GAAC element gene transcriptions

Editor-In-Chief: Henry A. Hoff

This micrograph stained with chlorazol black, reveals an *Entamoeba histolytica* cyst. Credit: CDC/ Dr. George Healy.

The GAAC element is usually a core promoter element containing guanine (G), adenine (A), and cytosine (C), "able to direct a new transcription start site 2-7 bases downstream of itself, independent of TATA and Inr regions."^[1]

Genetics

File:Bob, the guinea pig.jpg

This is an image of Bob, the guinea pig. Credit: selbst.

Genetics involves the expression, transmission, and variation of inherited characteristics.

Def. a "branch of biology that deals with the transmission and variation of inherited characteristics, in particular chromosomes and DNA"^[2] is called genetics.

Promoters

File:Preinitiation complex.png

The diagram shows the RNA polymerase II holoenzyme attached to the DNA template strand. Credit: ArneLH.

Although human DNA like most other life forms on Earth has two strands forming a double helix, only one of the strands, the template strand, is usually used to transcribe a gene product such as messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA).

On the template strand is a nucleotide sequence (the gene promoter) that is usually interacted with by the transcription mechanism before any product of the gene is transcribed.

Consensus sequences

The consensus sequence in the direction of transcription on the template strand is 3'-GAACT-5'.^[1] T is thymine.

Dispersed promoters

A dispersed promoter contains "several start sites over 50–100 nucleotides and [is] typically found in CpG islands in vertebrates".^[3] "CpGs are ... relatively enriched around the TSS. In fact, the enrichment pattern peaks sharply close to the core promoter 15 bp upstream of the TSS".^[4] Normally a C (cytosine) base followed immediately by a G (guanine) base (a CpG) is rare in vertebrate DNA because the cytosines in such an arrangement tend to be methylated.

"[I]n vertebrates dispersed promoters are more common than focused promoters."^[3]

General transcription factors II D

This element also controls the rate of transcription initiation and interacts in a sequence-specific manner with the transcription factor II D (TFIID) complex.^[1]

Entamoeba histolytica

The GAAC element is present "in 31/37 protein-encoding E. histolytica genes ... It has a variable location between the TATA box and the Inr sequences".^[1]

Human genes

"The genes encoding the two type I collagen chains are selectively activated in ... fibroblasts and osteoblasts [within the promoter by] a sequence located between -3.2 and -2.3 kb".^[5] "[T]wo short elements ... tendon-specific element (TSE) 1 and TSE2 [within this sequence are] necessary to direct reporter gene expression".^[5] The binding sequence of TSE2 "corresponded to an E-box."^[5] TSE1 and TSE2 need to cooperate with each other and "other cis-acting elements of the proximal promoter to activate gene expression in tendon fibroblasts."^[5] "[A] short sequence [in TSE1 contains] a GAACT motif that [binds] a tendon-specific nuclear protein."^[5]

Hypotheses

A1BG has no GAAC elements in either promoter.
A1BG is not transcribed by a GAAC element.
A GAAC element does not participate in the transcription of A1BG.

Samplings

The GAAC element is usually a core promoter element containing guanine (G), adenine (A), and cytosine (C), "able to direct a new transcription start site 2-7 bases downstream of itself, independent of TATA and Inr regions."^[1]

For the Basic programs (starting with SuccessablesGAAC.bas) written to compare nucleotide sequences with the sequences on either the template strand (-), or coding strand (+), of the DNA, in the negative direction (-), or the positive direction (+), the programs are, are looking for, and found:

