Endocarditis causes: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
The majority of cases of infective endocarditis are due to bacteria.  Common causes of infective endocarditis include ''[[Streptococcus viridans]]'', ''[[Staphylococcus aureus|Staphylococci]]'', and ''[[Enterococcus]]''.<ref name=abc> Infective endocarditis. Wikipedia (2015). URL=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infective_endocarditis#Pathogenesis Accessed on September 21, 2015</ref>
The majority of cases of infective endocarditis are due to bacteria.  Common causes of infective endocarditis include ''[[Streptococcus viridans]]'', ''[[Staphylococcus aureus|Staphylococci]]'', and ''[[Enterococcus]]''.<ref name="abc"> Infective endocarditis. Wikipedia (2015). URL=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infective_endocarditis#Pathogenesis Accessed on September 21, 2015</ref>


==Causes==
==Causes==
The three most common organisms responsible for infective endocarditis are ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'', ''[[Streptococcus viridans]]'', and [[Staphylococcus|coagulase negative Staphylococci]]. Other ''Streptococci'' and ''[[Enterococcus|Enterococci]]'' are also a frequent cause of infective endocarditis. [[HACEK]] group of micro-organisms and [[fungi]] are seen less frequently.<ref name=abc> Infective endocarditis. Wikipedia (2015). URL=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infective_endocarditis#Pathogenesis Accessed on September 22, 2015</ref><ref name=Murdoch>{{cite journal|last=Murdoch|first=DR|title=Clinical presentation, etiology, and outcome of infective endocarditis in the 21st century: the International Collaboration on Endocarditis-Prospective Cohort Study|journal=Archives of Internal Medicine|date=9 March 2009|volume=169|issue=5|pages=463–73|pmid=19273776|doi=10.1001/archinternmed.2008.603|pmc=3625651|display-authors=etal}}</ref>
===Life Threatening Causes===
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.


===Common Causes===
===Common Causes===
*[[Staphylococcus aureus]]<ref name="abc" /><ref name="Murdoch">{{cite journal|last=Murdoch|first=DR|title=Clinical presentation, etiology, and outcome of infective endocarditis in the 21st century: the International Collaboration on Endocarditis-Prospective Cohort Study|journal=Archives of Internal Medicine|date=9 March 2009|volume=169|issue=5|pages=463–73|pmid=19273776|doi=10.1001/archinternmed.2008.603|pmc=3625651|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1445-1433.2001.02231.x?cookieSet=1&journalCode=ans|title=Clostridium septicum and malignancy |author=Simon S. B. Chew, David Z. Lubowski|date=2001|source=ANZ Journal of Surgery 71 (11), 647–649}}</ref><ref>http://wordnet.com.au/Products/topics_in_infectious_diseases_Aug01.htm Topics in Infectious Diseases Newsletter, August 2001, Pseudomonas aeruginosa.</ref>
*[[Streptococcus viridans]]
*[[Coagulase]] negative [[Staphylococci]]
*[[Candida albicans]]
*[[Candida albicans]]
*[[clostridium|Clostridium septicum]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1445-1433.2001.02231.x?cookieSet=1&journalCode=ans|title=Clostridium septicum and malignancy |author=Simon S. B. Chew, David Z. Lubowski|date=2001|source=ANZ Journal of Surgery 71 (11), 647–649}}</ref>
*[[clostridium|Clostridium septicum]]
*[[Enterococcus]]
*[[Enterococcus]]
*[[HACEK organisms]]
*[[HACEK organisms]]
*[[Pseudomonas]]<ref>http://wordnet.com.au/Products/topics_in_infectious_diseases_Aug01.htm Topics in Infectious Diseases Newsletter, August 2001, Pseudomonas aeruginosa.</ref>
*[[Pseudomonas]]
*[[Staphylococcus aureus]]
*[[Streptococcus bovis]]
*[[Streptococcus bovis]]
*[[Streptococcus viridans]]
*[[Streptococcus pneumoniae]]
*[[Streptococcus pneumoniae]]


