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| __NOTOC__ | | __NOTOC__ |
| {{SI}} | | |
| | {{Ophthalmoparesis}} |
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| | '''For patient information click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]]''' |
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| {{CMG}} | | {{CMG}} |
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| ==Overview==
| | {{SK}} Ophthalmoplegia |
| '''Ophthalmoparesis''' is a physical finding in certain [[neurology|neurologic]] illnesses. It refers to paralysis of the [[extraocular muscles]] which are responsible for [[eye movements]]. It can refer to complete paralysis of the eyes, in which case it is synonymous with '''ophthalmoplegia'''. More usually, it refers to a partial paralysis, in contrast to the complete paralysis denoted by ophthalmoplegia.
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| ==Classification== | | ==[[Ophthalmoparesis overview|Overview]]== |
| Ophthalmoparesis can involve any or all of the extraocular muscles, which include the [[superior rectus muscle|superior recti]], [[inferior rectus muscle|inferior recti]], [[medial rectus muscle|medial recti]], [[lateral rectus muscle|lateral recti]], [[inferior oblique muscle|inferior oblique]] and [[superior oblique muscle]]s.
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| It can also be classified by the directions of affected movements, e.g. "vertical ophthalmoparesis".
| | ==[[Ophthalmoparesis historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]== |
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| Types of ophthalmoplegia are:
| | ==[[Ophthalmoparesis classification|Classification]]== |
| *[[Progressive external ophthalmoplegia]]
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| *[[Supranuclear ophthalmoplegia]]
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| ==Causes== | |
| Ophthalmoparesis can result from disorders of various parts of the eye and nervous system:
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| * The [[orbit (anatomy)|orbit]] of the eye, including mechanical restrictions of eye movement, as in [[Graves disease]].
| | ==[[Ophthalmoparesis pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]== |
| * The [[muscle]], as in [[progressive external ophthalmoplegia]] or [[Kearns-Sayre syndrome]]
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| * The [[neuromuscular junction]], as in [[myasthenia gravis]].
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| * The [[cranial nerve]]s or their brainstem nuclei of the [[oculomotor nerve|oculomotor]], [[trochlear nerve|trochlear]], and [[abducens nerve|abducens]].
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| * White matter tracts in the brainstem, as in [[internuclear ophthalmoplegia]], an occasional finding in [[multiple sclerosis]].
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| * Injury to supranuclear structures, as in [[progressive supranuclear palsy]].
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| * Very rarely, disorders of higher brain structures, including the [[parietal lobe]]s of the cerebral cortex.
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| [[Thiamine]] deficiency can cause '''ophthalmoparesis''' in susceptible persons; this is part of the syndrome called [[Wernicke encephalopathy]]. The causal pathway by which this occurs is unknown. Intoxication with certain substances, such as [[phenytoin]], can also cause ophthalmoparesis. | | ==[[Ophthalmoparesis causes|Causes]]== |
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| ===Common Causes=== | | ==[[Ophthalmoparesis differential diagnosis|Differentiating Ophthalmoparesis from other Diseases]]== |
| *List the most common causes here.
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| ===Causes by Organ System===
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| {|style="width:82%; height:100px" border="1"
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| |style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
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| |style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Dental'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | |
| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Dermatologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Drug Side Effect'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Ear Nose Throat'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Endocrine'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Environmental'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Gastroenterologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Genetic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Hematologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Iatrogenic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Infectious Disease'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Neurologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Oncologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Ophthalmologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Psychiatric'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Pulmonary'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Sexual'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Trauma'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Urologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Miscellaneous'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |}
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| ===Causes in Alphabetical Order=== | | ==[[Ophthalmoparesis epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]== |
| {{col-begin|width=84%}}
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| {{col-break|width=33%}}
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| *[[Disease]] A
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| *[[Disease]] B
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| *[[Disease]] C
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| *[[Disease]] ...
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| {{col-break|width=33%}}
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| *[[Disease]] P
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| *[[Disease]] Q
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| *[[Disease]] R
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| *[[Disease]] ...
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| {{col-break|width=33%}}
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| *[[Disease]] X
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| *[[Disease]] Y
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| *[[Disease]] Z
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| {{col-end}}
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| ==Differentiating Opthalmoparesis from other Conditions== | | ==[[Ophthalmoparesis risk factors|Risk Factors]]== |
| *Acute cranial polyneuropathy
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| *[[Adie syndrome]]
| | ==[[Ophthalmoparesis natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]== |
| *Bilateral third nerve involvement
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| *[[Botulism]]
| | ==Diagnosis== |
| *Brainstem [[stroke]]
| | [[Ophthalmoparesis history and symptoms| History and Symptoms]] | [[Ophthalmoparesis physical examination | Physical Examination]] | [[Ophthalmoparesis laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Ophthalmoparesis CT|CT]] | [[Ophthalmoparesis other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Ophthalmoparesis other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]] |
| *[[Diptheria]]
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| *[[Drugs]]
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| *Iris injury
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| *[[Meningitis]]
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| *[[Myasthenia gravis]]
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| *[[Tetanus]]
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| *Midbrain lesion
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| *[[Vasculitis]]
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| ==Treatment== | | ==Treatment== |
| Treatment depend on the underlying condition.
| | [[Ophthalmoparesis medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Ophthalmoparesis surgery|Surgery]] | [[Ophthalmoparesis primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Ophthalmoparesis secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Ophthalmoparesis cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Ophthalmoparesis future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] |
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| | ==Case Studies== |
| | [[Ophthalmoparesis case study one|Case#1]] |
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| ==Related Chapters== | | ==Related Chapters== |
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| {{Eye pathology}} | | {{Eye pathology}} |
| | {{WH}} |
| | {{WikiDoc Sources}} |
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| [[Category:Neurology]] | | [[Category:Neurology]] |
| [[Category:Medical signs]]
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| [[Category:Overview complete]] | | [[Category:Overview complete]] |
| [[Category:Primary care]]
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| [[sv:Internukleär oftalmoplegi]]
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| {{WH}}
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| {{WikiDoc Sources}}
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