Penile carcinoma in situ: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 16:12, 1 March 2017

Template:BalanitisV Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Vishal Devarkonda, M.B.B.S [2]

Overview

Balanitis is inflammation of glans penis. When inflammation involves foreskin and perpuce, it is termed as balanoposthitis. Bowenoid papulosis, Erythroplasia of Queyrat, and Bowen's disease are the three common penile carcinoma in situ causing balanitis. The exact pathogenesis for these conditions is not clearly known, but there is a strong association between Human papilloma virus and penile carcinoma in situ. Patients may be asymptomatic or symptomatic presentiing with pruritic, or painful lesions in the genital region. Diagnosis is based on the clinical features supported by biopsy. Transformation into invasive squamous cell carcinoma is the major complication associated with these conditions. Treatment for these conditions include both medical and surgical modalities.

Historical Perspective

Historical perspective of penile carcinoma in situ include:^[1]

Bowenoid papulosis

In 1977, term Bowenoid papulosis was coined by Kopf and Bart and named after dermatologist John templeton Bowen

Erythroplasia of Queyrat

In 1891, Tarnovsky for the first time described Erythroplasia of Queyrat
In 1893, Fournier and Darier appreciated it as a penile disease
in 1933, Sulzberger recognized it as carcinoma in situ

Bowen's disease

In 1912, Bowen's Disease was described by American dermatologist John T. Bowen

Classification

There is no established classification for Balanitis caused by Penile carcinoma in situ

Pathophysiology

Pathophysiology of penile carcinoma in situ include:^[1]^[2]^[3] ^[4]^[5]^[6]^[2]^[7]

Bowenoid papulosis

The exact pathogenesis of Bowenoid papulosis is unknown.^[1]

Some studies have shown, etiological role of HPV type 16, 31, and 39 in Bowenoid papulosis.

Associated conditions include:

Histopathology

The histopathology may reveal squamous cell carcinoma in situ, with widened spinous epidermal layer with proliferation of atypical basal cells, coilocytes, enlarged polimorfic and hyperchromatic nuclei as well as abnormal mitosis and hyperparakeratosis with collection of melanin of various amount seen.^[1]^[2]

Erythroplasia of Queyrat

The exact pathogenesis of erythroplasia of Queyrat is unknown.

Some studies have shown that chronic irritation, inflammation, phimosis, smoking, smegma, poor hygiene, genital herpes simplex, HPV, heat, friction, maceration, trauma, perpuce dermatoses such as Lichen sclerosis or Lichen planus, may act as risk factors for developing Erythroplasia of Queyrat.^[1]

Associated conditions

Epidermodysplasia verruciformis associated HPV-8
Genital high-risk HPV-16

Histopathology

Slight to moderate plaque-like acanthotic epidermis with focal parakeratosis and hypogranulosis with loss of epidermal cell polarity as evidenced by vacuolated cells, atypical mitoses, atypical epithelial cells with hyperchromatic nuclei, multinucleated cells, dyskeratotic cells, and mitotic figures in the upper Malpighian layers.
The upper dermis is often edematous and densely invaded by a band-like plasma cell rich chronic round cell infiltrate.^[1]

Bowen's Disease

The exact pathogenesis of Bowen's disease is unknown.

Some studies have shown that lack of circumcision, HPV infection, phimosis, balanitis, or any chronic inflammation of the penile skin act as risk factors in developing Bowen's disease.^[6]

Associated conditions

HPV types 16^[5]
HPV type 33

Histopathology

Full-thickness epidermal atypia with disordered architecture, abnormal mitoses, dyskeratosis, and involvement of associated pilosebaceous apparatus with an intact epidermal junction.^[6]

Epidemiology and Demographics

There are no comprehensive studies reporting the incidence and prevalence of penile carcinoma in situ in general population. Some studies have reported the demographics of patients presenting with these conditions.

Bowenoid papulosis

Bowenoid papulosis usually occurs in sexually active men aged between 20 to 40 years, with a mean age of 31 years, it occurs slightly more common in women then men.^[1]

Erythroplasia of Queyrat

Erythroplasia of Queyrat is a rare condition usually affecting uncircumcised men in their third to sixth decades of life.^[1]

Bowen's Disease

Bowen's disease usually occurs equally in both men and women, with the highest incidence in patients older than age 60 years.^[1]

Screening

There are no established screening guidelines to screen patients for penile carcinoma in situ.

Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

Natural history

Bowenoid papulosis

If left untreated, papules may increase, or decrease, or disappear with time, or progress into squamous cell carcinoma(Studies have reported risk of progression of bowenoid papulosis to squamous cell carcinoma at 2.6%).^[1]

Erythroplasia of Queyrat

If left untreated, Erythroplasia of Queyrat may progress into invasive Squamous cell carcinoma, with an incidence ranging from 10% to 33%.^[1]

Bowen's Disease

If left untreated, Bowen's disease may progress into invasive Squamous cell carcinoma(Incidence of Bowen's disease to develop into invasive squamous cell carcinoma is 3% to 5% for cutaneous and 10% for genital lesions). The malignant potential of Bowen's disease is increased when its existence is compounded by concomitant disease such as HPV infection, Lichen sclerosis or Lichen planus, or in patients with poor genital hygiene and smokers.^[1]

Complications

Complication of penile carcinoma in situ include:^[1]

Pain
Transformation into invasive squamous cell carcinoma

Prognosis

The prognosis is usually good with treatment.

Diagnosis

History and symptoms

History and symptoms of penile carcinoma in situ include:^[1]^[5]^[8]

Bowenoid papulosis

Patients may be asymptomatic or present with pruritic, or painful lesions in the genital region.

Erythroplasia of Queyrat

Patients may present with non-healing lesions in the genital region, which could also be associated with scaling, crusting, and bleeding.

Bowen's Disease

Patient may be asymptomatic or present with pruritic, or painful lesions in the genital region.

