Familial hyperchylomicronemia: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
No edit summary
No edit summary
 
(7 intermediate revisions by 3 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{hyperlipoproteinemia}}
{{SI}}
{{CMG}}{{AE}}{{VD}}{{AA}}
{{CMG}}{{AE}}{{VD}}{{AAA}}
 
'''To view Lipoprotein disorders main page [[ Lipoprotein disorders | Click here]]'''<br>
'''To view Hyperlipoproteinemia main page [[ Hyperlipoproteinemia | Click here]]''' <br>


{{SK}} Type I hyperlipoproteinemia, Burger-Grutz syndrome, Primary hyperlipoproteinemia, lipoprotein lipase deficiency, LPL deficiency, Idiopathic hyperlipemia, Essential hyperlipemia, Familial hyperlipemia, Lipase D deficiency, Hyperlipoproteinemia type IA, Familial chylomicronemia, Familial lipoprotein lipase deficiency, and Familial hyperchylomicronemia.
{{SK}} Type I hyperlipoproteinemia, Burger-Grutz syndrome, Primary hyperlipoproteinemia, lipoprotein lipase deficiency, LPL deficiency, Idiopathic hyperlipemia, Essential hyperlipemia, Familial hyperlipemia, Lipase D deficiency, Hyperlipoproteinemia type IA, Familial chylomicronemia, Familial lipoprotein lipase deficiency, and Familial hyperchylomicronemia.
Line 10: Line 13:
*In 1967, Fredrickson using paper electrophosresis, classified lipoprotein disorder<ref name="pmid329619322">{{cite journal| author=Culliton BJ| title=Fredrickson's bitter end at Hughes. | journal=Science | year= 1987 | volume= 236 | issue= 4807 | pages= 1417-8 | pmid=3296193 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3296193  }}</ref>
*In 1967, Fredrickson using paper electrophosresis, classified lipoprotein disorder<ref name="pmid329619322">{{cite journal| author=Culliton BJ| title=Fredrickson's bitter end at Hughes. | journal=Science | year= 1987 | volume= 236 | issue= 4807 | pages= 1417-8 | pmid=3296193 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3296193  }}</ref>
==Classification==
==Classification==
There is no established classification system for Type I hyperlipoproteinemia.
There is no established classification system for Type I hyperlipoproteinemia. However, based on the pathogenesis involved type 1 hyperlipoproteinemia can be classified into:<ref name="pmid23525082">{{cite journal| author=Brahm A, Hegele RA| title=Hypertriglyceridemia. | journal=Nutrients | year= 2013 | volume= 5 | issue= 3 | pages= 981-1001 | pmid=23525082 | doi=10.3390/nu5030981 | pmc=3705331 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23525082  }}</ref>
 
