Hemorrhagic stroke epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions

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{{Hemorrhagic stroke}}
{{Hemorrhagic stroke}}


{{CMG}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{SaraM}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) constitutes 10,000 to 15,000 cases per 100,000 individuals with all kind of strokes and has a higher risk of morbidity and mortality than cerebral infarction or subarachnoid hemorrhage
In 2013,  the prevalence of hemorrhagic stroke was estimated at 116.6 cases per 100,000 individuals.<ref name="pmid26063472">{{cite journal| author=Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 Collaborators| title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. | journal=Lancet | year= 2015 | volume= 386 | issue= 9995 | pages= 743-800 | pmid=26063472 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60692-4 | pmc=4561509 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26063472  }} </ref> [[Intracerebral hemorrhage]] (ICH) constitutes 10,000 to 15,000 cases per 100,000 individuals with all kind of strokes and has a higher risk of morbidity and mortality than cerebral infarction or [[subarachnoid hemorrhage]].
{| style="bo[[Link title]]rder: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px;" align=center
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! style="background: #4479BA; width: 250px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Epidemiology}}
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 500px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Intracerebral hemorrhage}}
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 500px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Subarachnoid hemorrhage}}
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''Incidence.'''<ref name="pmid10757834" /><ref name="pmid11157554" />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
*The overall incidence of [[intracerebral hemorrhage|ICH]] ranges from 12 to 31 per 100,000 population
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
*The incidence of [[subarachnoid hemorrhage|SAH]] was estimated 10.5 per 100 000 populations
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''Age'''<ref name="pmid22282880" /><ref name="pmid9445359" />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
*The incidence gets doubled every 10 years after age 35 every
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
*Usually occurs at a relatively young age
*The incidence of aneurysmal [[Subarachnoid hemorrhage|SAH]] increases with age
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''Gender'''<ref name="pmid9445359" /><ref name="pmid20056489" />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
*The prevalence and incidence does not vary by gender
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
*Women are slightly more affected with aneurysmal [[Subarachnoid hemorrhage|SAH]] than men
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''Race'''<ref name="pmid15790947" /><ref name="pmid1738378" />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
* Highest in Asians, follow by Blacks, Mexican Americans , and non-Hispanic whites
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
*Usually affects individuals of African Americans populations
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''Case fatality rate'''<ref name="Dennis" /><ref name="Kleindorfer" />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
*Ranges from 37,000  to 52,000 cases per 100,000 individuals
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
*Was estimated to be 32,000 cases per 100,000 individuals.
|}


==Epidemiology and demographics==
==Epidemiology and demographics==
===Prevalence===
In 2013,  the prevalence of hemorrhagic stroke was estimated at 116.6 cases per 100,000 individuals.<ref name="pmid26063472">{{cite journal| author=Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 Collaborators| title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. | journal=Lancet | year= 2015 | volume= 386 | issue= 9995 | pages= 743-800 | pmid=26063472 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60692-4 | pmc=4561509 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26063472  }} </ref>
===Incidence===  
===Incidence===  
In 2013, the age-adjusted incidence of hemorrhagic stroke was estimated 54.3 cases per 100,000 individuals.<ref name="pmid26063472">{{cite journal| author=Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 Collaborators| title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. | journal=Lancet | year= 2015 | volume= 386 | issue= 9995 | pages= 743-800 | pmid=26063472 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60692-4 | pmc=4561509 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26063472  }} </ref>
====Intracerebral hemorrhage====
*The overall incidence of [[intracerebral hemorrhage|intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)]] ranges from 12 to 31 per 100,000 population.<ref name="pmid10757834">{{cite journal| author=Gebel JM, Broderick JP| title=Intracerebral hemorrhage. | journal=Neurol Clin | year= 2000 | volume= 18 | issue= 2 | pages= 419-38 | pmid=10757834 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10757834  }} </ref>
*The overall incidence of [[intracerebral hemorrhage|intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)]] ranges from 12 to 31 per 100,000 population.<ref name="pmid10757834">{{cite journal| author=Gebel JM, Broderick JP| title=Intracerebral hemorrhage. | journal=Neurol Clin | year= 2000 | volume= 18 | issue= 2 | pages= 419-38 | pmid=10757834 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10757834  }} </ref>
*  
====Subarachnoid hemorrhage====
*The incidence of [[subarachnoid hemorrhage]] was estimated 10.5 per 100 000 person years.<ref name="pmid11157554">{{cite journal| author=van Gijn J, Rinkel GJ| title=Subarachnoid haemorrhage: diagnosis, causes and management. | journal=Brain | year= 2001 | volume= 124 | issue= Pt 2 | pages= 249-78 | pmid=11157554 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11157554  }} </ref>
 
