Pharyngitis pathophysiology: Difference between revisions
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__NOTOC__ | __NOTOC__ | ||
{{Pharyngitis}} | {{Pharyngitis}} | ||
=Overview= | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{VSKP}}{{DYM}} | ||
The pharynx is often the first site of infection for many contagious diseases such as | |||
==Overview== | |||
The [[pathogenesis]] of the sore throat due to [[pharyngitis]] is poorly understood. The pharynx is often the first site of [[infection]] for many [[contagious]] diseases such as pharyngitis because [[pathogens]] such as viruses and [[bacteria]] often settle in the [[nasopharynx]] through [[inhalation]] or through droplets. [[Viral]] pharyngitis usually transmits from person to person through direct touch or through droplets transmission. The foreign invader reproduces rapidly after settling on the [[nasopharynx]]. Generally, pharyngitis is a primary disease, but may be associated with systemic disorders such as the [[Retroviral|acute retroviral syndrome]], or part of a more generalized [[upper respiratory tract infection]]. | |||
== Pathophysiology == | |||
* Most viruses, such as [[adenovirus]] or [[coxsackie virus]], can cause inflammation of the pharyngeal [[mucosa]] by direct invasion of the [[mucosa]] or by secondary to suprapharyngeal secretions.<ref name="pmid11136758">{{cite journal| author=Tsai HP, Kuo PH, Liu CC, Wang JR| title=Respiratory viral infections among pediatric inpatients and outpatients in Taiwan from 1997 to 1999. | journal=J Clin Microbiol | year= 2001 | volume= 39 | issue= 1 | pages= 111-8 | pmid=11136758 | doi=10.1128/JCM.39.1.111-118.2001 | pmc=87689 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11136758 }} </ref> Other viruses, such as [[Rhinovirus|rhinoviral]] infections produce [[bradykinin]] and lysyl [[bradykinin]], which are known [[inflammatory]] mediators that can excite [[nerve endings]] in the [[pharynx]] to cause pain.<ref name=":0">{{cite book | last = Ferri | first = Fred | title = Md consult/first consult 14-month subscription : combo retail pack | publisher = Elsevier Saunders | location = Place of publication not identified | year = 2005 | isbn = 9781416026075 }}</ref> <ref name="pmid7989695">Kline JA, Runge JW (1994) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7989695 Streptococcal pharyngitis: a review of pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management.] ''J Emerg Med'' 12 (5):665-80. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/7989695 7989695]</ref> <ref name="pmid2295843">Proud D, Naclerio RM, Gwaltney JM, Hendley JO (1990) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2295843 Kinins are generated in nasal secretions during natural rhinovirus colds.] ''J Infect Dis'' 161 (1):120-3. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/2295843 2295843]</ref> | |||
* Pathogenesis of [[bacterial pharyngitis]] varies with etiology. In [[streptococcal]] pharyngitis (which is the most common bacterial pharyngitis), the bacteria release [[exotoxins]] and [[proteases]]. [[Erythrogenic]] [[exotoxins]] are responsible for the development of the [[Scarlet fever|scarlatiniform exanthem]]. Secondary [[antibody]] cross react against [[M2-protein]] of the [[myocardial]] tissue that may result in [[rheumatic fever]] and [[valvular heart disease]]<nowiki/>a([[Hypersensitivity reactions|type II hypersensitivity reaction]])nd the [[antigen-antibody complexes]] can lead to [[acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis]] ([[Hypersensitivity reactions|type 3 hypersensitivity reaction]]).<ref>{{cite book | last = Bennett | first = John | title = Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases | publisher = Elsevier/Saunders | location = Philadelphia, PA | year = 2015 | isbn = 978-1455748013 }}</ref><ref name="pmid25229278">Anjos LM, Marcondes MB, Lima MF, Mondelli AL, Okoshi MP (2014) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25229278 Streptococcal acute pharyngitis.] ''Rev Soc Bras Med Trop'' 47 (4):409-13. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/25229278 25229278]</ref><ref name="pmid22338589">Murray RC, Chennupati SK (2012) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22338589 Chronic streptococcal and non-streptococcal pharyngitis.] ''Infect Disord Drug Targets'' 12 (4):281-5. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/22338589 22338589]</ref> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
[[Category:Emergency | [[Category:Emergency mdicine]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Disease]] | ||
[[Category:Up-To-Date]] | |||
[[Category:Infectious disease]] | [[Category:Infectious disease]] | ||
[[Category:Otolaryngology]] | [[Category:Otolaryngology]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Pediatrics]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Immunology]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Gastroenterology]] | ||
Latest revision as of 19:01, 25 December 2020
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Venkata Sivakrishna Kumar Pulivarthi M.B.B.S [2]Delband Yekta Moazami, M.D.[3]
Overview
The pathogenesis of the sore throat due to pharyngitis is poorly understood. The pharynx is often the first site of infection for many contagious diseases such as pharyngitis because pathogens such as viruses and bacteria often settle in the nasopharynx through inhalation or through droplets. Viral pharyngitis usually transmits from person to person through direct touch or through droplets transmission. The foreign invader reproduces rapidly after settling on the nasopharynx. Generally, pharyngitis is a primary disease, but may be associated with systemic disorders such as the acute retroviral syndrome, or part of a more generalized upper respiratory tract infection.
Pathophysiology
- Most viruses, such as adenovirus or coxsackie virus, can cause inflammation of the pharyngeal mucosa by direct invasion of the mucosa or by secondary to suprapharyngeal secretions.[1] Other viruses, such as rhinoviral infections produce bradykinin and lysyl bradykinin, which are known inflammatory mediators that can excite nerve endings in the pharynx to cause pain.[2] [3] [4]
- Pathogenesis of bacterial pharyngitis varies with etiology. In streptococcal pharyngitis (which is the most common bacterial pharyngitis), the bacteria release exotoxins and proteases. Erythrogenic exotoxins are responsible for the development of the scarlatiniform exanthem. Secondary antibody cross react against M2-protein of the myocardial tissue that may result in rheumatic fever and valvular heart diseasea(type II hypersensitivity reaction)nd the antigen-antibody complexes can lead to acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (type 3 hypersensitivity reaction).[5][6][7]
References
- ↑ Tsai HP, Kuo PH, Liu CC, Wang JR (2001). "Respiratory viral infections among pediatric inpatients and outpatients in Taiwan from 1997 to 1999". J Clin Microbiol. 39 (1): 111–8. doi:10.1128/JCM.39.1.111-118.2001. PMC 87689. PMID 11136758.
- ↑ Ferri, Fred (2005). Md consult/first consult 14-month subscription : combo retail pack. Place of publication not identified: Elsevier Saunders. ISBN 9781416026075.
- ↑ Kline JA, Runge JW (1994) Streptococcal pharyngitis: a review of pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. J Emerg Med 12 (5):665-80. PMID: 7989695
- ↑ Proud D, Naclerio RM, Gwaltney JM, Hendley JO (1990) Kinins are generated in nasal secretions during natural rhinovirus colds. J Infect Dis 161 (1):120-3. PMID: 2295843
- ↑ Bennett, John (2015). Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN 978-1455748013.
- ↑ Anjos LM, Marcondes MB, Lima MF, Mondelli AL, Okoshi MP (2014) Streptococcal acute pharyngitis. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 47 (4):409-13. PMID: 25229278
- ↑ Murray RC, Chennupati SK (2012) Chronic streptococcal and non-streptococcal pharyngitis. Infect Disord Drug Targets 12 (4):281-5. PMID: 22338589