Type 1a: Lipoprotein lipase deficiency
 
Type 1b: Apolipoprotein c-IIdeficiency
 
Type 1c: Presence of lipoprotein lipase inhibitor


==Pathophysiology==
==Pathophysiology==
*Type I hyperlipoproteinemia is a rare [[autosomal recessive disorder]] of lipoprotein metabolism.<ref name="pmid275781122">{{cite journal| author=Pingitore P, Lepore SM, Pirazzi C, Mancina RM, Motta BM, Valenti L et al.| title=Identification and characterization of two novel mutations in the LPL gene causing type I hyperlipoproteinemia. | journal=J Clin Lipidol | year= 2016 | volume= 10 | issue= 4 | pages= 816-23 | pmid=27578112 | doi=10.1016/j.jacl.2016.02.015 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27578112  }}</ref><ref name="pmid234759572">{{cite journal| author=Young SG, Zechner R| title=Biochemistry and pathophysiology of intravascular and intracellular lipolysis. | journal=Genes Dev | year= 2013 | volume= 27 | issue= 5 | pages= 459-84 | pmid=23475957 | doi=10.1101/gad.209296.112 | pmc=3605461 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23475957  }}</ref><ref name="pmid151156922">{{cite journal| author=Pasalić D, Jurcić Z, Stipancić G, Ferencak G, Leren TP, Djurovic S et al.| title=Missense mutation W86R in exon 3 of the lipoprotein lipase gene in a boy with chylomicronemia. | journal=Clin Chim Acta | year= 2004 | volume= 343 | issue= 1-2 | pages= 179-84 | pmid=15115692 | doi=10.1016/j.cccn.2004.01.029 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15115692}}</ref>
*Type I hyperlipoproteinemia is a rare [[autosomal recessive disorder]] of lipoprotein metabolism.<ref name="pmid275781122">{{cite journal| author=Pingitore P, Lepore SM, Pirazzi C, Mancina RM, Motta BM, Valenti L et al.| title=Identification and characterization of two novel mutations in the LPL gene causing type I hyperlipoproteinemia. | journal=J Clin Lipidol | year= 2016 | volume= 10 | issue= 4 | pages= 816-23 | pmid=27578112 | doi=10.1016/j.jacl.2016.02.015 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27578112  }}</ref><ref name="pmid234759572">{{cite journal| author=Young SG, Zechner R| title=Biochemistry and pathophysiology of intravascular and intracellular lipolysis. | journal=Genes Dev | year= 2013 | volume= 27 | issue= 5 | pages= 459-84 | pmid=23475957 | doi=10.1101/gad.209296.112 | pmc=3605461 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23475957  }}</ref><ref name="pmid151156922">{{cite journal| author=Pasalić D, Jurcić Z, Stipancić G, Ferencak G, Leren TP, Djurovic S et al.| title=Missense mutation W86R in exon 3 of the lipoprotein lipase gene in a boy with chylomicronemia. | journal=Clin Chim Acta | year= 2004 | volume= 343 | issue= 1-2 | pages= 179-84 | pmid=15115692 | doi=10.1016/j.cccn.2004.01.029 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15115692}}</ref><ref name="pmid11334614">{{cite journal| author=Gilbert B, Rouis M, Griglio S, de Lumley L, Laplaud P| title=Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) deficiency: a new patient homozygote for the preponderant mutation Gly188Glu in the human LPL gene and review of reported mutations: 75 % are clustered in exons 5 and 6. | journal=Ann Genet | year= 2001 | volume= 44 | issue= 1 | pages= 25-32 | pmid=11334614 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11334614  }}</ref>
===Pathogenesis===
===Pathogenesis===
*Lipoprotein lipase(LPL) hydrolyzes triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TG) such as [[chylomicrons]] and very low-density lipoproteins. It catalyzes, the removal of [[Triglyceride|TG]] from the bloodstream generating free fatty acids for tissues.
*Lipoprotein lipase(LPL) hydrolyzes triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TG) such as [[chylomicrons]] and very low-density lipoproteins. It catalyzes, the removal of [[Triglyceride|TG]] from the bloodstream generating free fatty acids for tissues.
Line 26: Line 35:
*More than 220 mutations in the LPL gene have been found to cause familial lipoprotein lipase deficiency. The most common mutation in people of European ancestry replaces the protein building block (amino acid) glycine with the amino acid glutamic acid at position 188 in the enzyme (written as Gly188Glu or G188E).<ref name=":02" />
*More than 220 mutations in the LPL gene have been found to cause familial lipoprotein lipase deficiency. The most common mutation in people of European ancestry replaces the protein building block (amino acid) glycine with the amino acid glutamic acid at position 188 in the enzyme (written as Gly188Glu or G188E).<ref name=":02" />
==Causes==
==Causes==
The cause of type 1 hyperlipidemia remains genetic.<ref name="national organization of rare disorders2" /><ref name="rare diseasediorders2">https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/6414/hyperlipoproteinemia-type-1 Accessed on 7 November,2016</ref><ref name="pmid275781122" />
The cause of type 1 hyperlipidemia remains genetic.<ref name="national organization of rare disorders2" /><ref name="rare diseasediorders2">https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/6414/hyperlipoproteinemia-type-1 Accessed on 7 November,2016</ref><ref name="pmid275781122" /><ref name="pmid11893776">{{cite journal| author=Peterson J, Ayyobi AF, Ma Y, Henderson H, Reina M, Deeb SS et al.| title=Structural and functional consequences of missense mutations in exon 5 of the lipoprotein lipase gene. | journal=J Lipid Res | year= 2002 | volume= 43 | issue= 3 | pages= 398-406 | pmid=11893776 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11893776  }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Gene 1
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Variants Detected 2
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Variant Detection Frequency by Test Method 3
| colspan="1" rowspan="2" |''LPL''
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Sequence variants 4 (including p.Gly188Glu 5)
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |~97% 6
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Partial- and whole-gene deletions and duplications
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |~3% 8
|}
==Differential diagnosis==
==Differential diagnosis==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
Line 49: Line 69:
*It may be appropriate to measure plasma triglyceride concentration in at-risk siblings during infancy; early diagnosis and implementation of dietary fat intake restriction can prevent symptoms and related medical complications.
*It may be appropriate to measure plasma triglyceride concentration in at-risk siblings during infancy; early diagnosis and implementation of dietary fat intake restriction can prevent symptoms and related medical complications.
==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis==
==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis==
Natural history, complications and prognosis of type 1 hyperlipoproteinemia include:<ref name="medline plus2" />
Natural history, complications and prognosis of type 1 hyperlipoproteinemia include:<ref name="medline plus2" /><ref name="pmid12387965" /><ref name="pmid9738727" />


