriasis in a Patient with AIDS: The Role of the HIV Virus and the Therapeutic Challenges Involved. Vol: 13 No 2, 2002. National Skin Center. Retrieved 05-13-08.</ref>
| |
| | |
| Psoriasis occurs more likely in dry skin than oily or well-moisturized skin, and specifically after an external skin injury such as a scratch or cut. This is believed to be caused by an infection, in which the infecting organism thrives under dry skin conditions with minimal skin oil, which otherwise protects skin from infections. The case for psoriasis is opposite to the case of [[athlete's foot]], which occurs because of a fungus infection under wet conditions as opposed to dry in psoriasis. This infection induces inflammation, which causes the symptoms commonly associated with psoriasis, such as itching and rapid skin turnover, and leads to drier skin as the infecting organism absorbs the moisture that would otherwise go to the skin. To prevent dry skin and reduce psoriasis symptoms, it is advised to not use shower scrubs, as they not only damage skin by leaving tiny scratches, they also scrape off the naturally occurring skin oil. Additionally, moisturizers can be applied to moisturize the skin, and lotions used to promote skin oil gland functions.
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Treatment== | | ==Treatment== |
| | [[Psoriasis medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Psoriasis Surgery|Surgery]] | [[Psoriasis primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Psoriasis secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Psoriasis cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Psoriasis future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] | [[Psoriasis social impact|Social Impact]] |
|
| |
|
| | ==Case Studies== |
| | [[Psoriasis case study one|Case #1]] |
|
| |
|
| ===Phototherapy===
| | ==External Links== |
| | |
| It has long been recognized that daily, short, non-burning exposure to sunlight helped to clear or improve psoriasis. [[Niels Ryberg Finsen|Niels Finsen]] was the first [[physician]] to investigate the therapeutic effects of sunlight scientifically and to use sunlight in clinical practice. This became known as phototherapy.
| |
| | |
| Sunlight contains many different wavelengths of light. It was during the early part of the 20th century that it was recognised that for psoriasis the therapeutic property of sunlight was due to the wavelengths classified as [[ultraviolet|ultraviolet (UV)]] light.
| |
| | |
| Ultraviolet wavelengths are subdivided into UVA (380–315 nm) UVB (315–280 nm), and UVC (< 280 nm). Ultraviolet B (UVB) (315–280 nm) is absorbed by the [[epidermis (skin)|epidermis]] and has a beneficial effect on psoriasis. Narrowband UVB (311 to 312 nm), is that part of the UVB spectrum that is most helpful for psoriasis. Exposure to UVB several times per week, over several weeks can help people attain a remission from psoriasis.
| |
| | |
| Ultraviolet light treatment is frequently combined with topical (coal tar, calcipotriol) or systemic treatment (retinoids) as there is a synergy in their combination. The Ingram regime, involves UVB and the application of anthralin paste. The Goeckerman regime combines coal tar ointment with UVB.
| |
| | |
| ===Photochemotherapy===
| |
| | |
| [[Psoralen]] and ultraviolet A phototherapy ([[PUVA]]) combines the oral or topical administration of psoralen with exposure to ultraviolet A (UVA) light. Precisely how PUVA works is not known. The [[mechanism of action]] probably involves activation of psoralen by UVA light which inhibits the abnormally rapid production of the cells in psoriatic skin. There are multiple mechanisms of action associated with PUVA, including effects on the skin immune system.
| |
| | |
| Dark glasses must be worn during PUVA treatment because there is a risk of [[cataracts]] developing from exposure to ultraviolet A light. PUVA is associated with [[nausea]], [[headache]], [[Fatigue (physical)|fatigue]], burning, and itching. Long-term treatment is associated with [[Squamous cell carcinoma|squamous-cell]] and [[melanoma]] [[skin cancer]]s.
| |
| | |
| ===Alternative therapy===
| |
| | |
| *[[Antibiotics]] are not indicated in routine treatment of psoriasis. However, antibiotics may be employed when an infection, such as that caused by the bacteria [[Streptococcus]], triggers an outbreak of psoriasis, as in certain cases of guttate psoriasis.
