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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Supportive care is the mainstay of therapy for puerperal mastitis. | Supportive care is the mainstay of therapy for puerperal mastitis. Supportive therapy includes [[massage]], heat application, cold compresses, pain-relief and frequent [[breastfeeding]]. The treatment for non-puerperal mastitis is based on the underlying condition. Pharmacological therapies for non-puerperal mastitis include [[prolactin]] inhibiting agents, antimicrobial therapy, and [[nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs]] ([[NSAIDs]]). [[Granulomatous]] mastitis has been treated with some success by a combination of steroids and [[prolactin]] inhibiting medications. | ||
==Medical Therapy== | ==Medical Therapy== | ||
===Puerperal Mastitis=== | ===Puerperal Mastitis=== | ||
* Supportive care is the mainstay of therapy for puerperal mastitis. Supportive therapy includes [[massage]], heat application, cold compresses, pain-relief and frequent [[breastfeeding]]. | |||
*[[Massage]] and the application of heat can help prior to feeding as this will aid the opening of the ducts and passageways. A cold compress may be used to ease the pain when not wanting to lose the milk, though it is most appropriate to reduce the levels of milk contained. For this reason it is also advised that the baby should frequently feed from the inflamed breast. However, the content of the milk may be slightly altered, sometimes being more salty, and the taste may make the baby reject the breast at the first instance | *[[Massage]] and the application of heat can help prior to feeding as this will aid the opening of the ducts and passageways. A cold compress may be used to ease the pain when not wanting to lose the [[milk]], though it is most appropriate to reduce the levels of [[milk]] contained. For this reason it is also advised that the baby should frequently feed from the [[inflamed]] [[breast]]. However, the content of the [[milk]] may be slightly altered, sometimes being more salty, and the taste may make the baby reject the [[breast]] at the first instance. | ||
*In severe cases it may be required to stop [[lactation]] and use lactation inhibiting medication. | *In severe cases it may be required to stop [[lactation]] and use lactation inhibiting medication. | ||
===Non-puerperal Mastitis=== | ===Non-puerperal Mastitis=== | ||
The treatment for non-puerperal mastitis is based on the underlying condition. Pharmacological therapies for non-puerperal mastitis include [[prolactin]] inhibiting agents, antimicrobial therapy, and [[nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs]] ([[NSAIDs]]) | |||
*[[Prolactin]] inhibiting medication has been shown to be most effective and reduce risk of recurrence.<ref name="pmid8188014">{{cite journal| author=Pahnke VG, Goepel E| title=[Non-puerperal mastitis: a disease without end? (Results of a long-term study)]. | journal=Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd | year= 1994 | volume= 54 | issue= 3 | pages= 155-60 | pmid=8188014 | doi=10.1055/s-2007-1023572 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8188014 }} </ref><ref name="pmid2040409">{{cite journal| author=Goepel E, Pahnke VG| title=[Successful therapy of nonpuerperal mastitis--already routine or still a rarity?]. | journal=Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd | year= 1991 | volume= 51 | issue= 2 | pages= 109-16 | pmid=2040409 | doi=10.1055/s-2007-1023685 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2040409 }} </ref> | *[[Prolactin]] inhibiting medication has been shown to be most effective and reduce risk of recurrence.<ref name="pmid8188014">{{cite journal| author=Pahnke VG, Goepel E| title=[Non-puerperal mastitis: a disease without end? (Results of a long-term study)]. | journal=Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd | year= 1994 | volume= 54 | issue= 3 | pages= 155-60 | pmid=8188014 | doi=10.1055/s-2007-1023572 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8188014 }} </ref><ref name="pmid2040409">{{cite journal| author=Goepel E, Pahnke VG| title=[Successful therapy of nonpuerperal mastitis--already routine or still a rarity?]. | journal=Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd | year= 1991 | volume= 51 | issue= 2 | pages= 109-16 | pmid=2040409 | doi=10.1055/s-2007-1023685 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2040409 }} </ref> | ||
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*[[Granulomatous]] mastitis has been treated with some success by a combination of [[steroid]]s and [[prolactin]] inhibiting medication. | *[[Granulomatous]] mastitis has been treated with some success by a combination of [[steroid]]s and [[prolactin]] inhibiting medication. | ||