===Natural History===
===Natural History===
Line 55: Line 75:
===Complications===
===Complications===
*Pancreatitis and recurrent episodes of abdominal pain may develop.
*Pancreatitis and recurrent episodes of abdominal pain may develop.
*[[Xanthomas]] are not usually painful unless they are rubbed a lot.
*Intestinal ischemia
*Depression,
*Memory loss
*Intellectual decline
===Prognosis===
===Prognosis===
*People with this condition who follow a very low-fat diet can lead a healthy life into adulthood.
*People with this condition who follow a very low-fat diet have a good prognosis.  
==Diagnosis==
==Diagnosis==
===History and symptoms===
===History and symptoms===
Presumptive diagnosis can be made, when an infant presents with a history of failure to thrive or recurrent abdominal pain with a documented high fasting plasma triglyceride concentration.<ref name="GeneReviews2"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1308/<nowiki>}} Accessed on 7 November,2016</nowiki></ref><ref name="medline plus2" />
Presumptive diagnosis can be made, when an infant presents with a history of failure to thrive or recurrent abdominal pain with a documented high fasting plasma triglyceride concentration.<ref name="GeneReviews2"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1308/<nowiki>}} Accessed on 7 November,2016</nowiki></ref><ref name="medline plus2" />


Symptoms of  Type I hyperlipoproteinemia include:<ref name="rare diseasediorders2" /><ref name="medline plus2" /><ref name="pmid232573032">{{cite journal| author=Robinson JG| title=What is the role of advanced lipoprotein analysis in practice? | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2012 | volume= 60 | issue= 25 | pages= 2607-15 | pmid=23257303 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2012.04.067 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23257303  }}</ref>
Symptoms of  Type I hyperlipoproteinemia include:<ref name="rare diseasediorders2" /><ref name="medline plus2" /><ref name="pmid232573032">{{cite journal| author=Robinson JG| title=What is the role of advanced lipoprotein analysis in practice? | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2012 | volume= 60 | issue= 25 | pages= 2607-15 | pmid=23257303 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2012.04.067 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23257303 }}</ref><ref name="pmid9738727">{{cite journal| author=Feoli-Fonseca JC, Lévy E, Godard M, Lambert M| title=Familial lipoprotein lipase deficiency in infancy: clinical, biochemical, and molecular study. | journal=J Pediatr | year= 1998 | volume= 133 | issue= 3 | pages= 417-23 | pmid=9738727 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9738727 }}</ref>
*Abdominal pain (may appear as colic in infancy)
*Abdominal pain (may appear as colic in infancy)
*Loss of appetite, fatigue and irritability
*Loss of appetite, fatigue and irritability
Line 69: Line 92:
*Vomiting
*Vomiting
*Small yellow papules localized over the trunk, buttocks, knees, and extensor surfaces of the arms
*Small yellow papules localized over the trunk, buttocks, knees, and extensor surfaces of the arms
*Blood in stools
*Blood in stools(Intestinal ischemia)
*In rare cases, neurological features of depression, memory loss, and mild intellectual decline (dementia) develop
*In rare cases, neurological features of depression, memory loss, and mild intellectual decline (dementia) develop
===Physical examination===
===Physical examination===
Signs of Type 1 hyperlipoproteinemia include:<ref name="rare diseasediorders2" /><ref name="medline plus2" /><ref name="pmid232573032" />
Signs of Type 1 hyperlipoproteinemia include:<ref name="rare diseasediorders2" /><ref name="medline plus2" /><ref name="pmid232573032" /><ref name="pmid9738727" /><ref name="pmid12387965" />
