Hyperparathyroidism laboratory findings: Difference between revisions
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==Laboratory Findings== | ==Laboratory Findings== | ||
===Primary hyperparathyroidism=== | ===Primary hyperparathyroidism=== | ||
*An elevated serum | *An elevated serum calcium on routine biochemical screening in a asymptomatic patient should raise the suspicion of primary hyperparathyroidism.<ref name="pmid8964825">{{cite journal |vauthors=Silverberg SJ, Bilezikian JP |title=Evaluation and management of primary hyperparathyroidism |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=81 |issue=6 |pages=2036–40 |year=1996 |pmid=8964825 |doi=10.1210/jcem.81.6.8964825 |url=}}</ref> | ||
*An elevated/ concentration of serum ionized calcium with elevated parathyroid level is diagnostic of primary hyperparathyoidism. | *An elevated/ concentration of serum ionized calcium with elevated parathyroid level is diagnostic of primary hyperparathyoidism. | ||
*25-Hydroxy vitamin D is usually normal among patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. | |||
*Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism include | *Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism include | ||
**Elevated | **Elevated concentration of serum calcium | ||
**Elevated parathyroid level | **Elevated serum parathyroid level | ||
**Low normal serum phosphorous concentration | |||
* | **Elevated 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D (calcitriol) may be found in around half of patients. | ||
**There is a mild elevation in bone turnover indices including serum alkaline phosphate activity, osteocalcin, and urinary hydroxypiridinium collagen crosslinks. | |||
===Secondary hyperparathyroidism=== | ===Secondary hyperparathyroidism=== | ||
*Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of secondary hyperparathyroidism include: | *Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of secondary hyperparathyroidism include: | ||
**Elevated serum parathyroid hormone level | **Elevated serum parathyroid hormone level | ||
**Low to normal serum | **Low to normal serum calcium | ||
**Low serum vitamin D (25-hydroxy vitamin D) may be found if vitamin D deficiency is the cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism. | **Low serum vitamin D (25-hydroxy vitamin D) may be found if vitamin D deficiency is the cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism. | ||
===Tertiary hyperparathyroidism=== | ===Tertiary hyperparathyroidism=== | ||
*An elevated concentration of serum | *An elevated concentration of serum calcium with elevated parathyroid level in post renal transplant patients is diagnostic of tertiary hyperparathyoidism. | ||
==Biochemical Tests== | |||
===Serum Calcium=== | |||
*An elevated serum ionized calcium on routine biochemical screening in a asymptomatic patient should raise the suspicion of primary hyperparathyroidism.<ref name="pmid8964825">{{cite journal |vauthors=Silverberg SJ, Bilezikian JP |title=Evaluation and management of primary hyperparathyroidism |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=81 |issue=6 |pages=2036–40 |year=1996 |pmid=8964825 |doi=10.1210/jcem.81.6.8964825 |url=https://oup.silverchair-cdn.com/oup/backfile/Content_public/Journal/jcem/81/6/10.1210_jcem.81.6.8964825/1/jcem2036.pdf?Expires=1503692700&Signature=ZNJlqTCdoYB5YdpmMh2WawXE72llaZteGxPuWfREgVRKpx00WZxZ-UZdwfpk6LuPTdlWsh-Elc5Alf7JEW33H8tWVcfm7I-98XhVtwcWTBJzlm1TNVCrIeJ4eHKOS7ZEXCrDbyd33oACDzrKbod5FXSntDTBDOk2wlQiFJrIoZY~qDT82PcdGRmso9OOGmCtogJWLfOPLHGc6bDwvb8zrCK~itTf5PvHhAt-VN100iBDq~NwqRCmWPpMiE3yljADv7fw8Fo58JBz~QjiVc58JWSF2fRieodJYYInHaarbeMf4atxgXh6yyET0UFtl74i4IfdFFI0RMHoZR50XfUw9g__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIUCZBIA4LVPAVW3Q}}</ref> | |||
*Measurement of total serum calcium with automatic techniques has similar or even more reliability than serum ionized calcium measurement. | |||
*An elevated serum calcium should be confirmed by repeat measurement. | |||
*20% of patients with proven primary hyperparathyroidism have normal total calcium and elevated parathyroid hormone. Serum ionized concentration measurement is helpful in such cases.<ref name="pmid9612524">{{cite journal |vauthors=Glendenning P, Gutteridge DH, Retallack RW, Stuckey BG, Kermode DG, Kent GN |title=High prevalence of normal total calcium and intact PTH in 60 patients with proven primary hyperparathyroidism: a challenge to current diagnostic criteria |journal=Aust N Z J Med |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=173–8 |year=1998 |pmid=9612524 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | |||
*Some patients with primary hyperparathyroidism may have elevated concentration of serum parathyroid hormone with normal serum calcium, which is usually suggestive of normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism.<ref name="pmid19193910">{{cite journal |vauthors=Silverberg SJ, Lewiecki EM, Mosekilde L, Peacock M, Rubin MR |title=Presentation of asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: proceedings of the third international workshop |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=351–65 |year=2009 |pmid=19193910 |pmc=5393372 |doi=10.1210/jc.2008-1760 |url=}}</ref> Causes of secondary hyperparathyroidism should be rules out for making the diagnosis of normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism. Normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism might represent the first symptomatic stage of primary hyperparathyroidism.<ref name="pmid17536001">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lowe H, McMahon DJ, Rubin MR, Bilezikian JP, Silverberg SJ |title=Normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism: further characterization of a new clinical phenotype |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=92 |issue=8 |pages=3001–5 |year=2007 |pmid=17536001 |doi=10.1210/jc.2006-2802 |url=}}</ref> | |||