*More exotic treatments for non-puerperal mastitis that have been mentioned to show at least some efficacy include local and systemic [[progestins]] or [[progesterone]] <ref name="pmid8188014">{{cite journal| author=Pahnke VG, Goepel E| title=[Non-puerperal mastitis: a disease without end? (Results of a long-term study)]. | journal=Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd | year= 1994 | volume= 54 | issue= 3 | pages= 155-60 | pmid=8188014 | doi=10.1055/s-2007-1023572 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8188014 }} </ref><ref name="pmid2040409">{{cite journal| author=Goepel E, Pahnke VG| title=[Successful therapy of nonpuerperal mastitis--already routine or still a rarity?]. | journal=Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd | year= 1991 | volume= 51 | issue= 2 | pages= 109-16 | pmid=2040409 | doi=10.1055/s-2007-1023685 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2040409 }} </ref>, | *More exotic treatments for non-puerperal mastitis that have been mentioned to show at least some efficacy include local and systemic [[progestins]] or [[progesterone]] <ref name="pmid8188014">{{cite journal| author=Pahnke VG, Goepel E| title=[Non-puerperal mastitis: a disease without end? (Results of a long-term study)]. | journal=Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd | year= 1994 | volume= 54 | issue= 3 | pages= 155-60 | pmid=8188014 | doi=10.1055/s-2007-1023572 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8188014 }} </ref><ref name="pmid2040409">{{cite journal| author=Goepel E, Pahnke VG| title=[Successful therapy of nonpuerperal mastitis--already routine or still a rarity?]. | journal=Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd | year= 1991 | volume= 51 | issue= 2 | pages= 109-16 | pmid=2040409 | doi=10.1055/s-2007-1023685 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2040409 }} </ref>, and [[Danazol]]. | ||
*[[NSAIDs]] are being used to treat symptoms of the [[inflammation]], however it must be considered that these medications also affect [[pituitary]] function and tend to increase [[prolactin]] and [[IGF-1]] levels | *[[NSAIDs]] are being used to treat symptoms of the [[inflammation]], however it must be considered that these medications also affect [[pituitary]] function and tend to increase [[prolactin]] and [[IGF-1]] levels | ||
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===Granulomatous mastitis=== | ===Granulomatous mastitis=== | ||
*Steroid is the treatment of choice with or without [[prolactin]] inhibiting medications although a gold standard treatment modality has not been well established.<ref name="pmid26148520">{{cite journal| author=Altintoprak F, Kivilcim T, Yalkin O, Uzunoglu Y, Kahyaoglu Z, Dilek ON| title=Topical Steroids Are Effective in the Treatment of Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis. | journal=World J Surg | year= 2015 | volume= 39 | issue= 11 | pages= 2718-23 | pmid=26148520 | doi=10.1007/s00268-015-3147-9 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26148520}}</ref><ref name="pmid24446305">{{cite journal| author=Zhang LN, Shi TY, Yang YJ, Zhang FC| title=An SLE patient with prolactinoma and recurrent granulomatous mastitis successfully treated with hydroxychloroquine and bromocriptine. | journal=Lupus | year= 2014 | volume= 23 | issue= 4 | pages= 417-20 | pmid=24446305 | doi=10.1177/0961203313520059 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24446305}}</ref> | *[[Steroid]] is the treatment of choice with or without [[prolactin]] inhibiting medications although a gold standard treatment modality has not been well established.<ref name="pmid26148520">{{cite journal| author=Altintoprak F, Kivilcim T, Yalkin O, Uzunoglu Y, Kahyaoglu Z, Dilek ON| title=Topical Steroids Are Effective in the Treatment of Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis. | journal=World J Surg | year= 2015 | volume= 39 | issue= 11 | pages= 2718-23 | pmid=26148520 | doi=10.1007/s00268-015-3147-9 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26148520}}</ref><ref name="pmid24446305">{{cite journal| author=Zhang LN, Shi TY, Yang YJ, Zhang FC| title=An SLE patient with prolactinoma and recurrent granulomatous mastitis successfully treated with hydroxychloroquine and bromocriptine. | journal=Lupus | year= 2014 | volume= 23 | issue= 4 | pages= 417-20 | pmid=24446305 | doi=10.1177/0961203313520059 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24446305}}</ref> | ||
* | *[[Methotrexate]] and [[azathioprine]] can be added to maintain [[remission]].<ref name="pmid21966829">{{cite journal| author=Peña-Santos G, Ruiz-Moreno JL| title=[Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis treated with steroids and methotrexate]. | journal=Ginecol Obstet Mex | year= 2011 | volume= 79 | issue= 6 | pages= 373-6 | pmid=21966829 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21966829}}</ref> | ||
===Antimicrobial regimen=== | ===Antimicrobial regimen=== | ||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
{{WH}} | |||
{{WS}} | |||
[[Category:Dermatology]] | [[Category:Dermatology]] | ||
[[Category:Emergency mdicine]] | |||
[[Category:Disease]] | |||
[[Category:Up-To-Date]] | |||
[[Category:Infectious disease]] | [[Category:Infectious disease]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Gynecology]] | ||
[[Category:Surgery]] | |||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Prince Tano Djan, BSc, MBChB [2]
Overview
Supportive care is the mainstay of therapy for puerperal mastitis. Supportive therapy includes massage, heat application, cold compresses, pain-relief and frequent breastfeeding. The treatment for non-puerperal mastitis is based on the underlying condition. Pharmacological therapies for non-puerperal mastitis include prolactin inhibiting agents, antimicrobial therapy, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Granulomatous mastitis has been treated with some success by a combination of steroids and prolactin inhibiting medications.