* Enlarged liver and spleen
* Enlarged liver and spleen
* Failure to thrive in infancy
* Failure to thrive in infancy
Line 145: Line 168:
*Alipogene tipavovec(Glybera) gene therapy was approved by European commission(2012), in treating adult patients with recurrent episodes of pancreatitis.<ref name="pmid274124552">{{cite journal| author=Gaudet D, Stroes ES, Méthot J, Brisson D, Tremblay K, Bernelot Moens SJ et al.| title=Long-Term Retrospective Analysis of Gene Therapy with Alipogene Tiparvovec and Its Effect on Lipoprotein Lipase Deficiency-Induced Pancreatitis. | journal=Hum Gene Ther | year= 2016 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=27412455 | doi=10.1089/hum.2015.158 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27412455  }}</ref>
*Alipogene tipavovec(Glybera) gene therapy was approved by European commission(2012), in treating adult patients with recurrent episodes of pancreatitis.<ref name="pmid274124552">{{cite journal| author=Gaudet D, Stroes ES, Méthot J, Brisson D, Tremblay K, Bernelot Moens SJ et al.| title=Long-Term Retrospective Analysis of Gene Therapy with Alipogene Tiparvovec and Its Effect on Lipoprotein Lipase Deficiency-Induced Pancreatitis. | journal=Hum Gene Ther | year= 2016 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=27412455 | doi=10.1089/hum.2015.158 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27412455  }}</ref>
==Prevention==
==Prevention==
=== Primary Prevention ===
*There are no primary preventive measures to protect against type I hyperlipoproteinemia. There is currently no known intervention to prevent someone from inheriting this condition.<ref name="rare diseasediorders2" />
*There are no primary preventive measures to protect against type I hyperlipoproteinemia. There is currently no known intervention to prevent someone from inheriting this condition.<ref name="rare diseasediorders2" />
*Genetic counseling is recommended for patients and family members.
*Genetic counseling is recommended for patients and family members.<ref name="pmid277719612">{{cite journal| author=Ahmad Z, Halter R, Stevenson M| title=Building a better understanding of the burden of disease in familial chylomicronemia syndrome. | journal=Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol | year= 2016 | volume=  | issue=  | pages= 1-3 | pmid=27771961 | doi=10.1080/17512433.2017.1251839 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27771961  }}</ref>
===Secondary prevention===
===Secondary prevention===
Secondary prevention involves the following:<ref name="medline plus2" />
Secondary prevention involves the following:<ref name="medline plus2" /><ref name="pmid27771961">{{cite journal| author=Ahmad Z, Halter R, Stevenson M| title=Building a better understanding of the burden of disease in familial chylomicronemia syndrome. | journal=Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol | year= 2016 | volume=  | issue=  | pages= 1-3 | pmid=27771961 | doi=10.1080/17512433.2017.1251839 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27771961  }}</ref>
*Prevention of acute recurrent pancreatitis decreases the risk of development of diabetes mellitus and fat malabsorption.
*Prevention of acute recurrent pancreatitis decreases the risk of development of diabetes mellitus and fat malabsorption.
*Maintaining the plasma triglyceride concentration at less than 2000 mg/dl, keeps the individual with familial LPL deficiency free of symptoms. This can be accomplished by restriction of dietary fat to no more than 20 g/day or 15% of total energy intake.
*Maintaining the plasma triglyceride concentration at less than 2000 mg/dl, keeps the individual with familial LPL deficiency free of symptoms. This can be accomplished by restriction of dietary fat to no more than 20 g/day or 15% of total energy intake.