Physical examination

Physical examination findings of penile carcinoma in situ include:^[1]

Physical examination findings of penile carcinoma in situ
Bowenoid papulosis	Erythroplasia of Queyrat	Bowen's Disease
Multiple, small, well-demarcated, grey-brown, red, pink, or skin-colored papillomatous papules or small patches on the penile shaft, glans, or foreskin, vulva, and perianal area.The papules are nonpruritic, range in size from 2 to 10 mm, and usually lack scales.	Single or multiple red, shiny, slightly raised, sharply demarcated, velvety, non-healing plaques associated with scaling, crusting, and sometimes bleeding, affecting the mucosal surfaces of the penis. Inguinal nodes should be examined(Several studies have reported,the tendency of Erythroplasia of Queyrat to metastasize to local lymph nodes)	Red, sometimes slightly pigmented, scaly, moist, velvety patches and plaques of keratinization on penis.

Laboratory findings

Definite diagnosis is made by biopsy showing typical histologic picture of intraepidermal carcinoma in situ.

Treatment

Choice of treatment in penile carcinoma in situ depends after careful analysis of lesion size, number, site, degree of functional impairment, modality availability and cost.

Modalities for treating penile carcinoma in situ include:^[1]^[5]

Bowenoid papulosis

Conservative treatment

Topical 5-FU,or podophyllin, or retinoic acid, or cidofovir; only moderate effects have been reported.
Imiquimod cream 5% reported successful clearance of bowenoid papulosis

Surgical treatment

Surgical modalities in treating bowenoid papulosis include:

Cryosurgery, electrodessication, laser vaporization (Nd:YAG, argon, and carbon dioxide lasers), and surgical excision. All these modalities are found to associated with scarring

Erythroplasia of Queyrat

Conservative treatment Imiquimod and Topical 5-FU application, help in minimizing the risk for scarring, poor wound healing, and functional impairment

Surgical treatment

Surgical modalities in treating Erythroplasia of Queyrat include: mohs micrographic surgery, cryotherapy, electrodesiccation and curettage, and laser ablation

Bowen's Disease

Conservative treatment

Photodynamic therapy and Topical 5-FU application, help in minimizing the risk for scarring, poor wound healing, and functional impairment
Recent studies have found that topical application of Imiquimod cream 5% once daily for 16 weeks was effective in treating Bowen's disease

Surgical treatment

Surgical modalities in treating bowen's disease include: Local excision, mohs micrographic surgery, cryotherapy, curettage with cautery/electrocautery, laser therapy with carbon dioxide, argon, and Nd:YAG lasers

Prevention

Primary Prevention

There are no established primary preventive measures for preventing penile carcinoma in situ.

Secondary prevention

There are no established secondary preventive measures for penile carcinoma in situ.

References

↑ ^1.00 ^1.01 ^1.02 ^1.03 ^1.04 ^1.05 ^1.06 ^1.07 ^1.08 ^1.09 ^1.10 ^1.11 ^1.12 ^1.13 ^1.14 ^1.15 Kutlubay Z, Engin B, Zara T, Tüzün Y (2013). "Anogenital malignancies and premalignancies: facts and controversies". Clin Dermatol. 31 (4): 362–73. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.01.003. PMID 23806153.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Kreuter A, Brockmeyer NH, Pfister H, Altmeyer P, Wieland U, German Competence Network HIV/AIDS (2007). "Increased human papillomavirus type 31 DNA load in a verrucous high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia of a human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient with extensive bowenoid papulosis". Br J Dermatol. 156 (3): 596–8. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.07690.x. PMID 17300265.
↑ Matuszewski M, Michajłowski I, Michajłowski J, Sokołowska-Wojdyło M, Włodarczyk A, Krajka K (2009). "Topical treatment of bowenoid papulosis of the penis with imiquimod". J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 23 (8): 978–9. doi:10.1111/j.1468-3083.2008.03083.x. PMID 19207667.
↑ Conejo-Mir JS, Muñoz MA, Linares M, Rodríguez L, Serrano A (2005). "Carbon dioxide laser treatment of erythroplasia of Queyrat: a revisited treatment to this condition". J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 19 (5): 643–4. doi:10.1111/j.1468-3083.2005.01217.x. PMID 16164731.
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 Henquet CJ (2011). "Anogenital malignancies and pre-malignancies". J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 25 (8): 885–95. doi:10.1111/j.1468-3083.2010.03969.x. PMID 21272092.
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 Arlette JP (2003). "Treatment of Bowen's disease and erythroplasia of Queyrat". Br J Dermatol. 149 Suppl 66: 43–9. PMID 14616349.
↑ Stables GI, Stringer MR, Robinson DJ, Ash DV (1999). "Erythroplasia of Queyrat treated by topical aminolaevulinic acid photodynamic therapy". Br J Dermatol. 140 (3): 514–7. PMID 10233277.
↑ Buechner SA (2002). "Common skin disorders of the penis". BJU Int. 90 (5): 498–506. PMID 12175386.

[pmid23806153-1] 1.00 ^1.01 ^1.02 ^1.03 ^1.04 ^1.05 ^1.06 ^1.07 ^1.08 ^1.09 ^1.10 ^1.11 ^1.12 ^1.13 ^1.14 ^1.15 Kutlubay Z, Engin B, Zara T, Tüzün Y (2013). "Anogenital malignancies and premalignancies: facts and controversies". Clin Dermatol. 31 (4): 362–73. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.01.003. PMID 23806153.

[pmid17300265-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Kreuter A, Brockmeyer NH, Pfister H, Altmeyer P, Wieland U, German Competence Network HIV/AIDS (2007). "Increased human papillomavirus type 31 DNA load in a verrucous high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia of a human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient with extensive bowenoid papulosis". Br J Dermatol. 156 (3): 596–8. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.07690.x. PMID 17300265.

[pmid19207667-3] Matuszewski M, Michajłowski I, Michajłowski J, Sokołowska-Wojdyło M, Włodarczyk A, Krajka K (2009). "Topical treatment of bowenoid papulosis of the penis with imiquimod". J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 23 (8): 978–9. doi:10.1111/j.1468-3083.2008.03083.x. PMID 19207667.

[pmid16164731-4] Conejo-Mir JS, Muñoz MA, Linares M, Rodríguez L, Serrano A (2005). "Carbon dioxide laser treatment of erythroplasia of Queyrat: a revisited treatment to this condition". J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 19 (5): 643–4. doi:10.1111/j.1468-3083.2005.01217.x. PMID 16164731.