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===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
{{columns-list|3|
*[[Abiotrophia]]
*[[Acremonium]]
*[[Acute rheumatic fever]]
*[[Adenoidectomy ]]
*[[Aminoglycoside]]
*[[Aneurysm of sinus of valsalva]]
*[[Antiphospholipid syndrome]]
*[[Aortic insufficiency]]
*[[Aortic stenosis]]
*[[Aortic valve regurgitation]]
*[[Aortic valve stenosis]]
*[[Aseptic meningitis]]
*[[Asymmetric septal hypertrophy]]
*[[Atrial myxoma]]
*[[Atrioventricular block]]
*[[Austrian triad ]]
*[[Autoimmune disease]]
*[[Bacteremia]]
*[[Bacterial endocarditis]]
*[[Bacteroides]]
*[[Bartonella]]
*[[endocarditis|Becker fibroblastic endocarditis]]
*[[Behcet disease]]
*[[Bicuspid aortic valves ]]
*[[biliary tract|Biliary tract surgery]]
*[[Brucellosis]]
*[[Calcific aortic stenosis]]
*[[valvular disease|Calcific valvular disease]]
*[[Campylobacteriosis]]
*[[Cancer]]
*[[Candida albicans]]
*[[Capnocytophaga canimorsus]]
*[[Cardiac catheterization ]]
*[[Cardiac myxoma]]
*[[Cardiac surgery]]
*[[Cardiobacterium hominis]]
*[[Cardiomegaly]]
*[[Carditis]]
*[[Cat scratch fever]]
*[[Central venous catheter]]
*[[Cerebrovascular accident]]
*[[Cholesterol emboli syndrome]]
*[[Chronic eosinophilic leukemia]]
*[[hemodialysis|Chronic hemodialysis]]
*[[Clostridium sordellii]]
*[[staphylococci|Coagulase-negative staphylococci]]
*[[Coarctation of the aorta]]
*[[Cocaine]]
*[[Congenital heart disease]]
*[[Coronary artery fistula]]
*[[Corynebacterium]]
*[[Coxiella burnetii]]
*[[Cystoscopy ]]
*[[Daptomycin]]
*[[Dental extractions]]
*[[Dental implants]]
*[[Dental sepsis]]
*[[Diphtheria]]
*[[Ebstein's anomaly]]
*[[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome]]
*[[Eikenella corrodens]]
*[[Eisenmenger's syndrome]]
*[[Embolism]]
*[[Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography]]
*[[Enterococci]]
*[[Enterococcus faecalis]]
*[[Erysipelas]]
*[[Erysipeloid of Rosenbach]]
*[[Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae]]
*[[Fever]]
*[[peptostreptococcus|Finegoldia magna]]
*[[First degree AV block]]
*[[Flucloxacillin]]
*[[Fungi]]
*[[Fusidic acid]]
*Gemella haemolysans
*[[Gemella morbillorum]]
*[[Gonorrhea ]]
*[[Granuloma]]
*[[Group A streptococcus ]]
*[[HACEK organisms]] ]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic935.htm|title=HACEK Group Infections|author=Mirabelle Kelly, MD|date= June 7, 2005}}</ref>
*[[haemophilus|Hemophilus aphrophilus]]
*[[haemophilus|Hemophilus parainfluenzae]]
*[[haemophilus|Hemophilus paraphrophilus]]
*[[Hemodialysis]]
*[[Heroin]]
*[[HIV]]
*[[Hypereosinophilic syndrome]]
*[[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]
*[[Hypoplastic left heart syndrome]]
*[[iatrogenic|Iatrogenic infection]]
*[[Immune complex disease]]
*[[Infective endocarditis]]
*[[Intravenous drug use]]
*[[kingella|Kingella kingae]]
*[[Lactobacillus rhamnosus]]
*[[Legionella pneumophila]]
*[[Libman-Sacks endocarditis]]
*[[Listeria monocytogenes]]
*[[Loeffler endocarditis]]
*[[Loiasis]]
*[[Lupus]]
*[[Marantic endocarditis]]
*[[Melioidosis]]
*[[Meningococcemia]]
*[[Mesenteric ischemia]]
*[[Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus]]
*[[Metronidazole]]
*[[Micrococcus]]
*[[Mitogen-activated protein kinase 9]]
*[[Mitral regurgitation]]
*[[Mitral stenosis]]
*[[Mitral valve prolapse]]
*[[Mitral valve replacement]]
*[[Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare]]
*[[Mycobacterium boenickei]]
*[[Mycobacterium brisbanense]]
*[[Mycobacterium fortuitum]]
*[[Mycobacterium houstonense]]
*[[Mycobacterium neworleansense]]
*[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]
*[[Myocardial rupture]]
*[[Narcotic]]
*[[Neisseria gonorrhea]]
*[[neisseria|Neisseria sicca]]
*[[Nephrotic syndrome]]
*[[Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis]]
*[[gram-negative bacteria|Non-HACEK gram-negative bacteria]]
*[[Ornithine transcarbamylase]]
*[[Papillary muscle dysfunction]]
*[[Paraneoplastic syndrome]]
*[[Parathyroid hormone receptor 1]]
*[[Pasteurella multocida]]
*[[Patent ductus arteriosus]]
*[[Pefloxacin]]
*[[Penicillin]]
*[[peritoneovenous shunt|Peritoneovenous shunts for ascites]]
*[[Polymyalgia rheumatica]]
*[[septicemia|Postoperative septicemia]]
*[[Pregnancy ]]
*[[Propionibacterium acnes]]
*[[prostate cancer surgery|Prostatic surgery]]
*[[Prosthetic heart valves]]
*[[Pseudomonas alcaligenes]]
*[[Pseudomonas mendocina]]
*[[Psittacosis]]
*[[Pulmonary atresia]]
*[[Pulmonic regurgitation]]
*[[Q fever]]
*[[Rat-bite fever]]
*[[respiratory tract|Respiratory tract procedures]]
*[[Rheumatic fever]]
*[[Rheumatic heart disease]]
*[[Rheumatoid arthritis]]
*[[Right ventricular outflow tract obstruction]]
*[[root canal|Root canals procedure]]
*[[Rothia dentocariosa]]
*[[Salmonellosis ]]
*[[Scarlet fever]]
*[[Sclerotherapy]]
*[[Second degree AV block]]
*[[Sepsis]]
*[[Septic arthritis]]
*[[Septicemia ]]
*[[Serratia]]
*[[Shock]]
*[[Splenic infarction]]
*[[Staphylococcus aureus]]
*[[Staphylococcus epidermidis]]
*[[Staphylococcus lugdunensis]]
*[[rat-bite fever|Streptobacillary rat-bite fever]]
*[[Streptobacillus]]
*[[Streptococcus]]
*[[Streptococcus bovis]]
*[[Streptococcus milleri]]
*[[Streptococcus mitis]]
*[[Streptococcus mutans]]
*[[Streptococcus pneumoniae]]
*[[Streptococcus sanguinis]]
*[[Streptococcus suis]]
*[[Streptococcus viridans]]
*[[Streptomycin]]
*[[Stroke]]
*[[Structural heart disease]]
*[[Subacute endocarditis]]
*[[Surgery]]
*[[Syphilis]]
*[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
*[[Tetralogy of fallot]]
*[[Third degree AV block]]
*[[Trichinella spiralis]]
*[[Tricuspid insufficiency]]
*[[Tricuspid regurgitation]]
*[[Tricuspid stenosis]]
*[[Tropheryma whipplei]]
*[[Trypanosoma cruzi]]
*[[Tuberculosis ]]
*[[Turner syndrome]]
*[[Typhoid fever]]
*[[Urinary casts]]
*[[Valvular heart disease]]
*[[Vancomycin]]
*[[Vancomycin-resistant enterococci]]
*[[Ventricular septal defect]]
*[[cerebral shunt|Ventriculoatrial shunts for hydrocephalus]]
*[[Whipple disease]]
}}