Latest revision as of 02:34, 18 July 2021

WikiDoc Resources for Familial hyperchylomicronemia

Articles

Most recent articles on Familial hyperchylomicronemia

Most cited articles on Familial hyperchylomicronemia

Review articles on Familial hyperchylomicronemia

Articles on Familial hyperchylomicronemia in N Eng J Med, Lancet, BMJ

Media

Powerpoint slides on Familial hyperchylomicronemia

Images of Familial hyperchylomicronemia

Photos of Familial hyperchylomicronemia

Podcasts & MP3s on Familial hyperchylomicronemia

Videos on Familial hyperchylomicronemia

Evidence Based Medicine

Cochrane Collaboration on Familial hyperchylomicronemia

Bandolier on Familial hyperchylomicronemia

TRIP on Familial hyperchylomicronemia

Clinical Trials

Ongoing Trials on Familial hyperchylomicronemia at Clinical Trials.gov

Trial results on Familial hyperchylomicronemia

Clinical Trials on Familial hyperchylomicronemia at Google

Guidelines / Policies / Govt

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Familial hyperchylomicronemia

NICE Guidance on Familial hyperchylomicronemia

NHS PRODIGY Guidance

FDA on Familial hyperchylomicronemia

CDC on Familial hyperchylomicronemia

Books

Books on Familial hyperchylomicronemia

News

Familial hyperchylomicronemia in the news

Be alerted to news on Familial hyperchylomicronemia

News trends on Familial hyperchylomicronemia

Commentary

Blogs on Familial hyperchylomicronemia

Definitions

Definitions of Familial hyperchylomicronemia

Patient Resources / Community

Patient resources on Familial hyperchylomicronemia

Discussion groups on Familial hyperchylomicronemia

Patient Handouts on Familial hyperchylomicronemia

Directions to Hospitals Treating Familial hyperchylomicronemia

Risk calculators and risk factors for Familial hyperchylomicronemia

Healthcare Provider Resources

Symptoms of Familial hyperchylomicronemia

Causes & Risk Factors for Familial hyperchylomicronemia

Diagnostic studies for Familial hyperchylomicronemia

Treatment of Familial hyperchylomicronemia

Continuing Medical Education (CME)

CME Programs on Familial hyperchylomicronemia

International

Familial hyperchylomicronemia en Espanol

Familial hyperchylomicronemia en Francais

Business

Familial hyperchylomicronemia in the Marketplace

Patents on Familial hyperchylomicronemia

Experimental / Informatics

List of terms related to Familial hyperchylomicronemia

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Vishal Devarkonda, M.B.B.S[2]Aysha Aslam, M.B.B.S[3]

To view Lipoprotein disorders main page Click here
To view Hyperlipoproteinemia main page Click here

Synonyms and keywords: Type I hyperlipoproteinemia, Burger-Grutz syndrome, Primary hyperlipoproteinemia, lipoprotein lipase deficiency, LPL deficiency, Idiopathic hyperlipemia, Essential hyperlipemia, Familial hyperlipemia, Lipase D deficiency, Hyperlipoproteinemia type IA, Familial chylomicronemia, Familial lipoprotein lipase deficiency, and Familial hyperchylomicronemia.

Overview

This very rare hyperlipidemia is due to a deficiency of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) or altered apolipoprotein C2, resulting in elevated chylomicron which are the particles that transfer fatty acids from the digestive tract to the liver. Lipoprotein lipase is also responsible for the initial breakdown of endogenously made triacylglycerides in the form of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL). As such, one would expect a defect in LPL to also result in elevated VLDL. Its prevalence is one in 1,000,000 population.