negative strand in the negative direction (from ZSCAN22 to A1BG) is SuccessablesGAAC--.bas, looking for 3'-G-A-A-C-T-5', 13, 3'-GAACT-5', 843, 3'-GAACT-5', 1009, 3'-GAACT-5', 1300, 3'-GAACT-5', 2127, 3'-GAACT-5', 2379, 3'-GAACT-5', 2580, 3'-GAACT-5', 2714, 3'-GAACT-5', 3103, 3'-GAACT-5', 3242, 3'-GAACT-5', 3401, 3'-GAACT-5', 3571, 3'-GAACT-5', 4012, 3'-GAACT-5', 4294,
negative strand in the positive direction (from ZNF497 to A1BG) is SuccessablesGAAC-+.bas, looking for 3'-G-A-A-C-T-5', 1, 3'-GAACT-5', 609,
positive strand in the negative direction is SuccessablesGAAC+-.bas, looking for 3'-G-A-A-C-T-5', 2, 3'-GAACT-5', 1685, 3'-GAACT-5', 3460,
positive strand in the positive direction is SuccessablesGAAC++.bas, looking for 3'-G-A-A-C-T-5', 2, 3'-GAACT-5', 577, 3'-GAACT-5', 692,
complement, negative strand, negative direction is SuccessablesGAACc--.bas, looking for 3'-C-T-T-G-A-5', 2, 3'-CTTGA-5', 1685, 3'-CTTGA-5', 3460,
complement, negative strand, positive direction is SuccessablesGAACc-+.bas, looking for 3'-C-T-T-G-A-5', 2, 3'-CTTGA-5', 577, 3'-CTTGA-5', 692,
complement, positive strand, negative direction is SuccessablesGAACc+-.bas, looking for 3'-C-T-T-G-A-5', 13, 3'-CTTGA-5', 843, 3'-CTTGA-5', 1009, 3'-CTTGA-5', 1300, 3'-CTTGA-5', 2127, 3'-CTTGA-5', 2379, 3'-CTTGA-5', 2580, 3'-CTTGA-5', 2714, 3'-CTTGA-5', 3103, 3'-CTTGA-5', 3242, 3'-CTTGA-5', 3401, 3'-CTTGA-5', 3571, 3'-CTTGA-5', 4012, 3'-CTTGA-5', 4294,
complement, positive strand, positive direction is SuccessablesGAACc++.bas, looking for 3'-C-T-T-G-A-5', 1, 3'-CTTGA-5', 609,
inverse complement, negative strand, negative direction is SuccessablesGAACci--.bas, looking for 3'-A-G-T-T-C-5', 3, 3'-AGTTC-5', 3844, 3'-AGTTC-5', 4027, 3'-AGTTC-5', 4178,
inverse complement, negative strand, positive direction is SuccessablesGAACci-+.bas, looking for 3'-A-G-T-T-C-5', 1, 3'-AGTTC-5', 761,
inverse complement, positive strand, negative direction is SuccessablesGAACci+-.bas, looking for 3'-A-G-T-T-C-5', 6, 3'-AGTTC-5', 253, 3'-AGTTC-5', 719, 3'-AGTTC-5', 1177, 3'-AGTTC-5', 4024, 3'-AGTTC-5', 4175, 3'-AGTTC-5', 4417,
inverse complement, positive strand, positive direction is SuccessablesGAACci++.bas, looking for 3'-A-G-T-T-C-5', 0,
inverse, negative strand, negative direction, is SuccessablesGAACi--.bas, looking for 3'-T-C-A-A-G-5', 6, 3'-TCAAG-5', 253, 3'-TCAAG-5', 719, 3'-TCAAG-5', 1177, 3'-TCAAG-5', 4024, 3'-TCAAG-5', 4175, 3'-TCAAG-5', 4417,
inverse, negative strand, positive direction, is SuccessablesGAACi-+.bas, looking for 3'-T-C-A-A-G-5', 0,
inverse, positive strand, negative direction, is SuccessablesGAACi+-.bas, looking for 3'-T-C-A-A-G-5', 3, 3'-TCAAG-5', 3844, 3'-TCAAG-5', 4027, 3'-TCAAG-5', 4178,
inverse, positive strand, positive direction, is SuccessablesGAACi++.bas, looking for 3'-T-C-A-A-G-5', 1, 3'-TCAAG-5', 761.

Acknowledgements

The content on this page was first contributed by: Henry A. Hoff.

Initial content for this page in some instances came from Wikiversity.