| |
| | |
| *Climatotherapy involves the notion that some diseases can be successfully treated by living in particular climate. Several psoriasis clinics are located throughout the world based on this idea. The Dead Sea is one of the most popular locations for this type of treatment.
| |
| | |
| *In '''Turkey''' & in Croatia (Altermedica), doctor fish which live in the outdoor pools of spas, are encouraged to feed on the psoriatic skin of people with psoriasis. The fish only consume the affected areas of the skin. The outdoor location of the spa may also have a beneficial effect. This treatment can provide temporary relief of symptoms. A revisit to the spas every few months is often required. Best known is the spa “Kangal Thermal Springs”, near the Turkish village of Kavak. According to the testimony of numerous psoriasis patients, the fish lead to a significant relief. This spa is located south of the historic '''silk road''' in '''Anatolia'''. The next big city is '''Sivas'''. Treatment in this hot spring has been examined until now in two small clinical trials, with positive results.<ref> Ozcelik S, Polat HH, Akyol M, Yalcin AN, Ozcelik D, Marufihah M. Kangal hot spring with fish and psoriasis treatment. J Dermatol. 2000 Jun;27(6):386-90.</ref> <ref>Grassberger M, Hoch W. Ichthyotherapy as alternative treatment for patients with psoriasis: a pilot study. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2006 Dec;3(4):483-8.</ref>
| |
| | |
| *Some people subscribe to the view that psoriasis can be effectively managed through a healthy lifestyle. This view is based on anecdote, and has not been subjected to formal scientific evaluation. Nevertheless, some people report that minimizing stress and consuming a healthy diet, combined with rest, sunshine and swimming in saltwater keep lesions to a minimum. This type of "lifestyle" treatment is suggested as a long-term management strategy, rather than an initial treatment of severe psoriasis.
| |
| | |
| *A number of patients have reported significant improvements from sun and sea water: unfortunately, salt alone does not have any effect. Sea water contains so many minerals and different life forms (thousands of species of bacteria alone<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/science/news/stories/2006/1702359.htm |title=News in Science - Oceans a complex, diverse bug soup - 01/08/2006 |accessdate=2007-07-22 |format= |work=}}</ref>) that it will be hard to determine which of these is causing the observed effects. Interestingly, people in the tropics differentiate between "live" and "dead" sea water: "live" sea water is water that has never been covered.
| |
| | |
| *Some psoriasis patients use herbology as a holistic approach that aims to treat the underlying causes of psoriasis. Some alternative therapies consider Oil of Oregano to be a powerful herbal method of treatment.
| |
| | |
| *A psychological symptom management programme has been reported as being a helpful adjunct to traditional therapies in the management of psoriasis.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.refer.nhs.uk/ViewRecord.asp?ID=637&Print=1 |title=Research Findings Register: summary number 637 |accessdate=2007-07-22 |format= |work=}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| *It is claimed that [[Magnesium sulfate|Epsom salt]] may have a positive effect in reducing the effects of psoriasis.(The Home Remedies Handbook)
| |
| | |
| *There are claims that Neem oil has been in documented use in India for 6000 years. There are claims that this documentation is fraudulent.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pinch.com/skin/pshame.html#neem |title=Psoriasis Hall of PShame |accessdate=2007-07-22 |format= |work=}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| *It is claimed that yoga and meditative practices help psoriasis patients by 'detoxifying' the body and by the reduction of stress.
| |
| | |
| * Sulphur has been used for many years as a safe treatment in the alleviation of Psoriasis.
| |
| | |
| * [[Fasting]] is used by some to treat mild forms of psoriasis.
| |
| | |
| ==Historical treatment==
| |
| The history of psoriasis is littered with treatments of dubious effectiveness and high toxicity. These treatments received brief popularity at particular time periods or within certain geographical regions. The application of cat faeces to red lesions on the skin, for example, was one of the earliest topical treatments employed in ancient Egypt. Onions, sea salt and [[urine]], goose oil and [[semen]], wasp droppings in sycamore milk, and soup made from vipers have all been reported as being ancient treatments.