Historical Perspective

  • In 1932, Familial LPL deficency was first described by Burger and Grutz[1]
  • In 1967, Fredrickson using paper electrophosresis, classified lipoprotein disorder[2]

Classification

There is no established classification system for Type I hyperlipoproteinemia. However, based on the pathogenesis involved type 1 hyperlipoproteinemia can be classified into:[3]

Type 1a: Lipoprotein lipase deficiency

Type 1b: Apolipoprotein c-IIdeficiency

Type 1c: Presence of lipoprotein lipase inhibitor

Pathophysiology

Pathogenesis

  • Lipoprotein lipase(LPL) hydrolyzes triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TG) such as chylomicrons and very low-density lipoproteins. It catalyzes, the removal of TG from the bloodstream generating free fatty acids for tissues.
  • For full enzymatic activity, LPL requires following cofactors:[4]
  • Familial lipoprotein lipase inhibitor inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion. Inhibit the action of lipoprotein lipase, resulting in decreased postheparin plasma LPL activity, elevated adipose tissue LPL activity, and normal plasma levels of functional apoC-I1.[8]
  • Functionally inactive or absent lipoprotein lipase enzyme, results in massive accumulation of chylomicrons, with extremely high level of plasma triglycerides.

Genetics

  • More than 220 mutations in the LPL gene have been found to cause familial lipoprotein lipase deficiency. The most common mutation in people of European ancestry replaces the protein building block (amino acid) glycine with the amino acid glutamic acid at position 188 in the enzyme (written as Gly188Glu or G188E).[8]

Causes

The cause of type 1 hyperlipidemia remains genetic.[1][9][4][10]

Gene 1 Variants Detected 2 Variant Detection Frequency by Test Method 3 LPL Sequence variants 4 (including p.Gly188Glu 5) ~97% 6
Partial- and whole-gene deletions and duplications ~3% 8

Differential diagnosis

Epidemiology and Demographics

Epidemiological and demographics of familial hyperchylomicronemia are discussed below:[4][9][1]

Prevalence

  • The prevalence of familial LPL deficiency is approximately one in 1,000,000 in the general US population

Demographics

Age

  • 25% of affected children develop symptoms before one year of age.
  • The majority of patients develop symptoms before ten years of age.
  • Few individuals develop symptoms, at the time of pregnancy.

Gender

  • Males and females are equally affected by familial chylomicronemia..

Race

  • The disease has been described in all races.
  • The prevalence is much higher in some areas of Quebec, Canada, as a result of a founder effect.

Screening

  • There are no screening guidelines for Familial hyperchylomicronemia.[9][4][11]
  • It may be appropriate to measure plasma triglyceride concentration in at-risk siblings during infancy; early diagnosis and implementation of dietary fat intake restriction can prevent symptoms and related medical complications.

Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

Natural history, complications and prognosis of type 1 hyperlipoproteinemia include:[11][12][13]

Natural History

  • If left untreated, pancreatitis can develop into a chronic condition that can damage the pancreas and, in rare cases it could be life-threatening.

Complications

  • Pancreatitis and recurrent episodes of abdominal pain may develop.
  • Intestinal ischemia
  • Depression,
  • Memory loss
  • Intellectual decline

Prognosis

  • People with this condition who follow a very low-fat diet have a good prognosis.

Diagnosis

History and symptoms

Presumptive diagnosis can be made, when an infant presents with a history of failure to thrive or recurrent abdominal pain with a documented high fasting plasma triglyceride concentration.[14][11]

Symptoms of Type I hyperlipoproteinemia include:[9][11][15][13]

  • Abdominal pain (may appear as colic in infancy)
  • Loss of appetite, fatigue and irritability
  • Nausea
  • Pain in the muscles and bones (musculoskeletal pain)
  • Vomiting
  • Small yellow papules localized over the trunk, buttocks, knees, and extensor surfaces of the arms
  • Blood in stools(Intestinal ischemia)
  • In rare cases, neurological features of depression, memory loss, and mild intellectual decline (dementia) develop

Physical examination

Signs of Type 1 hyperlipoproteinemia include:[9][11][15][13][12]

