Goiter causes: Difference between revisions

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Latest revision as of 11:17, 20 November 2017

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aravind Reddy Kothagadi M.B.B.S [2]

Overview

Various factors have been associated with the cause of goiter such as hereditary, hormonal, dietary, pharmacological, physiological, environmental and pathological factors. The most common causes being, iodine deficiency, Grave's disease and hashimoto's disease. Goiter may be caused by a mutation in the genes such as the thyroglobulin (Tg) gene, thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) gene and the sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) gene.

Causes

Factors associated with goiter can be classified as follows:

Hereditary factors

Inherited defect(Familial goiter) of thyroid hormone synthesis such as:
- Enzymatic defect deficiency
- Dyshormonogenesis

Hormonal factors

Thyroid hormone dysfunction:

Hyperthyroidism (overproduction of thyroid hormones)
Hypothyroidism (underproduction of thyroid hormones)

Dietary factors

Dietary iodine deficiency
Goitrogens (play a major role in endemic goitre)

Pharmacological factors

Use of goitrogenic drugs like para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS), thiocyanate and antithyroid drugs [e.g. thiouracil, carbimazole] results in hypothyroidism

Physiological factors

Increased metabolic demand of thyroid hormones e.g. during pregnancy or puberty results in physiological goiter.

Environmental factors

Exposure to radiations leading to:
- Thyroid cancer
- Hypothyroidism

Pathological factors

Intrinsic thyroid gland diseases:

Inflammatory goitres
Neoplastic goitres
- Benign adenoma (follicular adenoma)
- Malignant
  - Primary: Well differentiated, poorly differentiated, arising from parafollicular cells
  - Secondary

Common Causes

Goiter may be caused by:

Less Common Causes

Less common causes of Goiter include:

Genetic Causes

Goiter may be caused by a mutation in the following genes which vary from one family to the other: ^[1]

Thyroglobulin (Tg) gene
Thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) gene
Sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) gene

Multinodular goiter marker 1 (MNG1) on chromosome 14 ^[1]

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Brix TH, Hegedüs L (2000). "Genetic and environmental factors in the aetiology of simple goitre". Ann. Med. 32 (3): 153–6. PMID 10821321.

Template:WH Template:WS

[pmid10821321-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Brix TH, Hegedüs L (2000). "Genetic and environmental factors in the aetiology of simple goitre". Ann. Med. 32 (3): 153–6. PMID 10821321.

[1]