===Age===
===Age===
====Intracerebral hemorrhage====
*The incidence of [[Intra-axial hemorrhage|intracerebral hemorrhage]] (ICH) increases with age, after age 35 every 10 years, the risk of having ICH is getting doubled.<ref name="pmid22282880">{{cite journal| author=Stein M, Misselwitz B, Hamann GF, Scharbrodt W, Schummer DI, Oertel MF| title=Intracerebral hemorrhage in the very old: future demographic trends of an aging population. | journal=Stroke | year= 2012 | volume= 43 | issue= 4 | pages= 1126-8 | pmid=22282880 | doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.644716 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22282880  }} </ref>
*Primary lobar hemorrhages, due to cerebral [[Amyloid angiopathy|amyloid]] angiopathy, are typically seen in elderly. Younger patients may also develop lobar hemorrhages, but in such cases they usually have an underlying lesion such as cerebral [[arteriovenous malformation]] (AVM).<ref name="pmid23733000">{{cite journal| author=Falcone GJ, Biffi A, Brouwers HB, Anderson CD, Battey TW, Ayres AM et al.| title=Predictors of hematoma volume in deep and lobar supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage. | journal=JAMA Neurol | year= 2013 | volume= 70 | issue= 8 | pages= 988-94 | pmid=23733000 | doi=10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.98 | pmc=3808840 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23733000  }} </ref>
====Subarachnoid hemorrhage====
*[[Subarachnoid hemorrhage|Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)]]usually occurs at a relatively young age
*[[Subarachnoid hemorrhage|Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)]]usually occurs at a relatively young age
**Aneurysmal [[Subarachnoid hemorrhage|Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH]]) commonly affects middle-aged people (between 40 and 60 years of age).<ref name="pmid9445359">{{cite journal| author=Rinkel GJ, Djibuti M, Algra A, van Gijn J| title=Prevalence and risk of rupture of intracranial aneurysms: a systematic review. | journal=Stroke | year= 1998 | volume= 29 | issue= 1 | pages= 251-6 | pmid=9445359 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9445359  }} </ref>
*The incidence of aneurysmal [[Subarachnoid hemorrhage|subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH]]) increases with age and commonly affects adults 􏰁≥50 years of age.<ref name="pmid9445359">{{cite journal| author=Rinkel GJ, Djibuti M, Algra A, van Gijn J| title=Prevalence and risk of rupture of intracranial aneurysms: a systematic review. | journal=Stroke | year= 1998 | volume= 29 | issue= 1 | pages= 251-6 | pmid=9445359 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9445359 }} </ref>
===Gender===
====Intracerebral hemorrhage ====
The prevalence and incidence of [[intracerebral hemorrhage]] does not vary by gender.<ref name="pmid20056489">{{cite journal| author=van Asch CJ, Luitse MJ, Rinkel GJ, van der Tweel I, Algra A, Klijn CJ| title=Incidence, case fatality, and functional outcome of intracerebral haemorrhage over time, according to age, sex, and ethnic origin: a systematic review and meta-analysis. | journal=Lancet Neurol | year= 2010 | volume= 9 | issue= 2 | pages= 167-76 | pmid=20056489 | doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70340-0 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20056489 }} </ref>