  • Enlarged liver and spleen
  • Failure to thrive in infancy
  • Fatty deposits in the skin (xanthomas)
  • Pale retinas and white-colored blood vessels in the retinas
  • Pancreatitis that keeps returning
  • Yellowing of the eyes and skin (jaundice)

Laboratory findings

  • Diagnosis of Type I hyperlipoproteinemia is confirmed by detection of low or absent LPL enzyme activity in an assay system, that contains either normal plasma or apoprotein C-II excluding hepatic lipase.
  • Laboratory findings consistent with the Type I hyperlipoproteinemia include the following:[1][9][15]
Laboratory finding
Phenotype Lipoprotein(s)

Elevated

Serum total

cholesterol

HDL VLDL Serum

triglycerides

Plasma

appearance

Postheparin

lipolytic

activity

Glucose

tolerance

Carbohydrate

inducibility

Fat tolerance
Hyperlipoproteinemia type 1 Chylomicrons ↑↑↑↑ Normal to

elevated

↓↓↓ ↑↑↑↑ Creamy Decreased Normal May be abnormal Markedly abnormal

Molecular Genetic Testing

  • Diagnosis can be confirmed by molecular genetic testing that can detect mutations in the LPL gene.[4]
  • The test is often not necessary to confirm a diagnosis of type I hyperlipidemia.

Treatment

Treatment for hyperlipoproteinemia type 1 is intended to control blood triglyceride levels. There is currently no pharmacotherapy approved for the treatment of familial hyperchylomicronemia in the United States The mainstay of treatment includes dietary modification and control.

Medical Therapy

There is currently no pharmacotherapy approved for the treatment of familial hyperchylomicronemia in the United States

Dietary Management

Dietary management of hyperlipoproteinemia type 1 include the following:[9][14] [11]

  • Controlling blood triglyceride levels with a very low-fat diet
  • It is recommended that individuals with this condition eat no more than 20 grams of fat per day.
  • Medium-chain fatty acids (such as coconut oil) can be incorporated into the diet, as they are absorbed by the body in a different manner.
  • Dietary counseling may be helpful to maintain adequate calorie and nutrient intake.

Pregnancy Management

  • Pregnant women may experience significant changes in lipid level in second and third trimester, and may require strategies to lower fat intake. Pregnancy management of type 1hyperlipoproteinemia involves the following:[16]
  • Periodic assessment of plasma triglycerides is highly recommended
  • Comprehensive analysis of risks versus benefits is required before the use of fibrates, nicotinic acid and omega-3 fatty acid

Investigative Therapies

  • Orlistat, in conjunction with a low fat diet has been used to treat some patients with familial hyperchilomicronemia caused by compound heterozygous LPL deficiency.[17]

Gene Therapy

  • Alipogene tipavovec(Glybera) gene therapy was approved by European commission(2012), in treating adult patients with recurrent episodes of pancreatitis.[18]

Prevention

Primary Prevention

  • There are no primary preventive measures to protect against type I hyperlipoproteinemia. There is currently no known intervention to prevent someone from inheriting this condition.[9]
  • Genetic counseling is recommended for patients and family members.[19]

Secondary prevention

Secondary prevention involves the following:[11][20]

  • Prevention of acute recurrent pancreatitis decreases the risk of development of diabetes mellitus and fat malabsorption.
  • Maintaining the plasma triglyceride concentration at less than 2000 mg/dl, keeps the individual with familial LPL deficiency free of symptoms. This can be accomplished by restriction of dietary fat to no more than 20 g/day or 15% of total energy intake.
  • Periodic assessment of plasma triglycerides levels is highly recommended.
  • Patients should avoid agents that increased endogenous triglyceride levels like alcohol, diuretics, oral estrogens, isoretinoin, glucocorticords, and beta-blockers.