==Epidemiological Clues in Etiological Diagnosis of Culture-Negative Endocarditis<ref>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Baddour | first1 = LM. | last2 = Wilson | first2 = WR. | last3 = Bayer | first3 = AS. | last4 = Fowler | first4 = VG. | last5 = Bolger | first5 = AF. | last6 = Levison | first6 = ME. | last7 = Ferrieri | first7 = P. | last8 = Gerber | first8 = MA. | last9 = Tani | first9 = LY. | title = Infective endocarditis: diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, and management of complications: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, American Heart Association: endorsed by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. | journal = Circulation | volume = 111 | issue = 23 | pages = e394-434 | month = Jun | year = 2005 | doi = 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.165564 | PMID = 15956145 }}</ref>==
==Epidemiological Clues in Etiological Diagnosis of Culture-Negative Endocarditis<ref>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Baddour | first1 = LM. | last2 = Wilson | first2 = WR. | last3 = Bayer | first3 = AS. | last4 = Fowler | first4 = VG. | last5 = Bolger | first5 = AF. | last6 = Levison | first6 = ME. | last7 = Ferrieri | first7 = P. | last8 = Gerber | first8 = MA. | last9 = Tani | first9 = LY. | title = Infective endocarditis: diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, and management of complications: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, American Heart Association: endorsed by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. | journal = Circulation | volume = 111 | issue = 23 | pages = e394-434 | month = Jun | year = 2005 | doi = 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.165564 | PMID = 15956145 }}</ref>==

