Hepatitis E primary prevention: Difference between revisions

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==Prevention==
==Prevention==
Improving [[sanitation]] is the most important measure, which consists in proper treatment and disposal of human waste, higher standards for public water supplies, improved personal hygiene procedures and sanitary food preparation. Thus, prevention strategies of this disease are similar to those of many others that plague developing nations, and they require large-scale international financing of water supply and water treatment projects.
As almost all [[HEV infection]]s are spread by the faecal - oral route, improving [[sanitation]] is the most important measure good personal hygiene. High quality standards for public water supplies and proper disposal of sanitary waste have resulted in a low prevalence of [[HEV infection]]s in many well developed societies.<ref>{{cite book | last = Mandell | first = Gerald | title = Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases | publisher = Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier | location = Philadelphia, PA | year = 2010 | isbn = 0443068399 }}</ref>
A vaccine based on recombinant viral proteins has been developed and recently tested in a high-risk population (military personnel of a developing country).<ref>{{cite journal |author=Shrestha MP, Scott RM, Joshi DM, ''et al'' |title=Safety and efficacy of a recombinant hepatitis E vaccine |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=356 |issue=9 |pages=895-903 |year=2007 |pmid=17329696 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa061847}}</ref> The vaccine appeared to be effective and safe, but further studies are needed to assess the long-term protection and the cost-effectiveness of hepatitis E vaccination.
 
For travellers to high [[endemic]] areas, the usual elementary food hygiene precautions are recommended. These include:
*Avoiding drinking water and/or ice of unknown purity
*Eating uncooked shellfish, uncooked fruits or vegetables that are not peeled or prepared by the traveller


===Guidelines for Epidemic Measures===
===Guidelines for Epidemic Measures===
Line 15: Line 18:
*Elimination of a common source of [[infection]]
*Elimination of a common source of [[infection]]
*Improvement of sanitary and hygienic practices to eliminate faecal contamination of food and water
*Improvement of sanitary and hygienic practices to eliminate faecal contamination of food and water
==Vaccination==
A vaccine based on recombinant viral proteins has been developed and recently tested in a high-risk population (military personnel of a developing country).<ref>{{cite journal |author=Shrestha MP, Scott RM, Joshi DM, ''et al'' |title=Safety and efficacy of a recombinant hepatitis E vaccine |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=356 |issue=9 |pages=895-903 |year=2007 |pmid=17329696 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa061847}}</ref> The vaccine appeared to be effective and safe, but further studies are needed to assess the long-term protection and the cost-effectiveness of hepatitis E vaccination.


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 16:22, 25 August 2014

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: João André Alves Silva, M.D. [2]

Overview

Prevention

As almost all HEV infections are spread by the faecal - oral route, improving sanitation is the most important measure good personal hygiene. High quality standards for public water supplies and proper disposal of sanitary waste have resulted in a low prevalence of HEV infections in many well developed societies.[1]

For travellers to high endemic areas, the usual elementary food hygiene precautions are recommended. These include:

  • Avoiding drinking water and/or ice of unknown purity
  • Eating uncooked shellfish, uncooked fruits or vegetables that are not peeled or prepared by the traveller

Guidelines for Epidemic Measures

The following measures should be observed in an epidemic situation:[2]

  • Determination of the mode of transmission
  • Identification of the population with an increased risk of infection
  • Elimination of a common source of infection
  • Improvement of sanitary and hygienic practices to eliminate faecal contamination of food and water

Vaccination

A vaccine based on recombinant viral proteins has been developed and recently tested in a high-risk population (military personnel of a developing country).[3] The vaccine appeared to be effective and safe, but further studies are needed to assess the long-term protection and the cost-effectiveness of hepatitis E vaccination.

References

  1. Mandell, Gerald (2010). Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. ISBN 0443068399.
  2. "Hepatitis E".
  3. Shrestha MP, Scott RM, Joshi DM; et al. (2007). "Safety and efficacy of a recombinant hepatitis E vaccine". N. Engl. J. Med. 356 (9): 895–903. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa061847. PMID 17329696.

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