===Gender===
====Subarachnoid hemorrhage====
*Women are slightly more affected with aneurysmal [[Subarachnoid hemorrhage|Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH]]) than men.<ref name="pmid9445359">{{cite journal| author=Rinkel GJ, Djibuti M, Algra A, van Gijn J| title=Prevalence and risk of rupture of intracranial aneurysms: a systematic review. | journal=Stroke | year= 1998 | volume= 29 | issue= 1 | pages= 251-6 | pmid=9445359 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9445359  }} </ref>
*Women are slightly more affected with aneurysmal [[Subarachnoid hemorrhage|subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH]]) than men (1.24 times higher than in men).<ref name="pmid9445359" /><ref>de Rooij NK, Linn FH, van der Plas JA, Algra A, Rinkel GJ. Incidence of subarachnoid haemorrhage: a systematic review with emphasis on region, age, gender and time trends. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007;78:1365–1372.</ref>
*


===Race===
===Race===
*[[Subarachnoid hemorrhage]] usually affects individuals of African Americans populations.<ref name="pmid1738378">{{cite journal| author=Broderick JP, Brott T, Tomsick T, Huster G, Miller R| title=The risk of subarachnoid and intracerebral hemorrhages in blacks as compared with whites. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1992 | volume= 326 | issue= 11 | pages= 733-6 | pmid=1738378 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199203123261103 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1738378  }} </ref>
====intracerebral hemorrhage====
*The incidence of [[intracerebral hemorrhage]] is the highest in Asians, follow by blacks, and is the lowest in whites.
*In African Americans, the incidence of hemorrhagic stroke ([[intracerebral hemorrhage]]) is 48 cases per 100,000 persons.  
*In African Americans, the incidence of hemorrhagic stroke ([[intracerebral hemorrhage]]) is 48 cases per 100,000 persons.  
*In whites, the incidence of hemorrhagic stroke ([[intracerebral hemorrhage]]) is 48 cases per 100,000 persons. <ref name="pmid15790947">{{cite journal| author=Flaherty ML, Woo D, Haverbusch M, Sekar P, Khoury J, Sauerbeck L et al.| title=Racial variations in location and risk of intracerebral hemorrhage. | journal=Stroke | year= 2005 | volume= 36 | issue= 5 | pages= 934-7 | pmid=15790947 | doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000160756.72109.95 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15790947  }} </ref>
*In whites, the incidence of hemorrhagic stroke ([[intracerebral hemorrhage]]) is 48 cases per 100,000 persons. <ref name="pmid15790947">{{cite journal| author=Flaherty ML, Woo D, Haverbusch M, Sekar P, Khoury J, Sauerbeck L et al.| title=Racial variations in location and risk of intracerebral hemorrhage. | journal=Stroke | year= 2005 | volume= 36 | issue= 5 | pages= 934-7 | pmid=15790947 | doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000160756.72109.95 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15790947  }} </ref>
*The incidence of f Intracerebral hemorrhage is higher in Mexican Americans than non-Hispanic whites.<ref name="pmid15286023">{{cite journal| author=Morgenstern LB, Smith MA, Lisabeth LD, Risser JM, Uchino K, Garcia N et al.| title=Excess stroke in Mexican Americans compared with non-Hispanic Whites: the Brain Attack Surveillance in Corpus Christi Project. | journal=Am J Epidemiol | year= 2004 | volume= 160 | issue= 4 | pages= 376-83 | pmid=15286023 | doi=10.1093/aje/kwh225 | pmc=1524675 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15286023  }} </ref>
*The incidence of Intracerebral hemorrhage is higher in Mexican Americans than non-Hispanic whites.<ref name="pmid15286023">{{cite journal| author=Morgenstern LB, Smith MA, Lisabeth LD, Risser JM, Uchino K, Garcia N et al.| title=Excess stroke in Mexican Americans compared with non-Hispanic Whites: the Brain Attack Surveillance in Corpus Christi Project. | journal=Am J Epidemiol | year= 2004 | volume= 160 | issue= 4 | pages= 376-83 | pmid=15286023 | doi=10.1093/aje/kwh225 | pmc=1524675 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15286023  }} </ref>
====Subarachnoid hemorrhage====
*[[Subarachnoid hemorrhage]] usually affects individuals of African Americans populations.<ref name="pmid1738378">{{cite journal| author=Broderick JP, Brott T, Tomsick T, Huster G, Miller R| title=The risk of subarachnoid and intracerebral hemorrhages in blacks as compared with whites. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1992 | volume= 326 | issue= 11 | pages= 733-6 | pmid=1738378 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199203123261103 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1738378  }} </ref>
*The incidence of aneurysmal [[Subarachnoid hemorrhage|subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH]]) is higher in Blacks and Hispanics compere to white Americans.