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 Upinder Singh, Joshua B. Rogers (August 21, 1998). "The Novel Core Promoter Element GAAC in the hgl5 Gene of Entamoeba histolytica Is Able to Direct a Transcription Start Site Independent of TATA or Initiator Regions". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 273 (34): 21663–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.34.21663. Retrieved 2013-02-13.
↑ "genetics". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. April 16, 2014. Retrieved 2014-05-07.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Tamar Juven-Gershon, Jer-Yuan Hsu, Joshua W. M. Theisen, and James T. Kadonaga (June 2008). "The RNA Polymerase II Core Promoter – the Gateway to Transcription". Current Opinion in Cell Biology. 20 (3): 253–9. doi:10.1016/j.ceb.2008.03.003. Retrieved 2013-02-13.
↑ Serge Saxonov, Paul Berg, and Douglas L. Brutlag (January 31, 2006). "A genome-wide analysis of CpG dinucleotides in the human genome distinguishes two distinct classes of promoters". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 103 (5): 1412–7. doi:10.1073/pnas.0510310103. Retrieved 2013-02-13.
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 ^5.4 Catherine Terraz, Gaelle Brideau, Pierre Ronco and Jérôme Rossert (May 24, 2002). "A Combination of cis-Acting Elements Is Required to Activate the Pro-α1(I) Collagen Promoter in Tendon Fibroblasts of Transgenic Mice". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (21): 19019–26. doi:10.1074/jbc.M200125200. Retrieved 2013-02-13.

External links

Template:Sisterlinks

[Singh-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 Upinder Singh, Joshua B. Rogers (August 21, 1998). "The Novel Core Promoter Element GAAC in the hgl5 Gene of Entamoeba histolytica Is Able to Direct a Transcription Start Site Independent of TATA or Initiator Regions". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 273 (34): 21663–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.34.21663. Retrieved 2013-02-13.

[GeneticsWikt-2] "genetics". San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. April 16, 2014. Retrieved 2014-05-07.

[Gershon-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Tamar Juven-Gershon, Jer-Yuan Hsu, Joshua W. M. Theisen, and James T. Kadonaga (June 2008). "The RNA Polymerase II Core Promoter – the Gateway to Transcription". Current Opinion in Cell Biology. 20 (3): 253–9. doi:10.1016/j.ceb.2008.03.003. Retrieved 2013-02-13.

[Saxonov-4] Serge Saxonov, Paul Berg, and Douglas L. Brutlag (January 31, 2006). "A genome-wide analysis of CpG dinucleotides in the human genome distinguishes two distinct classes of promoters". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 103 (5): 1412–7. doi:10.1073/pnas.0510310103. Retrieved 2013-02-13.

[Terraz-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 ^5.4 Catherine Terraz, Gaelle Brideau, Pierre Ronco and Jérôme Rossert (May 24, 2002). "A Combination of cis-Acting Elements Is Required to Activate the Pro-α1(I) Collagen Promoter in Tendon Fibroblasts of Transgenic Mice". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (21): 19019–26. doi:10.1074/jbc.M200125200. Retrieved 2013-02-13.