Revision as of 15:45, 2 January 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ahmed Zaghw, M.D. [2] Ogheneochuko Ajari, MB.BS, MS [3]

Overview

The majority of cases of infective endocarditis are due to bacteria. Common causes of infective endocarditis include Streptococcus viridans, Staphylococci, and Enterococcus.[1]

Causes

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Acute rheumatic fever, aneurysm of sinus of valsalva, aortic insufficiency, aortic stenosis, aortic valve regurgitation, aortic valve stenosis, asymmetric septal hypertrophy, atrial myxoma, atrioventricular block, Austrian triad , bacterial endocarditis, Becker fibroblastic endocarditis, bicuspid aortic valves , calcific aortic stenosis, calcific valvular disease, cardiac catheterization , cardiac myxoma, cardiac surgery , cardiomegaly, carditis, central venous catheter, cerebrovascular accident, cholesterol emboli syndrome, coarctation of the aorta , congenital heart disease , coronary artery fistula, Ebstein's anomaly, Eisenmenger's syndrome, embolism, first degree AV block, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, hypoplastic left heart syndrome, infective endocarditis, Libman-Sacks endocarditis, Loeffler endocarditis, marantic endocarditis, mesenteric ischemia, mitral regurgitation, mitral stenosis, mitral valve prolapse, mitral valve replacement, myocardial rupture, nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis, papillary muscle dysfunction, patent ductus arteriosus, prosthetic heart valves, pulmonary atresia, pulmonic regurgitation, rheumatic heart disease , right ventricular outflow tract obstruction, second degree AV block, shock, stroke, structural heart disease, subacute endocarditis, tetralogy of Fallot, third degree AV block, tricuspid insufficiency, tricuspid regurgitation, tricuspid stenosis, valvular heart disease, ventricular septal defect
Chemical / poisoning No underlying causes
Dental Dental extractions, dental implants, dental sepsis, root canals procedure, rothia dentocariosa
Dermatologic Behcet disease, scarlet fever
Drug Side Effect Aminoglycoside, cocaine, daptomycin, flucloxacillin, fusidic acid, heroin, intravenous drug use, metronidazole, narcotic, pefloxacin, penicillin, streptomycin, vancomycin
Ear Nose Throat Adenoidectomy
Endocrine No underlying causes
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic & Genito-Uriner Biliary tract surgery, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography , peritoneovenous shunts for ascites, sclerotherapy , splenic infarction, Whipple disease
Genetic Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, mitogen-activated protein kinase 9, parathyroid hormone receptor 1, Turner syndrome
Hematologic Antiphospholipid syndrome, chronic eosinophilic leukemia, hypereosinophilic syndrome
Iatrogenic Cystoscopy,iatrogenic infection
Infectious Disease Abiotrophia, acremonium, acute rheumatic fever, aseptic meningitis, Austrian triad , bacteremia, bacterial endocarditis, bacteroides, bartonella, brucellosis, campylobacteriosis, candida albicans, capnocytophaga canimorsus, cardiobacterium hominis, cat scratch fever, clostridium sordellii, coagulase-negative staphylococci, corynebacterium, coxiella burnetii, diphtheria , eikenella corrodens, enterococci , enterococcus faecalis, erysipelas, erysipeloid of rosenbach, erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, fever, finegoldia magna, fungi , gemella haemolysans, gemella morbillorum, gonorrhea, granuloma, group A streptococcus , HACEK organisms, haemophilus aphrophilus, haemophilus parainfluenzae, haemophilus paraphrophilus, HIV, iatrogenic infection, infective endocarditis, kingella kingae, lactobacillus rhamnosus, legionella pneumophila, listeria monocytogenes, loiasis , melioidosis, meningococcemia, methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, micrococcus, mycobacterium avium-intracellulare, mycobacterium boenickei, mycobacterium brisbanense, mycobacterium fortuitum, mycobacterium houstonense, mycobacterium neworleansense, mycobacterium tuberculosis, neisseria gonorrhoea, neisseria sicca, non-HACEK gram-negative bacteria, pasteurella multocida, postoperative septicemia, propionibacterium acnes, pseudomonas alcaligenes, pseudomonas mendocina, psittacosis, Q fever, rat-bite fever, rheumatic fever, rothia dentocariosa, salmonellosis , scarlet fever, sepsis, septic arthritis, septicemia , serratia, staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus epidermidis, staphylococcus lugdunensis, streptobacillary rat-bite fever, streptobacillus, streptococcus bovis, streptococcus milleri, streptococcus mitis, streptococcus mutans, streptococcus pneumoniae, streptococcus sanguinis, streptococcus suis, streptococcus viridans, streptococcus, syphilis, trichinella spiralis,tropheryma whipplei, trypanosoma cruzi, tuberculosis , typhoid fever, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, Whipple disease
Musculoskeletal / Ortho Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, sclerotherapy
Neurologic Antiphospholipid syndrome, aseptic meningitis, Austrian triad, cerebrovascular accident, stroke, ventriculoatrial shunts for hydrocephalus
Nutritional / Metabolic Ornithine transcarbamylase
Obstetrics & Gynecology Antiphospholipid syndrome, Pregnancy
Oncologic Atrial myxoma, cancer, cardiac myxoma, chronic eosinophilic leukemia, paraneoplastic syndrome
Opthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary Respiratory tract procedures
Renal / Electrolyte Chronic hemodialysis, hemodialysis, nephrotic syndrome, urinary casts
Rheum / Immune / Allergy Acute rheumatic fever, antiphospholipid syndrome, autoimmune disease, Behcet disease, immune complex disease, lupus, paraneoplastic syndrome, polymyalgia rheumatica, rheumatic fever, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic Cystoscopy, prostatic surgery
Miscellaneous Surgery