[pmid21272092-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 Henquet CJ (2011). "Anogenital malignancies and pre-malignancies". J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 25 (8): 885–95. doi:10.1111/j.1468-3083.2010.03969.x. PMID 21272092.

[pmid14616349-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 Arlette JP (2003). "Treatment of Bowen's disease and erythroplasia of Queyrat". Br J Dermatol. 149 Suppl 66: 43–9. PMID 14616349.

[pmid10233277-7] Stables GI, Stringer MR, Robinson DJ, Ash DV (1999). "Erythroplasia of Queyrat treated by topical aminolaevulinic acid photodynamic therapy". Br J Dermatol. 140 (3): 514–7. PMID 10233277.

[pmid12175386-8] Buechner SA (2002). "Common skin disorders of the penis". BJU Int. 90 (5): 498–506. PMID 12175386.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 __NOTOC__
 {{BalanitisV}}
-{{CMG}}{{AE}}{{VD}}<BR>
+{{CMG}}{{AE}}{{VD}}
-{{SK}}Bowen's disease, Bowenoid papulosis, Erythroplasia of Queyrat
 ==Overview==
-[[Balanitis]] is inflammation of [[glans penis]], whenever balanitis involves foreskin and perpuce, it is termed as [[balanoposthitis]]. [[Bowenoid papulosis]], [[Erythroplasia of Queyrat]], and [[Bowen's disease]] are the three common penile carcinoma in situ causing balanitis. The exact [[pathogenesis]] for these conditions is not clearly known, but there is a strong association between [[Human papilloma virus]] and penile carcinoma in situ. Patients may be asymptomatic or symptomatic presentiing with [[Itch|pruritic]], or painful lesions in the [[Genital|genital region]]. Diagnosis is based on the clinical features supported by [[biopsy]]. Transformation of invasive [[squamous cell carcinoma]] is the major complication associated with these conditions. Treatment for these conditions include both medical and surgical modalities.
+[[Balanitis]] is inflammation of [[glans penis]]. When inflammation involves foreskin and perpuce, it is termed as [[balanoposthitis]]. [[Bowenoid papulosis]], [[Erythroplasia of Queyrat]], and [[Bowen's disease]] are the three common penile carcinoma in situ causing balanitis. The exact [[pathogenesis]] for these conditions is not clearly known, but there is a strong association between [[Human papilloma virus]] and penile carcinoma in situ. Patients may be asymptomatic or symptomatic presentiing with [[Itch|pruritic]], or painful lesions in the [[Genital|genital region]]. Diagnosis is based on the clinical features supported by [[biopsy]]. Transformation into invasive [[squamous cell carcinoma]] is the major complication associated with these conditions. Treatment for these conditions include both medical and surgical modalities.
 ==Historical Perspective==
-Historical perspective of penile carcinoma in situ include:
+Historical perspective of penile carcinoma in situ include:<ref name="pmid23806153" />
 '''Bowenoid papulosis'''
 *In 1977, term [[Bowenoid papulosis]] was coined by Kopf and Bart and named after dermatologist John templeton Bowen
 '''Erythroplasia of Queyrat'''
-* In 1891, Tarnovsky for the first time described [[Erythroplasia of Queyrat]].
+* In 1891, Tarnovsky for the first time described [[Erythroplasia of Queyrat]]
-* In 1893, Fournier and Darier appreciated it as a penile disease.
+* In 1893, Fournier and Darier appreciated it as a penile disease
-* in 1933, Sulzberger recognized it as carcinoma in situ.
+* in 1933, Sulzberger recognized it as [[carcinoma in situ]]
 '''Bowen's disease'''
-*In 1912, Bowen's Disease was described by the American dermatologist John T. Bowen
+*In 1912, Bowen's Disease was described by American dermatologist John T. Bowen
 ==Classification==
 There is no established classification for [[Balanitis]] caused by Penile [[carcinoma in situ]]
 ==Pathophysiology==
-Pathophysiology of penile carcinoma in situ include:<ref name="pmid23806153">{{cite journal| author=Kutlubay Z, Engin B, Zara T, Tüzün Y| title=Anogenital malignancies and premalignancies: facts and controversies. | journal=Clin Dermatol | year= 2013 | volume= 31 | issue= 4 | pages= 362-73 | pmid=23806153 | doi=10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.01.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23806153  }}<ref name="pmid17300265">{{cite journal| author=Kreuter A, Brockmeyer NH, Pfister H, Altmeyer P, Wieland U, German Competence Network HIV/AIDS| title=Increased human papillomavirus type 31 DNA load in a verrucous high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia of a human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient with extensive bowenoid papulosis. | journal=Br J Dermatol | year= 2007 | volume= 156 | issue= 3 | pages= 596-8 | pmid=17300265 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.07690.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17300265  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19207667">{{cite journal| author=Matuszewski M, Michajłowski I, Michajłowski J, Sokołowska-Wojdyło M, Włodarczyk A, Krajka K| title=Topical treatment of bowenoid papulosis of the penis with imiquimod. | journal=J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol | year= 2009 | volume= 23 | issue= 8 | pages= 978-9 | pmid=19207667 | doi=10.1111/j.1468-3083.2008.03083.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19207667  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid16164731">{{cite journal| author=Conejo-Mir JS, Muñoz MA, Linares M, Rodríguez L, Serrano A| title=Carbon dioxide laser treatment of erythroplasia of Queyrat: a revisited treatment to this condition. | journal=J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol | year= 2005 | volume= 19 | issue= 5 | pages= 643-4 | pmid=16164731 | doi=10.1111/j.1468-3083.2005.01217.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16164731  }} </ref><ref name="pmid21272092">{{cite journal| author=Henquet CJ| title=Anogenital malignancies and pre-malignancies. | journal=J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol | year= 2011 | volume= 25 | issue= 8 | pages= 885-95 | pmid=21272092 | doi=10.1111/j.1468-3083.2010.03969.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21272092  }} </ref><ref name="pmid14616349">{{cite journal| author=Arlette JP| title=Treatment of Bowen's disease and erythroplasia of Queyrat. | journal=Br J Dermatol | year= 2003 | volume= 149 Suppl 66 | issue=  | pages= 43-9 | pmid=14616349 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14616349  }} </ref><ref name="pmid17300265">{{cite journal| author=Kreuter A, Brockmeyer NH, Pfister H, Altmeyer P, Wieland U, German Competence Network HIV/AIDS| title=Increased human papillomavirus type 31 DNA load in a verrucous high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia of a human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient with extensive bowenoid papulosis. | journal=Br J Dermatol | year= 2007 | volume= 156 | issue= 3 | pages= 596-8 | pmid=17300265 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.07690.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17300265  }} </ref><ref name="pmid10233277">{{cite journal| author=Stables GI, Stringer MR, Robinson DJ, Ash DV| title=Erythroplasia of Queyrat treated by topical aminolaevulinic acid photodynamic therapy. | journal=Br J Dermatol | year= 1999 | volume= 140 | issue= 3 | pages= 514-7 | pmid=10233277 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10233277  }} </ref>