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gene transcriptions EIN3 binding site gene transcriptions Enhancer activity copy gene transcriptions E box gene transcriptions Element gene transcriptions Endoplasmic reticulum stress response element gene transcriptions Endosperm expression gene transcriptions Enhancer box gene transcriptions Estrogen response element gene transcriptions Ethylene responsive element gene transcriptions Factor II B recognition element gene transcriptions F box gene transcriptions Focused promoter gene transcriptions Forkhead box gene transcriptions Fur box gene transcriptions GAAC element gene transcriptions Gal4p gene transcriptions Γ-interferon activated sequence gene transcriptions GARE gene transcriptions GA responsive complex gene transcriptions GATA gene transcriptions G box gene transcriptions GC box gene transcriptions GCC box gene transcriptions Gcn4p gene transcriptions Gcr1p gene transcriptions Gene expressions General factor II D gene transcriptions General regulatory factors General transcription factor II A gene transcriptions General transcription factor II B gene transcriptions General transcription factor II D gene transcriptions General transcription factor II F gene transcriptions General transcription factor II H gene transcriptions General transcription factor gene transcriptions Gene transcriptions GGC triplet gene transcriptions Gibberellin responsive element gene transcriptions GLM box gene transcriptions Glucocorticoid response element gene transcriptions Grainy head gene transcriptions Grainy head transcription factor gene transcriptions Growth hormone response element gene transcriptions GT boxes Hac1p gene transcriptions Hair color gene expressions H and ACA box gene transcriptions H box gene transcriptions Heat-responsive element gene transcriptions Hex sequence gene transcriptions HMG box gene transcriptions HNF gene transcriptions Homeobox gene transcriptions Hsf1p gene transcriptions HY box gene transcriptions Hybrid C, A boxes Hybrid C, G boxes Hybrid C, T boxes Hypoxia-inducible factor gene transcriptions Hypoxia response elements I box gene transcriptions Initiator element gene transcriptions Initiator-like element gene transcriptions Inositol/choline-responsive elements Interaction gene transcriptions Interferon regulatory factors Inverse copy gene transcriptions Jasmonic acid-responsive element gene transcriptions K-boxes Kozak sequence gene transcriptions Kruppel-associated box gene transcriptions Krüppel-like factor gene transcriptions L box gene transcriptions Leu3 gene transcriptions M35 box gene transcriptions MADS box gene transcriptions Maf recognition element gene transcriptions M box gene transcriptions Mcm1 regulatory factor gene transcriptions Met31p box gene transcriptions Metal responsive element gene transcriptions Middle sporulation element gene transcriptions Mig1p gene transcriptions Model samplings Motif ten element gene transcriptions Msn2,4p gene transcriptions Musashi binding element gene transcriptions MYB recognition element gene transcriptions Myelocytomatosis transcription factor gene transcriptions Myocyte enhancer factor gene transcriptions N-boxes Ndt80p gene transcriptions Nuclear factor 1 Nuclear factor 𝜿B Nuclear factor gene transcriptions Nuclear factor of activated T cell gene transcriptions (NFAT) Nuclear factor Y gene transcriptions Nutrient-sensing response element gene transcriptions Oaf1p gene transcriptions ORE1 binding site gene transcriptions p53 response element gene transcriptions P63 DNA-binding site gene transcriptions P box gene transcriptions Pdr1,3p gene transcriptions Peroxisome proliferator hormone response element gene transcriptions Phosphate starvation-response transcription factor gene transcriptions Pollen1 element gene transcriptions Polycomb response element gene transcriptions Preinitiation complex Preinitiation complex gene transcriptions Pribnow box gene transcriptions Prolamin box gene transcriptions Promoter gene transcriptions Proximal promoter gene transcriptions Promoter occurrence gene transcriptions Pyrimidine box gene transcriptions Q element gene transcriptions Rap1 regulatory factor gene transcriptions Reb1 general regulatory factor gene transcriptions Retinoblastoma control element gene transcriptions Retinoic acid response element gene transcriptions Rgt1p gene transcriptions Rlm1p gene transcriptions RNA polymerase II gene transcriptions RNA polymerase II holoenzyme complex Root specific element gene transcriptions ROR-response element gene transcriptions Rox1p gene transcriptions Rpn4p gene transcriptions R response element gene transcriptions SARE gene transcriptions Seed-specific element gene transcriptions Serum response element gene transcriptions Servenius sequence gene transcriptions Shoot specific element gene transcriptions Sip4p gene transcriptions Smp1p gene transcriptions Sp1 gene transcriptions Spaceflight gene expressions Specificity protein gene transcriptions STAT gene transcriptions Ste12p gene transcriptions Sterol response element gene transcriptions Sucrose box gene transcriptions Synaptic Activity-Responsive Elements TACTAAC box gene transcriptions TAGteam gene transcriptions Tapetum box gene transcriptions TATA binding protein associated factor gene transcriptions TATA binding protein gene transcriptions TATA box gene transcriptions TAT box gene transcriptions TATC box gene transcriptions Tbf1 regulatory factor gene transcriptions T box gene transcriptions TCCACCATA element gene transcriptions TC element gene transcriptions TCT gene transcriptions TEA consensus sequence gene transcriptions Tec1p gene transcriptions Telomeric repeat DNA-binding factor gene transcriptions Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate response element gene transcriptions TGF-β control elements (TCEs) TGF-β inhibitory elements (TIEs) Thyroid hormone response element gene transcriptions Transcriptional regulation Transcription bubble gene transcriptions Transcription factor gene transcriptions Transcription factor 3 gene transcriptions Transcription factory gene transcriptions Transcription start site gene transcriptions Translational control sequence gene transcriptions U box gene transcriptions Unfolded protein response element gene transcriptions Upstream response element gene transcriptions Upstream stimulatory factor gene transcriptions UTR promoter gene transcriptions V and P box gene transcriptions V box gene transcriptions Vhr1p gene transcriptions Vitamin D response element gene transcriptions W box gene transcriptions X box gene transcriptions Xbp1p gene transcriptions X core promoter element gene transcriptions Xenobiotic response element gene transcriptions Xenobiotic responsive element gene transcriptions Yap1p,2p gene transcriptions Y box gene transcriptions YY1 gene transcriptions Zap1p gene transcriptions Z box gene transcriptions Zinc responsive element gene transcriptions