===Geographic region===
===Geographic region===
*In the United States, the incidence of hemorrhagic stroke is 10 to 15 cases per 100,000 population.<ref name="pmid18162891">{{cite journal| author=Shea AM, Reed SD, Curtis LH, Alexander MJ, Villani JJ, Schulman KA| title=Characteristics of nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage in the United States in 2003. | journal=Neurosurgery | year= 2007 | volume= 61 | issue= 6 | pages= 1131-7; discussion 1137-8 | pmid=18162891 | doi=10.1227/01.neu.0000306090.30517.ae | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18162891  }} </ref>
====Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)====
*In China, the incidence of hemorrhagic stroke is 2 cases per 100,000 population.  
*In the United States, the incidence of [[subarachnoid hemorrhage|aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)]] is 10 to 15 cases per 100,000 population.<ref name="pmid18162891">{{cite journal| author=Shea AM, Reed SD, Curtis LH, Alexander MJ, Villani JJ, Schulman KA| title=Characteristics of nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage in the United States in 2003. | journal=Neurosurgery | year= 2007 | volume= 61 | issue= 6 | pages= 1131-7; discussion 1137-8 | pmid=18162891 | doi=10.1227/01.neu.0000306090.30517.ae | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18162891  }} </ref>
*In South and Central America, the incidence of hemorrhagic stroke is 4 cases per 100,000 population.<ref name="pmid17470467">{{cite journal| author=de Rooij NK, Linn FH, van der Plas JA, Algra A, Rinkel GJ| title=Incidence of subarachnoid haemorrhage: a systematic review with emphasis on region, age, gender and time trends. | journal=J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry | year= 2007 | volume= 78 | issue= 12 | pages= 1365-72 | pmid=17470467 | doi=10.1136/jnnp.2007.117655 | pmc=2095631 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17470467  }} </ref>
*In China, the incidence of [[subarachnoid hemorrhage|aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)]] is 2 cases per 100,000 population.<ref>Ingall T, Asplund K, Mahonen M, Bonita R. A multinational com- parison of subarachnoid hemorrhage epidemiology in the WHO
*In Finland and Japan, the incidence of hemorrhagic stroke is 19 to 23 cases per 100,000 population. <ref name="pmid10797165">{{cite journal| author=Ingall T, Asplund K, Mähönen M, Bonita R| title=A multinational comparison of subarachnoid hemorrhage epidemiology in the WHO MONICA stroke study. | journal=Stroke | year= 2000 | volume= 31 | issue= 5 | pages= 1054-61 | pmid=10797165 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10797165  }} </ref>
MONICA stroke study. Stroke. 2000;31:1054 –1061.
</ref>
*In South and Central America, the incidence of [[subarachnoid hemorrhage|aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)]] is 4 cases per 100,000 population.<ref name="pmid17470467">{{cite journal| author=de Rooij NK, Linn FH, van der Plas JA, Algra A, Rinkel GJ| title=Incidence of subarachnoid haemorrhage: a systematic review with emphasis on region, age, gender and time trends. | journal=J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry | year= 2007 | volume= 78 | issue= 12 | pages= 1365-72 | pmid=17470467 | doi=10.1136/jnnp.2007.117655 | pmc=2095631 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17470467  }} </ref>
*In Finland and Japan, the incidence of [[subarachnoid hemorrhage|aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)]] is 19 to 23 cases per 100,000 population. <ref name="pmid10797165">{{cite journal| author=Ingall T, Asplund K, Mähönen M, Bonita R| title=A multinational comparison of subarachnoid hemorrhage epidemiology in the WHO MONICA stroke study. | journal=Stroke | year= 2000 | volume= 31 | issue= 5 | pages= 1054-61 | pmid=10797165 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10797165  }} </ref>