+Pathophysiology of penile carcinoma in situ include:<ref name="pmid23806153">{{cite journal| author=Kutlubay Z, Engin B, Zara T, Tüzün Y| title=Anogenital malignancies and premalignancies: facts and controversies. | journal=Clin Dermatol | year= 2013 | volume= 31 | issue= 4 | pages= 362-73 | pmid=23806153 | doi=10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.01.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23806153  }} </ref><ref name="pmid17300265">{{cite journal| author=Kreuter A, Brockmeyer NH, Pfister H, Altmeyer P, Wieland U, German Competence Network HIV/AIDS| title=Increased human papillomavirus type 31 DNA load in a verrucous high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia of a human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient with extensive bowenoid papulosis. | journal=Br J Dermatol | year= 2007 | volume= 156 | issue= 3 | pages= 596-8 | pmid=17300265 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.07690.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17300265  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19207667">{{cite journal| author=Matuszewski M, Michajłowski I, Michajłowski J, Sokołowska-Wojdyło M, Włodarczyk A, Krajka K| title=Topical treatment of bowenoid papulosis of the penis with imiquimod. | journal=J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol | year= 2009 | volume= 23 | issue= 8 | pages= 978-9 | pmid=19207667 | doi=10.1111/j.1468-3083.2008.03083.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19207667  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid16164731">{{cite journal| author=Conejo-Mir JS, Muñoz MA, Linares M, Rodríguez L, Serrano A| title=Carbon dioxide laser treatment of erythroplasia of Queyrat: a revisited treatment to this condition. | journal=J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol | year= 2005 | volume= 19 | issue= 5 | pages= 643-4 | pmid=16164731 | doi=10.1111/j.1468-3083.2005.01217.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16164731  }} </ref><ref name="pmid21272092">{{cite journal| author=Henquet CJ| title=Anogenital malignancies and pre-malignancies. | journal=J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol | year= 2011 | volume= 25 | issue= 8 | pages= 885-95 | pmid=21272092 | doi=10.1111/j.1468-3083.2010.03969.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21272092  }} </ref><ref name="pmid14616349">{{cite journal| author=Arlette JP| title=Treatment of Bowen's disease and erythroplasia of Queyrat. | journal=Br J Dermatol | year= 2003 | volume= 149 Suppl 66 | issue=  | pages= 43-9 | pmid=14616349 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14616349  }} </ref><ref name="pmid17300265">{{cite journal| author=Kreuter A, Brockmeyer NH, Pfister H, Altmeyer P, Wieland U, German Competence Network HIV/AIDS| title=Increased human papillomavirus type 31 DNA load in a verrucous high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia of a human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient with extensive bowenoid papulosis. | journal=Br J Dermatol | year= 2007 | volume= 156 | issue= 3 | pages= 596-8 | pmid=17300265 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.07690.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17300265  }} </ref><ref name="pmid10233277">{{cite journal| author=Stables GI, Stringer MR, Robinson DJ, Ash DV| title=Erythroplasia of Queyrat treated by topical aminolaevulinic acid photodynamic therapy. | journal=Br J Dermatol | year= 1999 | volume= 140 | issue= 3 | pages= 514-7 | pmid=10233277 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10233277  }} </ref>
 ==='''Bowenoid papulosis'''===
-The exact pathogenesis of Bowenoid papulosis is unknown.<ref name="pmid23806153">{{cite journal| author=Kutlubay Z, Engin B, Zara T, Tüzün Y| title=Anogenital malignancies and premalignancies: facts and controversies. | journal=Clin Dermatol | year= 2013 | volume= 31 | issue= 4 | pages= 362-73 | pmid=23806153 | doi=10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.01.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23806153  }} </ref>
+The exact pathogenesis of [[Bowenoid papulosis]] is unknown.<ref name="pmid23806153">{{cite journal| author=Kutlubay Z, Engin B, Zara T, Tüzün Y| title=Anogenital malignancies and premalignancies: facts and controversies. | journal=Clin Dermatol | year= 2013 | volume= 31 | issue= 4 | pages= 362-73 | pmid=23806153 | doi=10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.01.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23806153  }} </ref>
-Some studies have shown, etiological role of HPV type 16, 31, and 39 in Bowenoid papulosis.
+Some studies have shown, etiological role of [[HPV]] type 16, 31, and 39 in Bowenoid papulosis.
 =====Associated conditions include: =====
-*HIV
+*[[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|HIV]]
-*Lymphopenia
+*[[Lymphopenia]]
-*Depressed cell-mediated immunity
+*Depressed [[cell-mediated immunity]]
 =====Histopathology=====