| |
| | |
| In the more recent past [[Fowler's solution]], which contains a poisonous and carcinogenic [[arsenic]] compound, was used by dermatologists as a treatment for psoriasis during the 18th and 19th centuries. [[Grenz Rays]] (also called ultrasoft X-rays or Bucky rays) was a popular treatment of psoriasis during the middle of the 20th century. This type of therapy was superseded by ultraviolet therapy.
| |
| | |
| [[Undecylenic acid]] was investigated and used for psoriasis some 40 years ago.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Ereaux L, Craig G | title=The Oral Administration Of Undecylenic Acid In The Treatment Of Psoriasis | journal=Canad. M. A. J. | year=1949 | month=Oct | volume=61 | pages=361-4 | url=http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1591667&blobtype=pdf | format=PDF | accessdate=2007-01-05}} - see page 4/364 of link</ref>
| |
| | |
| All these treatments have fallen out of favour.
| |
| | |
| Sulphur was fashionable as a treatment for psoriasis in the Victorian and Edwardian eras. It has recently re-gained some credibilty as a safe alternative to steroids and coal tar.
| |
| | |
| ==Future drug development==
| |
| [[Image:Tegrin1964.jpg|right|thumb|100px|1964 Tegrin advertisement]]
| |
| Historically, agents used to treat psoriasis were discovered by experimentation or by accident. In contrast, current novel therapeutic agents are designed from a better understanding of the immune processes involved in psoriasis and by the specific targeting of molecular mediators. Examples can be seen in the use of biologics which target T cells and TNF inhibitors.
| |
| | |
| It has been suggested that [[cannabis (drug)|marijuana]] might treat psoriasis, due to the anti-inflammatory properties of its [[cannabinoids]], and the regulatory effects of THC on the immune system.<ref name="pmid15857457">{{cite journal |author=Namazi MR |title=Cannabinoids, loratadine and allopurinol as novel additions to the antipsoriatic ammunition |journal=Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=319-22 |year=2005 |pmid=15857457 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-3083.2004.01184.x}}</ref> The adverse effects of marijuana might be overcome by use of more specific cannabinoid receptor medications,<ref name="pmid16375686">{{cite journal |author=Fowler CJ |title=Pharmacological properties and therapeutic possibilities for drugs acting upon endocannabinoid receptors |journal=Current drug targets. CNS and neurological disorders |volume=4 |issue=6 |pages=685-96 |year=2005 |pmid=16375686 |doi=}}</ref> to inhibit keratinocyte proliferation.<ref name="pmid17157480">{{cite journal |author=Wilkinson JD, Williamson EM |title=Cannabinoids inhibit human keratinocyte proliferation through a non-CB1/CB2 mechanism and have a potential therapeutic value in the treatment of psoriasis |journal=J. Dermatol. Sci. |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=87-92 |year=2007 |pmid=17157480 |doi=10.1016/j.jdermsci.2006.10.009}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| Future innovation should see the creation of additional drugs that refine the targeting of immune-mediators further.<!--
| |
| --><ref name=Nickoloff>{{cite journal |author=Nickoloff BJ, Nestle FO |title=Recent insights into the immunopathogenesis of psoriasis provide new therapeutic opportunities |journal=J. Clin. Invest. |volume=113 |issue=12 |pages=1664-75 |year=2004 |pmid=15199399 |doi=10.1172/JCI200422147}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| Research into [[oligonucleotide|antisense oligonucleotide]]s carries the potential to provide novel therapeutic strategies for treating psoriasis.<!--
| |
| --><ref name=White>{{cite journal |author=White PJ, Atley LM, Wraight CJ |title=Antisense oligonucleotide treatments for psoriasis |journal=Expert opinion on biological therapy |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=75-81 |year=2004 |pmid=14680470 |doi=10.1517/14712598.4.1.75}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| '''ABT-874''' is a human anti-[[IL-12]] [[monoclonal antibody]] being developed by [[Abbott Laboratories]] in conjunction with Cambridge Antibody Technology for the treatment of multiple autoimmune diseases including psoriasis. Phase II trials have been completed and showed promising results.<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0PDG/is_7_6/ai_n19395075 Heller M. (2007) Positive results for ABT-874 in the treatment of psoriasis ''J Drugs Dermatol'']</ref> Abbott is planning to initiate Phase III trials in 2007.<ref> http://www.cambridgeantibody.com/home/products/licensed_products/abbott/abt874 </ref>