===Case fatality rate===
===Case fatality rate===
====intracerebral hemorrhage====
*The 30-day case fatality rate of [[intracerebral hemorrhage|intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)]] ranges from 37,000  to 52,000 cases per 100,000 individuals.<ref name=Dennis>Dennis, Martin S., et al. "Long-term survival after first-ever stroke: the Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project." Stroke 24.6 (1993): 796-800.</ref><ref name=Kleindorfer > Kleindorfer D., Broderick J., Khoury J., et al: The unchanging incidence and case-fatality of stroke in the 1990s: a population-based study. Stroke 2006; 37: pp. 2473-2478</ref>
*The 30-day case fatality rate of [[intracerebral hemorrhage|intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)]] ranges from 37,000  to 52,000 cases per 100,000 individuals.<ref name=Dennis>Dennis, Martin S., et al. "Long-term survival after first-ever stroke: the Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project." Stroke 24.6 (1993): 796-800.</ref><ref name=Kleindorfer > Kleindorfer D., Broderick J., Khoury J., et al: The unchanging incidence and case-fatality of stroke in the 1990s: a population-based study. Stroke 2006; 37: pp. 2473-2478</ref>
*Death at 1 year for [[intracerebral hemorrhage|intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)]] varies by location:<ref name=Woo> Woo, Daniel, and Joseph P. Broderick. "Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: epidemiology and clinical presentation." Neurosurgery clinics of North America 13.3 (2002): 265-279.</ref>
*Death at 1 year for [[intracerebral hemorrhage|intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)]] varies by hemorrhage location:<ref name=Woo> Woo, Daniel, and Joseph P. Broderick. "Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: epidemiology and clinical presentation." Neurosurgery clinics of North America 13.3 (2002): 265-279.</ref>
**Brain steam 65,000 cases per 100,000 individuals
**Lobar ICH 57,000 cases per 100,000 individuals
**Deep ICH 50,000 cases per 100,000 individuals
**Deep ICH 50,000 cases per 100,000 individuals
**Lobar ICH 57,000 cases per 100,000 individuals
**Cerebellar ICH 42,000 cases per 100,000 individuals
**Cerebellar ICH 42,000 cases per 100,000 individuals
**Brain steam 65,000 cases per 100,000 individuals
 
*The 30-day case fatality rate of [[Subarachnoid hemorrhage|Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH]]) is 32,000 cases per 100,000 individuals.<ref name=Feigin> Feigin, Valery L., et al. "Stroke epidemiology: a review of population-based studies of incidence, prevalence, and case-fatality in the late 20th century." The Lancet Neurology 2.1 (2003): 43-53.</ref>
====Subarachnoid hemorrhage====
*The 30-day case fatality rate of [[Subarachnoid hemorrhage|subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH]]) is 32,000 cases per 100,000 individuals.<ref name=Feigin> Feigin, Valery L., et al. "Stroke epidemiology: a review of population-based studies of incidence, prevalence, and case-fatality in the late 20th century." The Lancet Neurology 2.1 (2003): 43-53.</ref>