-*The histopathology may reveal squamous cell carcinoma in situ, with widened spinous epidermal layer with proliferation of atypical basal cells, coilocytes, enlarged polimorfic and hyperchromatic nuclei as well as abnormal mitosis and hyperparakeratosis with collection of melanin of various amount seen.<ref name="pmid23806153">{{cite journal| author=Kutlubay Z, Engin B, Zara T, Tüzün Y| title=Anogenital malignancies and premalignancies: facts and controversies. | journal=Clin Dermatol | year= 2013 | volume= 31 | issue= 4 | pages= 362-73 | pmid=23806153 | doi=10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.01.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23806153  }} </ref><ref name="pmid17300265">{{cite journal| author=Kreuter A, Brockmeyer NH, Pfister H, Altmeyer P, Wieland U, German Competence Network HIV/AIDS| title=Increased human papillomavirus type 31 DNA load in a verrucous high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia of a human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient with extensive bowenoid papulosis. | journal=Br J Dermatol | year= 2007 | volume= 156 | issue= 3 | pages= 596-8 | pmid=17300265 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.07690.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17300265  }} </ref>
+*The histopathology may reveal [[Squamous cell carcinoma in situ of skin|squamous cell carcinoma in situ]], with widened spinous [[epidermal]] layer with proliferation of atypical [[Basal cell|basal cells]], coilocytes, enlarged polimorfic and hyperchromatic [[nuclei]] as well as abnormal [[mitosis]] and hyperparakeratosis with collection of [[melanin]] of various amount seen.<ref name="pmid23806153">{{cite journal| author=Kutlubay Z, Engin B, Zara T, Tüzün Y| title=Anogenital malignancies and premalignancies: facts and controversies. | journal=Clin Dermatol | year= 2013 | volume= 31 | issue= 4 | pages= 362-73 | pmid=23806153 | doi=10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.01.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23806153  }} </ref><ref name="pmid17300265">{{cite journal| author=Kreuter A, Brockmeyer NH, Pfister H, Altmeyer P, Wieland U, German Competence Network HIV/AIDS| title=Increased human papillomavirus type 31 DNA load in a verrucous high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia of a human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient with extensive bowenoid papulosis. | journal=Br J Dermatol | year= 2007 | volume= 156 | issue= 3 | pages= 596-8 | pmid=17300265 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.07690.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17300265  }} </ref>
 [[File:Bowenoid papulosis histopathology.png|center|thumb|666x666px|Bowenoid papulosis histopathology|link=http://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/File:Bowenoid_papulosis_histopathology.png]]
@@ Line 37: / Line 36: @@
 The exact pathogenesis of erythroplasia of Queyrat is unknown.
-Some studies have shown that chronic irritation, inflammation, phimosis, smoking, smegma, poor hygiene, genital herpes simplex, HPV, heat, friction, maceration, trauma, perpuce dermatoses, such as Lichen sclerosis or Lichen planus, may act as a risk factors for developing Erythroplasia of Queyrat.<ref name="pmid23806153">{{cite journal| author=Kutlubay Z, Engin B, Zara T, Tüzün Y| title=Anogenital malignancies and premalignancies: facts and controversies. | journal=Clin Dermatol | year= 2013 | volume= 31 | issue= 4 | pages= 362-73 | pmid=23806153 | doi=10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.01.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23806153  }} </ref>
+Some studies have shown that chronic irritation, [[inflammation]], [[phimosis]], smoking, [[smegma]], poor hygiene, genital [[herpes simplex]], [[HPV]], heat, friction, maceration, trauma, perpuce dermatoses such as Lichen sclerosis or [[Lichen planus]], may act as risk factors for developing Erythroplasia of Queyrat.<ref name="pmid23806153">{{cite journal| author=Kutlubay Z, Engin B, Zara T, Tüzün Y| title=Anogenital malignancies and premalignancies: facts and controversies. | journal=Clin Dermatol | year= 2013 | volume= 31 | issue= 4 | pages= 362-73 | pmid=23806153 | doi=10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.01.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23806153  }} </ref>
 =====Associated conditions=====
-*Epidermodysplasia verruciformis associated HPV-8
+*[[Epidermodysplasia verruciformis]] associated [[HPV|HPV-8]]
-*Genital high-risk HPV-16
+*Genital high-risk [[Human papillomavirus|HPV-16]]
 =====Histopathology=====
-*Slight to moderate plaque-like acanthotic epidermis with focal parakeratosis and hypogranulosis with loss of epidermal cell polarity as evidenced by vacuolated cells, atypical mitoses, atypical epithelial cells with hyperchromatic nuclei, multinucleated cells, dyskeratotic cells, and mitotic figures in the upper Malpighian layers.
+*Slight to moderate plaque-like acanthotic [[epidermis]] with focal parakeratosis and hypogranulosis with loss of [[epidermal]] cell polarity as evidenced by vacuolated cells, atypical mitoses, atypical epithelial cells with [[Hyperchromicity|hyperchromatic]] nuclei, [[multinucleated]] cells, dyskeratotic cells, and mitotic figures in the upper [[Malpighian layer|Malpighian]] layers.
-*The upper dermis is often edematous and densely invaded by a band-like plasma cell rich chronic round cell infiltrate.<ref name="pmid23806153">{{cite journal| author=Kutlubay Z, Engin B, Zara T, Tüzün Y| title=Anogenital malignancies and premalignancies: facts and controversies. | journal=Clin Dermatol | year= 2013 | volume= 31 | issue= 4 | pages= 362-73 | pmid=23806153 | doi=10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.01.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23806153  }} </ref>
+*The upper [[dermis]] is often [[Edema|edematous]] and densely invaded by a band-like [[plasma]] cell rich chronic round cell infiltrate.<ref name="pmid23806153">{{cite journal| author=Kutlubay Z, Engin B, Zara T, Tüzün Y| title=Anogenital malignancies and premalignancies: facts and controversies. | journal=Clin Dermatol | year= 2013 | volume= 31 | issue= 4 | pages= 362-73 | pmid=23806153 | doi=10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.01.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23806153  }} </ref>
 ===Bowen's Disease===
 The exact pathogenesis of Bowen's disease is unknown.
-Some studies have shown that lack of circumcision, HPV infection, phimosis, balanitis, or any chronic inflammation of the penile skin act as a risk factor in developing Bowen's disease.<ref name="pmid14616349">{{cite journal| author=Arlette JP| title=Treatment of Bowen's disease and erythroplasia of Queyrat. | journal=Br J Dermatol | year= 2003 | volume= 149 Suppl 66 | issue=  | pages= 43-9 | pmid=14616349 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14616349  }} </ref>