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 {{http://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/familial-lipoprotein-lipase-deficiency}}/Accessed on 7 November,2016
  2. Culliton BJ (1987). "Fredrickson's bitter end at Hughes". Science. 236 (4807): 1417–8. PMID 3296193.
  3. Brahm A, Hegele RA (2013). "Hypertriglyceridemia". Nutrients. 5 (3): 981–1001. doi:10.3390/nu5030981. PMC 3705331. PMID 23525082.
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Pingitore P, Lepore SM, Pirazzi C, Mancina RM, Motta BM, Valenti L; et al. (2016). "Identification and characterization of two novel mutations in the LPL gene causing type I hyperlipoproteinemia". J Clin Lipidol. 10 (4): 816–23. doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2016.02.015. PMID 27578112.
  5. Young SG, Zechner R (2013). "Biochemistry and pathophysiology of intravascular and intracellular lipolysis". Genes Dev. 27 (5): 459–84. doi:10.1101/gad.209296.112. PMC 3605461. PMID 23475957.
  6. Pasalić D, Jurcić Z, Stipancić G, Ferencak G, Leren TP, Djurovic S; et al. (2004). "Missense mutation W86R in exon 3 of the lipoprotein lipase gene in a boy with chylomicronemia". Clin Chim Acta. 343 (1–2): 179–84. doi:10.1016/j.cccn.2004.01.029. PMID 15115692.
  7. Gilbert B, Rouis M, Griglio S, de Lumley L, Laplaud P (2001). "Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) deficiency: a new patient homozygote for the preponderant mutation Gly188Glu in the human LPL gene and review of reported mutations: 75 % are clustered in exons 5 and 6". Ann Genet. 44 (1): 25–32. PMID 11334614.
  8. 8.0 8.1 https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/LPL#conditions
  9. 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/6414/hyperlipoproteinemia-type-1 Accessed on 7 November,2016
  10. Peterson J, Ayyobi AF, Ma Y, Henderson H, Reina M, Deeb SS; et al. (2002). "Structural and functional consequences of missense mutations in exon 5 of the lipoprotein lipase gene". J Lipid Res. 43 (3): 398–406. PMID 11893776.
  11. 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000405.htm
  12. 12.0 12.1
  13. 13.0 13.1 13.2 Feoli-Fonseca JC, Lévy E, Godard M, Lambert M (1998). "Familial lipoprotein lipase deficiency in infancy: clinical, biochemical, and molecular study". J Pediatr. 133 (3): 417–23. PMID 9738727.
  14. 14.0 14.1 {{https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1308/}} Accessed on 7 November,2016
  15. 15.0 15.1 15.2 Robinson JG (2012). "What is the role of advanced lipoprotein analysis in practice?". J Am Coll Cardiol. 60 (25): 2607–15. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2012.04.067. PMID 23257303.
  16. Al-Shali K, Wang J, Fellows F, Huff MW, Wolfe BM, Hegele RA (2002). "Successful pregnancy outcome in a patient with severe chylomicronemia due to compound heterozygosity for mutant lipoprotein lipase". Clin Biochem. 35 (2): 125–30. PMID 11983347.
  17. Blackett P, Tryggestad J, Krishnan S, Li S, Xu W, Alaupovic P; et al. (2013). "Lipoprotein abnormalities in compound heterozygous lipoprotein lipase deficiency after treatment with a low-fat diet and orlistat". J Clin Lipidol. 7 (2): 132–9. doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2012.11.006. PMID 23415432.
  18. Gaudet D, Stroes ES, Méthot J, Brisson D, Tremblay K, Bernelot Moens SJ; et al. (2016). "Long-Term Retrospective Analysis of Gene Therapy with Alipogene Tiparvovec and Its Effect on Lipoprotein Lipase Deficiency-Induced Pancreatitis". Hum Gene Ther. doi:10.1089/hum.2015.158. PMID 27412455.
  19. Ahmad Z, Halter R, Stevenson M (2016). "Building a better understanding of the burden of disease in familial chylomicronemia syndrome". Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol: 1–3. doi:10.1080/17512433.2017.1251839. PMID 27771961.
  20. Ahmad Z, Halter R, Stevenson M (2016). "Building a better understanding of the burden of disease in familial chylomicronemia syndrome". Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol: 1–3. doi:10.1080/17512433.2017.1251839. PMID 27771961.

Template:WikiDoc Sources