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==References==

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sara Mehrsefat, M.D. [2]

Overview

In 2013, the prevalence of hemorrhagic stroke was estimated at 116.6 cases per 100,000 individuals.[1] Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) constitutes 10,000 to 15,000 cases per 100,000 individuals with all kind of strokes and has a higher risk of morbidity and mortality than cerebral infarction or subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Epidemiology Intracerebral hemorrhage Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Incidence.[2][3]
  • The overall incidence of ICH ranges from 12 to 31 per 100,000 population
  • The incidence of SAH was estimated 10.5 per 100 000 populations
Age[4][5]
  • The incidence gets doubled every 10 years after age 35 every
  • Usually occurs at a relatively young age
  • The incidence of aneurysmal SAH increases with age
Gender[5][6]
  • The prevalence and incidence does not vary by gender
  • Women are slightly more affected with aneurysmal SAH than men
Race[7][8]
  • Highest in Asians, follow by Blacks, Mexican Americans , and non-Hispanic whites
  • Usually affects individuals of African Americans populations
Case fatality rate[9][10]
  • Ranges from 37,000 to 52,000 cases per 100,000 individuals
  • Was estimated to be 32,000 cases per 100,000 individuals.

Epidemiology and demographics

Prevalence

In 2013, the prevalence of hemorrhagic stroke was estimated at 116.6 cases per 100,000 individuals.[1]

Incidence

In 2013, the age-adjusted incidence of hemorrhagic stroke was estimated 54.3 cases per 100,000 individuals.[1]

Intracerebral hemorrhage

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Age

Intracerebral hemorrhage

  • The incidence of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) increases with age, after age 35 every 10 years, the risk of having ICH is getting doubled.[4]
  • Primary lobar hemorrhages, due to cerebral amyloid angiopathy, are typically seen in elderly. Younger patients may also develop lobar hemorrhages, but in such cases they usually have an underlying lesion such as cerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVM).[11]

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Gender

Intracerebral hemorrhage

The prevalence and incidence of intracerebral hemorrhage does not vary by gender.[6]

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Race

intracerebral hemorrhage

  • The incidence of intracerebral hemorrhage is the highest in Asians, follow by blacks, and is the lowest in whites.
  • In African Americans, the incidence of hemorrhagic stroke (intracerebral hemorrhage) is 48 cases per 100,000 persons.
  • In whites, the incidence of hemorrhagic stroke (intracerebral hemorrhage) is 48 cases per 100,000 persons. [7]
  • The incidence of Intracerebral hemorrhage is higher in Mexican Americans than non-Hispanic whites.[13]

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Geographic region

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)

Case fatality rate

intracerebral hemorrhage

  • The 30-day case fatality rate of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) ranges from 37,000 to 52,000 cases per 100,000 individuals.[9][10]
  • Death at 1 year for intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) varies by hemorrhage location:[18]
    • Brain steam 65,000 cases per 100,000 individuals
    • Lobar ICH 57,000 cases per 100,000 individuals
    • Deep ICH 50,000 cases per 100,000 individuals
    • Cerebellar ICH 42,000 cases per 100,000 individuals