+Some studies have shown that lack of circumcision, [[HPV]] infection, [[phimosis]], [[balanitis]], or any chronic [[inflammation]] of the [[Penis|penile]] skin act as risk factors in developing Bowen's disease.<ref name="pmid14616349">{{cite journal| author=Arlette JP| title=Treatment of Bowen's disease and erythroplasia of Queyrat. | journal=Br J Dermatol | year= 2003 | volume= 149 Suppl 66 | issue=  | pages= 43-9 | pmid=14616349 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14616349  }} </ref>
 =====Associated conditions=====
 *HPV types 16<ref name="pmid21272092">{{cite journal| author=Henquet CJ| title=Anogenital malignancies and pre-malignancies. | journal=J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol | year= 2011 | volume= 25 | issue= 8 | pages= 885-95 | pmid=21272092 | doi=10.1111/j.1468-3083.2010.03969.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21272092  }} </ref>
 *HPV type 33
 =====Histopathology=====
-Full-thickness epidermal atypia with disordered architecture, abnormal mitoses, dyskeratosis, and involvement of associated pilosebaceous apparatus with an intact epidermal junction.<ref name="pmid14616349">{{cite journal| author=Arlette JP| title=Treatment of Bowen's disease and erythroplasia of Queyrat. | journal=Br J Dermatol | year= 2003 | volume= 149 Suppl 66 | issue=  | pages= 43-9 | pmid=14616349 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14616349  }} </ref>[[File:Bowen's disease histopathology.png|center|frameless|716x716px|Bowen's disease <ref name="pmid14616349">{{cite journal| author=Arlette JP| title=Treatment of Bowen's disease and erythroplasia of Queyrat. | journal=Br J Dermatol | year= 2003 | volume= 149 Suppl 66 | issue=  | pages= 43-9 | pmid=14616349 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14616349  }} </ref>histopathology|link=http://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/File:Bowen's_disease_histopathology.png]]
+Full-thickness [[epidermal]] [[atypia]] with disordered architecture, abnormal [[mitoses]], dyskeratosis, and involvement of associated pilosebaceous apparatus with an intact [[epidermal]] junction.<ref name="pmid14616349">{{cite journal| author=Arlette JP| title=Treatment of Bowen's disease and erythroplasia of Queyrat. | journal=Br J Dermatol | year= 2003 | volume= 149 Suppl 66 | issue=  | pages= 43-9 | pmid=14616349 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14616349  }} </ref>[[File:Bowen's disease histopathology.png|center|frameless|716x716px|Bowen's disease <ref name="pmid14616349">{{cite journal| author=Arlette JP| title=Treatment of Bowen's disease and erythroplasia of Queyrat. | journal=Br J Dermatol | year= 2003 | volume= 149 Suppl 66 | issue=  | pages= 43-9 | pmid=14616349 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14616349  }} </ref>histopathology|link=http://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/File:Bowen's_disease_histopathology.png]]
 ==Epidemiology and Demographics==
-There are no comprehensive studies reporting the incidence and prevalence of penile carcinoma in situ in general population. Some studies have reported the demographics of patients presenting with these diagnosis.
+There are no comprehensive studies reporting the [[incidence]] and [[prevalence]] of penile carcinoma in situ in general population. Some studies have reported the demographics of patients presenting with these conditions.
 ===='''Bowenoid papulosis'''====
-Bowenoid papulosis usually occurs in sexually active men aged between 20 to 40 years, with a mean age of 31 years, it occurs slightly more common in women then men.<ref name="pmid23806153">{{cite journal| author=Kutlubay Z, Engin B, Zara T, Tüzün Y| title=Anogenital malignancies and premalignancies: facts and controversies. | journal=Clin Dermatol | year= 2013 | volume= 31 | issue= 4 | pages= 362-73 | pmid=23806153 | doi=10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.01.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23806153  }} </ref>
+Bowenoid papulosis usually occurs in sexually active men aged between 20 to 40 years, with a [[mean]] age of 31 years, it occurs slightly more common in women then men.<ref name="pmid23806153">{{cite journal| author=Kutlubay Z, Engin B, Zara T, Tüzün Y| title=Anogenital malignancies and premalignancies: facts and controversies. | journal=Clin Dermatol | year= 2013 | volume= 31 | issue= 4 | pages= 362-73 | pmid=23806153 | doi=10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.01.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23806153  }} </ref>
 ====Erythroplasia of Queyrat====
@@ Line 63: / Line 63: @@
 ====Bowen's Disease====
-Bowen's  disease is occurs equally in both men and women, with the highest incidence inpatients older than age 60 years.<ref name="pmid23806153">{{cite journal| author=Kutlubay Z, Engin B, Zara T, Tüzün Y| title=Anogenital malignancies and premalignancies: facts and controversies. | journal=Clin Dermatol | year= 2013 | volume= 31 | issue= 4 | pages= 362-73 | pmid=23806153 | doi=10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.01.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23806153  }} </ref>
+Bowen's  disease usually occurs equally in both men and women, with the highest [[incidence]] in patients older than age 60 years.<ref name="pmid23806153">{{cite journal| author=Kutlubay Z, Engin B, Zara T, Tüzün Y| title=Anogenital malignancies and premalignancies: facts and controversies. | journal=Clin Dermatol | year= 2013 | volume= 31 | issue= 4 | pages= 362-73 | pmid=23806153 | doi=10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.01.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23806153  }} </ref>
 ==Screening==
@@ Line 71: / Line 71: @@
 '''Bowenoid papulosis'''
-If left untreated, papules may increase, decrease, or the lesions may disappear with time, or  progress  into squamous cell carcinoma(Studies have reported risk of progression of Bowenoid papulosis to Squamous cell carcinoma at 2.6%).<ref name="pmid23806153">{{cite journal| author=Kutlubay Z, Engin B, Zara T, Tüzün Y| title=Anogenital malignancies and premalignancies: facts and controversies. | journal=Clin Dermatol | year= 2013 | volume= 31 | issue= 4 | pages= 362-73 | pmid=23806153 | doi=10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.01.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23806153  }} </ref>