| |
| | |
| ===Pseudoceramides===
| |
| | |
| On August 27, 2006, scientists led by Jeung-Hoon Lee created in the laboratory synthetic lipids called pseudoceramides which are involved in skin cell growth and could be used in treating skin diseases such as [[atopic dermatitis]], a form of [[eczema]] characterized by red, flaky and very itchy skin; psoriasis, a disease that causes red scaly patches on the skin; and glucocorticoid-induced epidermal atrophy, in which the skin shrinks due to skin cell loss.<ref>[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/08/070827184713.htm Science Daily, New Skin-healing Chemicals]</ref>
| |
| | |
| ==Prognosis==
| |
| | |
| Psoriasis is a lifelong condition.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Jobling R|title=A patient's journey:Psoriasis|journal=Br Med J|year=2007|volume=334|pages=953–4|doi=10.1136/bmj.39184.615150.802}}</ref> There is currently no cure but various treatments can help to control the symptoms. Many of the most effective agents used to treat severe psoriasis carry an increased risk of significant morbidity including skin cancers, [[lymphoma]] and liver disease. However, the majority of people's experience of psoriasis is that of minor localized patches, particularly on the elbows and knees, which can be treated with topical medication. Psoriasis does get worse over time but it is not possible to predict who will go on to develop extensive psoriasis or those in whom the disease may appear to vanish. Individuals will often experience flares and remissions throughout their lives. Controlling the signs and symptoms typically requires lifelong therapy.
| |
| | |
| According to one study,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Olsen JH, Frentz G, Møller H |title=[Psoriasis and cancer] |language=Danish |journal=Ugeskr. Laeg. |volume=155 |issue=35 |pages=2687-91 |year=1993 |pmid=8212383 |doi=}}</ref> psoriasis is linked to 2.5-fold increased risk for nonmelanoma skin cancer in men and women, with no preponderance of any specific histologic subtype of cancer. This, however could be linked to antipsoriatic treatment.
| |
| | |
| =="The heartbreak of psoriasis"==
| |
| | |
| The phrase "the heartbreak of psoriasis" is often used both seriously and ironically to describe the emotional impact of the disease. It may include both the effect of having a chronic uncomfortable disorder and the social effects of being self conscious of one's appearance. The term can be found in various advertisements for topical and other treatments; conversely, it has been used to mock the tendency of advertisers to exaggerate (or even fabricate) aspects of a malady for financial gain. While many products today use the phrase in their advertising, it originated in a 1960s advertising campaign for Tegrin, a [[coal tar]]-based ointment.
| |
| | |
| ==References==
| |
| {{Reflist|2}}
| |
| | |
| ''Some of the information on this page was taken from the following public-domain resource:'' [http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/topics/psoriasis/psoriasis.htm "Questions and Answers about Psoriasis"], National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
| |
| | |
| == External links == | |
| <!-- Please read http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:EL before adding links. Specifically, links to commercial sites and forums are strongly discouraged. Wikipedia is not a collection of links, no matter how useful/helpful. -->
| |
| | |
| === Research and non-commercial ===
| |
| | |
| * [http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/topics/psoriasis/ffpsoriasis.htm Homepage] at [[National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases]] | | * [http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/topics/psoriasis/ffpsoriasis.htm Homepage] at [[National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases]] |
| * [http://www.psoriasis.org/home/ National Psoriasis Foundation Homepage] | | * [http://www.psoriasis.org/home/ National Psoriasis Foundation Homepage] |
| * [http://www.papaa.org The Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis Alliance] A UK registered charity.
| |
|
| |
|
| {{Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue}} | | {{Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue}} |
| Line 173: |
Line 58: |
| [[vi:Bệnh vẩy nến]] | | [[vi:Bệnh vẩy nến]] |
| [[zh:牛皮癬]] | | [[zh:牛皮癬]] |
| | {{WH}} |
| | {{WS}} |
|
| |
|
| [[Category:Dermatology]] | | [[Category:Dermatology]] |
| | | [[Category:Disease]] |
| {{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
| |
| {{WikiDoc Sources}}
| |
