Pleural effusion overview
|
Pleural effusion Microchapters |
|
Diagnosis |
|---|
|
Treatment |
|
Case Studies |
|
Pleural effusion overview On the Web |
|
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Pleural effusion overview |
|
Risk calculators and risk factors for Pleural effusion overview |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Template:GCC
Overview
Pleural effusion is the presence of excessive fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces.
Four types of fluids can accumulate in the pleural space:
- Serous fluid (hydrothorax)
- Blood (hemothorax)
- Chyle (chylothorax)
- Pus (pyothorax or empyema)
Pathophysiology
Healthy individuals have less than 15 ml of fluid in each pleural space. Normally, fluid enters the pleural space from the capillaries in the parietal pleura, from interstitial spaces of the lung via the visceral pleura, or from the peritoneal cavity through small holes in the diaphragm. This fluid is normally removed by lymphatics in the visceral pleura, which have the capacity to absorb 20 times more fluid than is normally formed. When this capacity is overwhelmed, either through excess formation or decreased lymphatic absorption, a pleural effusion develops.
Treatment
Physical Examination
Once accumulated fluid is more than 500 ml, there are usually detectable clinical signs in the patient, such as decreased movement of the chest on the affected side, dullness to percussion over the fluid, diminished breath sounds on the affected side, decreased vocal fremitus and resonance, pleural friction rub, and egophony.