===Serum Parathyroid hormone=== | |||
*Method of choice for measuring intact parathyroid hormone include Immunoradiometric assay(IMRA) or Immunochemiluminescent assay(ICMA).<ref name="pmid8964825">{{cite journal |vauthors=Silverberg SJ, Bilezikian JP |title=Evaluation and management of primary hyperparathyroidism |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=81 |issue=6 |pages=2036–40 |year=1996 |pmid=8964825 |doi=10.1210/jcem.81.6.8964825 |url=https://oup.silverchair-cdn.com/oup/backfile/Content_public/Journal/jcem/81/6/10.1210_jcem.81.6.8964825/1/jcem2036.pdf?Expires=1503692700&Signature=ZNJlqTCdoYB5YdpmMh2WawXE72llaZteGxPuWfREgVRKpx00WZxZ-UZdwfpk6LuPTdlWsh-Elc5Alf7JEW33H8tWVcfm7I-98XhVtwcWTBJzlm1TNVCrIeJ4eHKOS7ZEXCrDbyd33oACDzrKbod5FXSntDTBDOk2wlQiFJrIoZY~qDT82PcdGRmso9OOGmCtogJWLfOPLHGc6bDwvb8zrCK~itTf5PvHhAt-VN100iBDq~NwqRCmWPpMiE3yljADv7fw8Fo58JBz~QjiVc58JWSF2fRieodJYYInHaarbeMf4atxgXh6yyET0UFtl74i4IfdFFI0RMHoZR50XfUw9g__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIUCZBIA4LVPAVW3Q}}</ref> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 19:21, 24 August 2017
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:
Overview
An elevated/reduced concentration of serum/blood/urinary/CSF/other [lab test] is diagnostic of [disease name].
OR
Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of [disease name] include [abnormal test 1], [abnormal test 2], and [abnormal test 3].
OR
[Test] is usually normal among patients with [disease name].
OR
Some patients with [disease name] may have elevated/reduced concentration of [test], which is usually suggestive of [progression/complication].
OR
There are no diagnostic laboratory findings associated with [disease name].
Laboratory Findings
Primary hyperparathyroidism
- An elevated serum calcium on routine biochemical screening in a asymptomatic patient should raise the suspicion of primary hyperparathyroidism.[1]
- An elevated/ concentration of serum ionized calcium with elevated parathyroid level is diagnostic of primary hyperparathyoidism.
- 25-Hydroxy vitamin D is usually normal among patients with primary hyperparathyroidism.
- Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism include
- Elevated concentration of serum calcium
- Elevated serum parathyroid level
- Low normal serum phosphorous concentration
- Elevated 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D (calcitriol) may be found in around half of patients.
- There is a mild elevation in bone turnover indices including serum alkaline phosphate activity, osteocalcin, and urinary hydroxypiridinium collagen crosslinks.
Secondary hyperparathyroidism
- Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of secondary hyperparathyroidism include:
- Elevated serum parathyroid hormone level
- Low to normal serum calcium
- Low serum vitamin D (25-hydroxy vitamin D) may be found if vitamin D deficiency is the cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism.
Tertiary hyperparathyroidism
- An elevated concentration of serum calcium with elevated parathyroid level in post renal transplant patients is diagnostic of tertiary hyperparathyoidism.
Biochemical Tests
Serum Calcium
- An elevated serum ionized calcium on routine biochemical screening in a asymptomatic patient should raise the suspicion of primary hyperparathyroidism.[1]
- Measurement of total serum calcium with automatic techniques has similar or even more reliability than serum ionized calcium measurement.
- An elevated serum calcium should be confirmed by repeat measurement.
- 20% of patients with proven primary hyperparathyroidism have normal total calcium and elevated parathyroid hormone. Serum ionized concentration measurement is helpful in such cases.[2]
- Some patients with primary hyperparathyroidism may have elevated concentration of serum parathyroid hormone with normal serum calcium, which is usually suggestive of normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism.[3] Causes of secondary hyperparathyroidism should be rules out for making the diagnosis of normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism. Normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism might represent the first symptomatic stage of primary hyperparathyroidism.[4]
Serum Parathyroid hormone
- Method of choice for measuring intact parathyroid hormone include Immunoradiometric assay(IMRA) or Immunochemiluminescent assay(ICMA).[1]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Silverberg SJ, Bilezikian JP (1996). "Evaluation and management of primary hyperparathyroidism". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 81 (6): 2036–40. doi:10.1210/jcem.81.6.8964825. PMID 8964825.
- ↑ Glendenning P, Gutteridge DH, Retallack RW, Stuckey BG, Kermode DG, Kent GN (1998). "High prevalence of normal total calcium and intact PTH in 60 patients with proven primary hyperparathyroidism: a challenge to current diagnostic criteria". Aust N Z J Med. 28 (2): 173–8. PMID 9612524.
- ↑ Silverberg SJ, Lewiecki EM, Mosekilde L, Peacock M, Rubin MR (2009). "Presentation of asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: proceedings of the third international workshop". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 94 (2): 351–65. doi:10.1210/jc.2008-1760. PMC 5393372. PMID 19193910.
- ↑ Lowe H, McMahon DJ, Rubin MR, Bilezikian JP, Silverberg SJ (2007). "Normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism: further characterization of a new clinical phenotype". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 92 (8): 3001–5. doi:10.1210/jc.2006-2802. PMID 17536001.