Dizziness pathophysiology

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Fatimo Biobaku M.B.B.S [2] Norina Usman, M.B.B.S[3]

Overview

The pathophysiology of dizziness depends on the etiological subtype including orthostatic hypotension, benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, Meniere's disease, Parkinson's disease, hyperventilation syndrome, peripheral neuropathy, and vestibular migraine.

Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology of dizziness depends on the etiological subtype, and area of pathology involved[1][2][3][4][5].

Pathophysiology based on the causes
Cause Pathophysiology Category of dizziness
Orthostatic hypotension It is a drop in blood pressure on changing the position or can be due to the side effect of the medicine Presyncope
Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo The semicircular canal contains loose otolith, which gives a false sense of motion. Vertigo
Meniere's disease Excessive endolymphatic fluid in the inner ear Vertigo
Hyperventilation syndrome Hyperventilation leads to respiratory alkalosis Lightheadedness
Peripheral neuropathy Decrease tactile sensation may cause patients to lack the feeling of feet to be touched to the ground leading to falls and imbalance. Disequilibrium
Parkinson disease Gait dysfunction cause falls and imbalance Disequilibrium
Vestibular migraine Uncertain Vertigo

The pathophysiology of dizziness can be explained according to one of its classification systems based on central and peripheral, although there is often overlap between the two.[6]

-Vestibular dysfunction which involves vestibular neuritis/neuronitis can occur as a single attack or multiple attacks. When there is concurrent hearing loss, it is termed at neurolabyrinthitis. The hair cell bodies are said to be involved that help in transducing movement.

References

  1. Hanley K, O'Dowd T, Considine N (2001). "A systematic review of vertigo in primary care". Br J Gen Pract. 51 (469): 666–71. PMC 1314080. PMID 11510399.
  2. Ebersbach G, Sojer M, Valldeoriola F, Wissel J, Müller J, Tolosa E; et al. (1999). "Comparative analysis of gait in Parkinson's disease, cerebellar ataxia and subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy". Brain. 122 ( Pt 7): 1349–55. doi:10.1093/brain/122.7.1349. PMID 10388800.
  3. Kroenke K, Lucas CA, Rosenberg ML, Scherokman B, Herbers JE, Wehrle PA; et al. (1992). "Causes of persistent dizziness. A prospective study of 100 patients in ambulatory care". Ann Intern Med. 117 (11): 898–904. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-117-11-898. PMID 1443950.
  4. Hoffman RM, Einstadter D, Kroenke K (1999). "Evaluating dizziness". Am J Med. 107 (5): 468–78. doi:10.1016/s0002-9343(99)00260-0. PMID 10569302.
  5. Kentala E, Rauch SD (2003). "A practical assessment algorithm for diagnosis of dizziness". Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 128 (1): 54–9. doi:10.1067/mhn.2003.47. PMID 12574760.
  6. "Dizziness".

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