+If left untreated, [[papules]] may increase, or decrease, or disappear with time, or  progress  into [[squamous cell carcinoma]](Studies have reported risk of progression of bowenoid papulosis to [[squamous cell carcinoma]] at 2.6%).<ref name="pmid23806153">{{cite journal| author=Kutlubay Z, Engin B, Zara T, Tüzün Y| title=Anogenital malignancies and premalignancies: facts and controversies. | journal=Clin Dermatol | year= 2013 | volume= 31 | issue= 4 | pages= 362-73 | pmid=23806153 | doi=10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.01.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23806153  }} </ref>
 ====Erythroplasia of Queyrat====
-If left untreated, Erythroplasia of Queyrat may progress into invasive Squamous cell carcinoma, with an incidence ranging from 10% to 33%.<ref name="pmid23806153">{{cite journal| author=Kutlubay Z, Engin B, Zara T, Tüzün Y| title=Anogenital malignancies and premalignancies: facts and controversies. | journal=Clin Dermatol | year= 2013 | volume= 31 | issue= 4 | pages= 362-73 | pmid=23806153 | doi=10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.01.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23806153  }} </ref>
+If left untreated, Erythroplasia of Queyrat may progress into invasive [[Squamous cell carcinoma]], with an incidence ranging from 10% to 33%.<ref name="pmid23806153">{{cite journal| author=Kutlubay Z, Engin B, Zara T, Tüzün Y| title=Anogenital malignancies and premalignancies: facts and controversies. | journal=Clin Dermatol | year= 2013 | volume= 31 | issue= 4 | pages= 362-73 | pmid=23806153 | doi=10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.01.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23806153  }} </ref>
 ====Bowen's Disease====
-If left untreated, Bowen's disease may progress into invasive Squamous cell carcinoma(Incidence of Bowen's disease to develop into invasive squamous cell carcinoma is 3% to 5% for cutaneous and 10% for genital lesions). The malignant potential of Bowen's disease is increased when its existence is compounded by concomitant disease such as HPV infection, LS or LP, or in patients with poor genital hygiene and smokers.<ref name="pmid23806153">{{cite journal| author=Kutlubay Z, Engin B, Zara T, Tüzün Y| title=Anogenital malignancies and premalignancies: facts and controversies. | journal=Clin Dermatol | year= 2013 | volume= 31 | issue= 4 | pages= 362-73 | pmid=23806153 | doi=10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.01.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23806153  }} </ref>
+If left untreated, Bowen's disease may progress into invasive [[Squamous cell carcinoma]](Incidence of Bowen's disease to develop into invasive squamous cell carcinoma is 3% to 5% for cutaneous and 10% for genital lesions). The [[malignant]] potential of Bowen's disease is increased when its existence is compounded by concomitant disease such as [[HPV]] infection, Lichen sclerosis or [[Lichen planus]], or in patients with poor genital hygiene and smokers.<ref name="pmid23806153">{{cite journal| author=Kutlubay Z, Engin B, Zara T, Tüzün Y| title=Anogenital malignancies and premalignancies: facts and controversies. | journal=Clin Dermatol | year= 2013 | volume= 31 | issue= 4 | pages= 362-73 | pmid=23806153 | doi=10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.01.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23806153  }} </ref>
 ===Complications===
 Complication of penile carcinoma in situ include:<ref name="pmid23806153">{{cite journal| author=Kutlubay Z, Engin B, Zara T, Tüzün Y| title=Anogenital malignancies and premalignancies: facts and controversies. | journal=Clin Dermatol | year= 2013 | volume= 31 | issue= 4 | pages= 362-73 | pmid=23806153 | doi=10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.01.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23806153  }} </ref>
-* Pain
+* [[Pain]]
-* Transformation of invasive squamous cell carcinoma
+* Transformation into invasive [[squamous cell carcinoma]]
 ===Prognosis===
-The prognosis is usually good with treatment.
+The [[prognosis]] is usually good with treatment.
 ==Diagnosis==
@@ Line 87: / Line 88: @@
 History and symptoms of penile carcinoma in situ include:<ref name="pmid23806153">{{cite journal| author=Kutlubay Z, Engin B, Zara T, Tüzün Y| title=Anogenital malignancies and premalignancies: facts and controversies. | journal=Clin Dermatol | year= 2013 | volume= 31 | issue= 4 | pages= 362-73 | pmid=23806153 | doi=10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.01.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23806153  }} </ref><ref name="pmid21272092">{{cite journal| author=Henquet CJ| title=Anogenital malignancies and pre-malignancies. | journal=J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol | year= 2011 | volume= 25 | issue= 8 | pages= 885-95 | pmid=21272092 | doi=10.1111/j.1468-3083.2010.03969.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21272092  }} </ref><ref name="pmid12175386">{{cite journal| author=Buechner SA| title=Common skin disorders of the penis. | journal=BJU Int | year= 2002 | volume= 90 | issue= 5 | pages= 498-506 | pmid=12175386 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12175386  }} </ref>
 '''Bowenoid papulosis'''
+*Patients may be asymptomatic or present with [[Itch|pruritic]], or painful lesions in the genital region.
-Patients may be asymptomatic or present with pruritic, or painful lesions in the genital region.
 ====Erythroplasia of Queyrat====
-Patients may present with non-healing lesions in the genital region, which could also be associated with scaling, crusting, and bleeding.
+*Patients may present with non-healing lesions in the genital region, which could also be associated with [[Scaling skin|scaling]], crusting, and [[bleeding]].
 ==== Bowen's Disease ====
-Patient may be asymptomatic or present with pruritic, or painful lesions in the genital region.
+*Patient may be asymptomatic or present with [[Itch|pruritic]], or painful lesions in the genital region.
 ===Physical examination===
 Physical examination findings of penile carcinoma in situ include:<ref name="pmid23806153">{{cite journal| author=Kutlubay Z, Engin B, Zara T, Tüzün Y| title=Anogenital malignancies and premalignancies: facts and controversies. | journal=Clin Dermatol | year= 2013 | volume= 31 | issue= 4 | pages= 362-73 | pmid=23806153 | doi=10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.01.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23806153  }} </ref>
@@ Line 107: / Line 104: @@
 |'''Bowen's Disease'''
 |-
-|Multiple, small, well-demarcated, grey-brown, red, pink, or skin-colored papillomatous papules or small patches on the penile shaft, glans, or foreskin, vulva, and perianal area .The papules are nonpruritic, range in size from 2 to 10 mm, and usually lack scale.