Epidemiological Clues in Etiological Diagnosis of Culture-Negative Endocarditis[5]

Epidemiological features Common Microorganism(s)
Injection drug use
Indwelling cardiovascular medical devices
Genitourinary disorders
Genitourinary infection
Genitourinary manipulation
Pregnancy
Delivery
Abortion
Chronic skin disorders
Poor dental health, dental procedures
  • Viridans group streptococci
  • “Nutritionally variant streptococci”
  • Abiotrophia defectiva
  • Granulicatella sp
  • Gemella sp
  • HACEK organisms
Alcoholism, cirrhosis
Burn patients
  • S. aureus
  • Aerobic Gram-negative bacilli, including
Diabetes mellitus
Early ( < 1 y) prosthetic valve placement
Late ( > 1 y) prosthetic valve placement
Dog–cat exposure
Contact with contaminated milk
Contact with infected farm animals
Homeless, body lice
AIDS
Pneumonia, meningitis
Solid organ transplant
Gastrointestinal lesions

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Infective endocarditis. Wikipedia (2015). URL=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infective_endocarditis#Pathogenesis Accessed on September 21, 2015
  2. ↑ Murdoch, DR; et al. (9 March 2009). "Clinical presentation, etiology, and outcome of infective endocarditis in the 21st century: the International Collaboration on Endocarditis-Prospective Cohort Study". Archives of Internal Medicine. 169 (5): 463–73. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2008.603. PMC 3625651. PMID 19273776.
  3. ↑ Simon S. B. Chew, David Z. Lubowski (2001). "Clostridium septicum and malignancy". Unknown parameter |source= ignored (help)
  4. ↑ http://wordnet.com.au/Products/topics_in_infectious_diseases_Aug01.htm Topics in Infectious Diseases Newsletter, August 2001, Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
  5. ↑ Baddour, LM.; Wilson, WR.; Bayer, AS.; Fowler, VG.; Bolger, AF.; Levison, ME.; Ferrieri, P.; Gerber, MA.; Tani, LY. (2005). "Infective endocarditis: diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, and management of complications: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, American Heart Association: endorsed by the Infectious Diseases Society of America". Circulation. 111 (23): e394–434. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.165564. PMID 15956145. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

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