Medical Therapy
Puerperal Mastitis
- Supportive care is the mainstay of therapy for puerperal mastitis. Supportive therapy includes massage, heat application, cold compresses, pain-relief and frequent breastfeeding.
- Massage and the application of heat can help prior to feeding as this will aid the opening of the ducts and passageways. A cold compress may be used to ease the pain when not wanting to lose the milk, though it is most appropriate to reduce the levels of milk contained. For this reason it is also advised that the baby should frequently feed from the inflamed breast. However, the content of the milk may be slightly altered, sometimes being more salty, and the taste may make the baby reject the breast at the first instance.
- In severe cases it may be required to stop lactation and use lactation inhibiting medication.
Non-puerperal Mastitis
The treatment for non-puerperal mastitis is based on the underlying condition. Pharmacological therapies for non-puerperal mastitis include prolactin inhibiting agents, antimicrobial therapy, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
- Prolactin inhibiting medication has been shown to be most effective and reduce risk of recurrence.[1][2]
- Antibiotics should be given in addition to prolactin inhibiting medication if there are clear signs of infection.
- Granulomatous mastitis has been treated with some success by a combination of steroids and prolactin inhibiting medication.
- More exotic treatments for non-puerperal mastitis that have been mentioned to show at least some efficacy include local and systemic progestins or progesterone [1][2], and Danazol.
- NSAIDs are being used to treat symptoms of the inflammation, however it must be considered that these medications also affect pituitary function and tend to increase prolactin and IGF-1 levels
- Many variants of surgical procedures such as duct resection have been tried to reduce the risk of recurrent subareolar abscesses. So far the success rates are limited and conservative treatment seems preferable where possible.
- Approximately 30% of cases develop chronic or recurring mastitis requiring long term or indefinite treatment with prolactin inhibiting medication.[1][2]
Granulomatous mastitis
- Steroid is the treatment of choice with or without prolactin inhibiting medications although a gold standard treatment modality has not been well established.[3][4]
- Methotrexate and azathioprine can be added to maintain remission.[5]
Antimicrobial regimen
- Mastitis[6]
- Preferred regimen (1): Amoxicillin-clavulanate 875 mg PO bid
- Preferred regimen (2): Cephalexin 500 mg PO qid
- Preferred regimen (3): Ciprofloxacin 500 mg PO bid
- Preferred regimen (4): Clindamycin 300 mg PO qid
- Preferred regimen (5): Dicloxacillin 500 mg PO qid
- Preferred regimen (6): Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 160 mg/800 mg PO bid
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Pahnke VG, Goepel E (1994). "[Non-puerperal mastitis: a disease without end? (Results of a long-term study)]". Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd. 54 (3): 155–60. doi:10.1055/s-2007-1023572. PMID 8188014.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Goepel E, Pahnke VG (1991). "[Successful therapy of nonpuerperal mastitis--already routine or still a rarity?]". Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd. 51 (2): 109–16. doi:10.1055/s-2007-1023685. PMID 2040409.
- ↑ Altintoprak F, Kivilcim T, Yalkin O, Uzunoglu Y, Kahyaoglu Z, Dilek ON (2015). "Topical Steroids Are Effective in the Treatment of Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis". World J Surg. 39 (11): 2718–23. doi:10.1007/s00268-015-3147-9. PMID 26148520.
- ↑ Zhang LN, Shi TY, Yang YJ, Zhang FC (2014). "An SLE patient with prolactinoma and recurrent granulomatous mastitis successfully treated with hydroxychloroquine and bromocriptine". Lupus. 23 (4): 417–20. doi:10.1177/0961203313520059. PMID 24446305.
- ↑ Peña-Santos G, Ruiz-Moreno JL (2011). "[Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis treated with steroids and methotrexate]". Ginecol Obstet Mex. 79 (6): 373–6. PMID 21966829.
- ↑ Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF, Dellinger EP, Goldstein EJ, Gorbach SL; et al. (2014). "Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the infectious diseases society of America". Clin Infect Dis. 59 (2): 147–59. doi:10.1093/cid/ciu296. PMID 24947530.