+|Multiple, small, well-demarcated, grey-brown, red, pink, or skin-colored [[Papillomatosis|papillomatous]] papules or small patches on the penile [[shaft]], [[glans]], or [[foreskin]], [[vulva]], and perianal area.The [[papules]] are nonpruritic, range in size from 2 to 10 mm, and usually lack scales.
 |
-* Single or multiple red, shiny, slightly raised, sharply demarcated, velvety, non-healing plaques associated with scaling, crusting, and sometimes bleeding, affecting the mucosal surfaces of the penis.
+* Single or multiple red, shiny, slightly raised, sharply demarcated, velvety, non-[[healing]] [[plaques]] associated with [[Scaling skin|scaling]], crusting, and sometimes [[bleeding]], affecting the mucosal surfaces of the penis.
-* Inguinal nodes should be examined(Several studies have reported, Erythroplasia of Queyrat have tendency to metastasis to local lymph nodes)
+* Inguinal nodes should be examined(Several studies have reported,the tendency of Erythroplasia of Queyrat to [[metastasize]] to local lymph nodes)
-|Red, sometimes slightly pigmented, scaly, moist, velvety patches and plaques of the keratinized penis.
+|Red, sometimes slightly pigmented, scaly, moist, velvety patches and [[plaques]] of [[keratinization]] on [[penis]].
 |}
 [[File:Bowen disease .png|frameless|500x500px|Bowen's Disease|link=http://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/File:Bowen_disease_.png|center]]
 [[File:Bowenoid papulosis.png|frameless|500x500px|link=http://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/File:Bowenoid_papulosis.png|center]]
 === Laboratory findings ===
-Definite diagnosis is made by a biopsy showing the typical histologic picture of intraepidermal carcinoma ''in situ''.
+Definite [[diagnosis]] is made by biopsy showing typical histologic picture of [[Intraepidermal carcinoma skin|intraepidermal carcinoma in situ]].
 ==Treatment==
@@ Line 130: / Line 125: @@
 ===== Conservative treatment =====
-* Topical  [[Fluorouracil|5-FU,]] [[podophyllin]], [[retinoic acid]], and [[cidofovir]]; only moderate effects have been reported.
+* Topical  [[Fluorouracil|5-FU,]]or [[podophyllin]], or [[retinoic acid]], or [[cidofovir]]; only moderate effects have been reported.
-* [[Imiquimod]] cream 5% reported successful clearance of [[bowenoid papulosis]].
+* [[Imiquimod]] cream 5% reported successful clearance of [[bowenoid papulosis]]
 ===== Surgical treatment =====
-Surgical modalities in treating  Bowenoid papulosis include:
+Surgical modalities in treating  bowenoid papulosis include:
-[[Cryosurgery]], electrodessication, [[laser vaporization]] (Nd:YAG, argon, and carbon dioxide lasers), and surgical excision. All these modalities are found to associated with scarring.
+[[Cryosurgery]], electrodessication, [[laser vaporization]] (Nd:YAG, argon, and carbon dioxide lasers), and surgical excision. All these modalities are found to associated with scarring
 ==== Erythroplasia of Queyrat ====
 '''Conservative treatment'''
+[[Imiquimod]] and Topical [[Fluorouracil|5-FU]] application, help in minimizing the risk for [[scarring]], poor [[wound healing]], and functional impairment
-[[Imiquimod]] and Topical [[Fluorouracil|5-FU]] application, the help in minimizing  the risk for [[scarring]], poor [[wound healing]], and functional impairment.
 '''Surgical treatment'''
-Surgical modalities in treating [[Erythroplasia of Queyrat]] include: [[Mohs micrographic surgery]], [[cryotherapy]], electrodesiccation and [[curettage]], and laser ablation.
+Surgical modalities in treating [[Erythroplasia of Queyrat]] include: [[mohs micrographic surgery]], [[cryotherapy]], electrodesiccation and [[curettage]], and laser ablation
 ==== Bowen's Disease ====
 '''Conservative treatment'''
-* [[Photodynamic therapy]] and Topical [[Fluorouracil|5-FU]] application, the help in minimizing  the risk for [[scarring]], poor [[wound healing]], and functional impairment.
+* [[Photodynamic therapy]] and Topical [[Fluorouracil|5-FU]] application, help in minimizing  the risk for [[scarring]], poor [[wound healing]], and functional impairment
-* Recent studies have found that topical application of [[Imiquimod]] cream 5%  once daily for 16 weeks was effective in treating Bowen's disease.
+* Recent studies have found that topical application of [[Imiquimod]] cream 5%  once daily for 16 weeks was effective in treating Bowen's disease
 '''Surgical treatment'''
-Surgical modalities in treating bowen's disease include:  Local excision, [[Mohs micrographic surgery]], [[cryotherapy]], curettage with cautery/electrocautery, [[laser therapy]] with [[carbon dioxide]], argon, and Nd:YAG lasers.
+Surgical modalities in treating bowen's disease include:  Local excision, [[mohs micrographic surgery]], [[cryotherapy]], curettage with cautery/electrocautery, [[laser therapy]] with [[carbon dioxide]], argon, and Nd:YAG lasers
 == Prevention ==
 ===Primary Prevention===
-There are no [[Primary prevention|primary preventive]] measures available for penile carcinoma in situ.
+There are no established [[Primary prevention|primary preventive]] measures for preventing penile carcinoma in situ.
 ===Secondary prevention===
-There are no [[Secondary prevention|secondary preventive]] measures available for penile carcinoma in situ
+There are no established [[Secondary prevention|secondary preventive]] measures for penile carcinoma in situ.
 ==References==
 {{Reflist|2}}

Penile carcinoma in situ: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 16:12, 1 March 2017

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Bowenoid papulosis

Associated conditions include:

Histopathology

Erythroplasia of Queyrat

Associated conditions

Histopathology

Bowen's Disease

Associated conditions

Histopathology

Epidemiology and Demographics

Bowenoid papulosis

Erythroplasia of Queyrat

Bowen's Disease

Screening

Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

Natural history

Erythroplasia of Queyrat

Bowen's Disease

Complications

Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and symptoms

Erythroplasia of Queyrat

Bowen's Disease

Physical examination

Laboratory findings

Treatment

Conservative treatment

Surgical treatment

Erythroplasia of Queyrat

Bowen's Disease

Prevention

Primary Prevention

Secondary prevention

References

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