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 Collaborators (2015). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". Lancet. 386 (9995): 743–800. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60692-4. PMC 4561509. PMID 26063472.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Gebel JM, Broderick JP (2000). "Intracerebral hemorrhage". Neurol Clin. 18 (2): 419–38. PMID 10757834.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 van Gijn J, Rinkel GJ (2001). "Subarachnoid haemorrhage: diagnosis, causes and management". Brain. 124 (Pt 2): 249–78. PMID 11157554.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Stein M, Misselwitz B, Hamann GF, Scharbrodt W, Schummer DI, Oertel MF (2012). "Intracerebral hemorrhage in the very old: future demographic trends of an aging population". Stroke. 43 (4): 1126–8. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.644716. PMID 22282880.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Rinkel GJ, Djibuti M, Algra A, van Gijn J (1998). "Prevalence and risk of rupture of intracranial aneurysms: a systematic review". Stroke. 29 (1): 251–6. PMID 9445359.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 van Asch CJ, Luitse MJ, Rinkel GJ, van der Tweel I, Algra A, Klijn CJ (2010). "Incidence, case fatality, and functional outcome of intracerebral haemorrhage over time, according to age, sex, and ethnic origin: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Lancet Neurol. 9 (2): 167–76. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70340-0. PMID 20056489.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Flaherty ML, Woo D, Haverbusch M, Sekar P, Khoury J, Sauerbeck L; et al. (2005). "Racial variations in location and risk of intracerebral hemorrhage". Stroke. 36 (5): 934–7. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000160756.72109.95. PMID 15790947.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Broderick JP, Brott T, Tomsick T, Huster G, Miller R (1992). "The risk of subarachnoid and intracerebral hemorrhages in blacks as compared with whites". N Engl J Med. 326 (11): 733–6. doi:10.1056/NEJM199203123261103. PMID 1738378.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Dennis, Martin S., et al. "Long-term survival after first-ever stroke: the Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project." Stroke 24.6 (1993): 796-800.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Kleindorfer D., Broderick J., Khoury J., et al: The unchanging incidence and case-fatality of stroke in the 1990s: a population-based study. Stroke 2006; 37: pp. 2473-2478
  11. ↑ Falcone GJ, Biffi A, Brouwers HB, Anderson CD, Battey TW, Ayres AM; et al. (2013). "Predictors of hematoma volume in deep and lobar supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage". JAMA Neurol. 70 (8): 988–94. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.98. PMC 3808840. PMID 23733000.
  12. ↑ de Rooij NK, Linn FH, van der Plas JA, Algra A, Rinkel GJ. Incidence of subarachnoid haemorrhage: a systematic review with emphasis on region, age, gender and time trends. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007;78:1365–1372.
  13. ↑ Morgenstern LB, Smith MA, Lisabeth LD, Risser JM, Uchino K, Garcia N; et al. (2004). "Excess stroke in Mexican Americans compared with non-Hispanic Whites: the Brain Attack Surveillance in Corpus Christi Project". Am J Epidemiol. 160 (4): 376–83. doi:10.1093/aje/kwh225. PMC 1524675. PMID 15286023.
  14. ↑ Shea AM, Reed SD, Curtis LH, Alexander MJ, Villani JJ, Schulman KA (2007). "Characteristics of nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage in the United States in 2003". Neurosurgery. 61 (6): 1131–7, discussion 1137-8. doi:10.1227/01.neu.0000306090.30517.ae. PMID 18162891.
  15. ↑ Ingall T, Asplund K, Mahonen M, Bonita R. A multinational com- parison of subarachnoid hemorrhage epidemiology in the WHO MONICA stroke study. Stroke. 2000;31:1054 –1061.
  16. ↑ de Rooij NK, Linn FH, van der Plas JA, Algra A, Rinkel GJ (2007). "Incidence of subarachnoid haemorrhage: a systematic review with emphasis on region, age, gender and time trends". J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 78 (12): 1365–72. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2007.117655. PMC 2095631. PMID 17470467.
  17. ↑ Ingall T, Asplund K, Mähönen M, Bonita R (2000). "A multinational comparison of subarachnoid hemorrhage epidemiology in the WHO MONICA stroke study". Stroke. 31 (5): 1054–61. PMID 10797165.
  18. ↑ Woo, Daniel, and Joseph P. Broderick. "Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: epidemiology and clinical presentation." Neurosurgery clinics of North America 13.3 (2002): 265-279.
  19. ↑ Feigin, Valery L., et al. "Stroke epidemiology: a review of population-based studies of incidence, prevalence, and case-fatality in the late 20th century." The Lancet Neurology 2.1 (2003): 43-53.


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