Goiter classification

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:

Overview

In 1974, an international committee of thyroid pathologists published the first WHO histological classification of thyroid tumours which had served as a basis for various clinical, pathological, and epidemiological studies. Goiter may also be classified according to various classification methods based on etiological, epidemiological, anatomical, pathological, functional and morphological factors.

Classification

• In 1974, an international committee of thyroid pathologists published the first WHO histological classification of thyroid tumours which had served as a basis for various clinical, pathological, and epidemiological studies.

• WHO Histological Classification of Thyroid Tumors, Second edition (1988)
  • Epithelial tumors
    • Benign
      • Follicular adenoma
      • Others
    • Malignant
      • Follicular carcinoma
      • Papillary carcinoma
      • Medullary carcinoma
      • Undifferentiated (anaplastic) carcinoma
      • Others
  • Nonepithelial tumors
    • Benign
    • Malignant
  • Malignant lymphomas
  • Miscellaneous tumors
  • Secondary tumors
  • Unclassified tumors
  • Tumor-like lesions

• Goiter may be also be classified according to various classification methods based on the following criteria:
  • Etiological classification
  • Epidemiological classification
  • Anatomical classification
  • Pathological classification
  • Functional classification
  • Morphological classification

• Etiological classification:
  • Physiological goiter: Goiters as a result of increased metabolic demand of thyroid hormones (during pregnancy or puberty)
  • Pathological goiter: Goiters as a result of diseases affecting the thyroid gland e.g. Neoplastic or inflammatory conditions

• Epidemiological classification:
  • Familial goiters: Goiters that occur in families as a result of Inherited defect of thyroid hormone synthesis
  • Endemic goiters: Thyroid enlargement affecting a significant number of population in a particular locality
  • Sporadic goiters: Goiters that run sporadically

• Anatomical classification:
  • Cervical goiter: Goiter situated on the anterior aspect of the neck
  • Retrosternal goiter: Goiter extends downward and gets situated behind the sternum
  • Intrathoracic goiter: Goiter which extends into thoracic cavity

• Pathological classification:
  • Simple goiter
  • Toxic goiter
  • Neoplastic goiter
  • Inflammatory goiter
  • Miscellaneous (Other rare types)

• Functional classification:
  • Toxic goiter: Type of goiter associated with thyroid hyperfunction (hyperthyroidism)
  • Non-toxic goiter: Type of goiter associated with thyroid hypofunction (hypothyroidism) or normal thyroid function (Euthyroid)

• Morphological classification: According to the texture of the gland
  • Diffuse goiter
  • Nodular goiter
    • Solitary nodular goiter
    • Multinodular goiter