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 {{Goiter}}
-{{CMG}}; {{AE}}
+{{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{ARK}}
 ==Overview==
-Disease name] may be caused by [cause1], [cause2], or [cause3].
+Various factors have been associated with the cause of goiter such as [[hereditary]], [[hormonal]], [[dietary]], [[pharmacological]], [[physiological]], environmental and [[pathological]] factors. The most common causes being, [[iodine deficiency]], [[Graves' disease|Grave's disease]] and [[hashimoto's disease]]. Goiter may be caused by a [[mutation]] in the [[genes]] such as the [[thyroglobulin]] (Tg) gene, [[thyroid-stimulating hormone]] receptor (TSHR) gene and the [[Sodium-iodide symporter|sodium-iodide  symporter (NIS) gene]].
-OR
-Common causes of [disease] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].
-OR
-The most common cause of [disease name] is [cause 1]. Less common causes of [disease name] include [cause 2], [cause 3], and [cause 4].
-OR
-The cause of [disease name] has not been identified. To review risk factors for the development of [disease name], click [[Pericarditis causes#Overview|here]].
 ==Causes==
-*'''Factors associated with goiter can be classified as follows:-'''
+Factors associated with goiter can be classified as follows:
-**''Hereditary factors''
-**''Hormonal factors''
-**''Dietary factors''
-**''Pharmacological factors''
-**''Physiological factors''
-**''Environmental factors''
-**''Pathological factors''
-*'''''Hereditary factors:'''''
-**Inherited defect(Familial goitre) of thyroid hormone synthesis such as:
-***Enzymatic defect deficiency
-***Dyshormonogenesis
-*'''''Hormonal factors:'''''
-**Thyroid hormone dysfunction:
-***Hyperthyroidism (overproduction of thyroid hormones)
-***Hypothyroidism (underproduction of thyroid hormones)
-*'''''Dietary factors:'''''
-**Dietary iodine deficiency
-**Goitrogens (play a major role in endemic goitre)
-*'''''Pharmacological factors:'''''
-**Use of goitrogen drugs like para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS), thiocyanate and antithyroid drugs [e.g. thiouracil, carbimazole] → hypothyroidism
-*'''''Physiological factors:'''''
-**Increased metabolic demand of thyroid hormones e.g. during pregnancy or puberty → physiological goitre
-*'''''Environmental factors:'''''
+'''[[Hereditary]] factors'''
-**Exposure to radiations leading to:
+*Inherited defect(Familial goiter) of [[thyroid hormone]] [[synthesis]] such as:
-***Thyroid cancer
+**Enzymatic defect deficiency
-***Hypothyroidism
+**[[Dyshormonogenesis]]
+'''[[Hormonal]] factors'''
-*'''''Pathological factors:'''''
+[[Thyroid hormone]] dysfunction:
-**Intrinsic thyroid gland diseases
+*[[Hyperthyroidism]] (overproduction of [[thyroid hormones]])
-***Inflammatory goitres
+*[[Hypothyroidism]] (underproduction of [[thyroid hormones]])
-***Neoplastic goitres
+'''[[Dietary]] factors'''
-****Benign adenoma(follicular adenoma)
+*Dietary [[iodine deficiency]]
-****Malignant
+*[[Goitrogen|Goitrogens]] (play a major role in endemic goitre)
-*****A.Primary: Well differentiated, Poorly differentiated, Arising from parafollicular cells
+'''[[Pharmacological]] factors'''
-*****B.Secondary
+* Use of [[goitrogen|goitrogenic]] drugs like para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS), [[thiocyanate]] and antithyroid drugs [e.g. [[thiouracil]], [[carbimazole]]] results in [[hypothyroidism]]
+'''[[Physiological]] factors'''
+* Increased metabolic demand of [[thyroid hormones]] e.g. during [[pregnancy]] or [[puberty]] results in physiological goiter.
+'''[[Environmental Health Perspectives|Environmental]] factors'''
+* Exposure to radiations leading to:
+** [[Thyroid cancer]]
+** [[Hypothyroidism]]
+'''[[Pathological]] factors'''
+Intrinsic [[thyroid gland]] diseases:
+*Inflammatory goitres
+*[[Neoplastic goitres]]
+**Benign adenoma (follicular adenoma)
+**[[Malignant]]
+***Primary: Well differentiated, poorly differentiated, arising from parafollicular cells
+***Secondary
 ===Common Causes===
 Goiter may be caused by:
-*Iodine deficiency
+*[[Iodine deficiency]]
-*Grave's disease
+*[[Grave's disease]]
-*Hashimoto's disease
+*[[Hashimoto's disease]]
 ===Less Common Causes===
 Less common causes of Goiter include:
-*Pregnancy
+*[[Pregnancy]]
-*Radiation exposure
+*[[Radiation exposure]]
-*Thyroid cancer
+*[[Thyroid cancer]]
-*Multinodular goiter
+*[[Multinodular goiter]]
-*Solitary thyroid nodules
+*Solitary [[Thyroid nodule|thyroid nodules]]
-*Inflammation
 ===Genetic Causes===
-*Goiter may be caused by a mutation in the following genes which vary from one family to the other: <ref name="pmid10821321">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brix TH, Hegedüs L |title=Genetic and environmental factors in the aetiology of simple goitre |journal=Ann. Med. |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=153–6 |year=2000 |pmid=10821321 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+*Goiter may be caused by a [[mutation]] in the following [[genes]] which vary from one [[family]] to the other: <ref name="pmid10821321">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brix TH, Hegedüs L |title=Genetic and environmental factors in the aetiology of simple goitre |journal=Ann. Med. |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=153–6 |year=2000 |pmid=10821321 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-:*Thyroglobulin (Tg) gene
+:*[[Thyroglobulin]] ([[Thyroglobulin|Tg]]) gene
-:*Thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) gene
+:*[[Thyroid-stimulating hormone|Thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor]] ([[TSHR]]) gene
-:*Na+/I- symporter (NIS) gene
+:*[[Sodium-iodide symporter|Sodium-iodide  symporter (NIS) gene]]
-*Multinodular goitre marker 1 (MNG1) on chromosome 14 <ref name="pmid10821321">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brix TH, Hegedüs L |title=Genetic and environmental factors in the aetiology of simple goitre |journal=Ann. Med. |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=153–6 |year=2000 |pmid=10821321 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+*[[Multinodular goiter]] marker 1 (MNG1) on [[chromosome 14]] <ref name="pmid10821321">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brix TH, Hegedüs L |title=Genetic and environmental factors in the aetiology of simple goitre |journal=Ann. Med. |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=153–6 |year=2000 |pmid=10821321 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 ==References==