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{{Diphtheria}} | |||
[[Image:Antitoxin diphtheria.jpg|thumb|right|One of the first bottles of diphtheria antitoxin (1895), produced by the United States Hygienic Laboratory (now the [[National Institutes of Health]]).]] | [[Image:Antitoxin diphtheria.jpg|thumb|right|One of the first bottles of diphtheria antitoxin (1895), produced by the United States Hygienic Laboratory (now the [[National Institutes of Health]]).]] | ||
{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{LRO}} | {{CMG}} {{AE}} {{LRO}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Revision as of 17:51, 13 October 2016
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Luke Rusowicz-Orazem, B.S.
Overview
Before 1826, diphtheria was known by different names across the world. In 1826, Diphtheria was named in 1826 by French physician Pierre Bretonneau. The name alludes to the leathery, sheath-like membrane that grows on the tonsils, throat, and in the nose.[1][2]
Discovery
- In 1826, diphtheria was first distinguished in 1826 by French physician Pierre Bretonneau.[3]
- The name alludes to the leathery, sheath-like membrane that grows on the tonsils, throat, and in the nose.[4][5]
Impacts on Cultural History
- Between 1735 and 1740, a diphtheria epidemic in the New England colonies was thought responsible for the death of 80% ofchildren under 10 years of age in select towns.[6]
- During the late 19th century, diphtheria was also prevalent in the British royal family. Famous cases included a daughter and granddaughter of Britain's Queen Victoria. Princess Alice of Hesse (second daughter of Queen Victoria) died of diphtheria after she contracted it from her children in December of 1878 while nursing them. One of Princess Alice's own daughters, Princess May, also died of diphtheria in November of 1878.[7]
- In the 1920s, there were an estimated 100,000 to 200,000 cases of diphtheria per year in the United States, causing 13,000 to 15,000 deaths.
- Children represented a large majority of these cases and fatalities.
- One of the most notable outbreaks of diphtheria occurred in Nome, Alaska; the trip made to get the antitoxin is now celebrated by the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race.
Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies
- In the 1880s, one of the first effective treatments for diphtheria was discovered by U.S. physician Joseph O'Dwyer (1841-1898). O'Dwyer developedtubes that were inserted into the throat, and prevented victims from suffocating due to the membrane sheath that grows over and obstructs airways.
- In the 1890s, the German physician Emil von Behring developed an antitoxin that did not kill the bacteria, but neutralized the toxic poisons that the bacteria releases into the body. von Behring was awarded the first Nobel Prize in Medicine for his role in the discovery, and development of a serum therapy for diphtheria. (Americans William H. Park and Anna Wessels Williams; and Pasteur Institute scientists Emile Roux and Auguste Chaillou also independently developed diphtheria antitoxin in the 1890s.)
- In 1923, the first successful vaccine for diphtheria was developed . However, antibiotics against diphtheria were not available until the discovery and development of sulfa drugs following World War II.
- In 1974, WHO included DPT vaccine in their Expanded Programme on Immunization for developing countries.
References
- ↑ Pierre Bretonneau, Des inflammations spéciales du tissu muqueux, et en particulier de la diphtérite, ou inflammation pelliculaire, connue sous le nom de croup, d'angine maligne, d'angine gangréneuse, etc. [Special inflammations of mucous tissue, and in particular diphtheria or skin inflammation, known by the name of croup, malignant throat infection, gangrenous throat infection, etc.] (Paris, France: Crevot, 1826).
A condensed version of this work is available in: P. Bretonneau (1826) "Extrait du traité de la diphthérite, angine maligne, ou croup épidémique" (Extract from the treatise on diphtheria, malignant throat infection, or epidemic croup), Archives générales de médecine, series 1, 11 : 219-254. From p. 230: " … M. Bretonneau a cru convenable de l'appeler diphthérite, dérivé de ΔΙΦθΕΡΑ, … " ( … Mr. Bretonneau thought it appropriate to call it diphtheria, derived from ΔΙΦθΕΡΑ [diphthera], … ) - ↑ "Diphtheria". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 29 November 2012.
- ↑ Nahmias, André J. (2013). Immunology of Human Infection: Part I: Bacteria, Mycoplasmae, Chlamydiae, and Fungi. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 171. ISBN 1468410091.
- ↑ Pierre Bretonneau, Des inflammations spéciales du tissu muqueux, et en particulier de la diphtérite, ou inflammation pelliculaire, connue sous le nom de croup, d'angine maligne, d'angine gangréneuse, etc. [Special inflammations of mucous tissue, and in particular diphtheria or skin inflammation, known by the name of croup, malignant throat infection, gangrenous throat infection, etc.] (Paris, France: Crevot, 1826).
A condensed version of this work is available in: P. Bretonneau (1826) "Extrait du traité de la diphthérite, angine maligne, ou croup épidémique" (Extract from the treatise on diphtheria, malignant throat infection, or epidemic croup), Archives générales de médecine, series 1, 11 : 219-254. From p. 230: " … M. Bretonneau a cru convenable de l'appeler diphthérite, dérivé de ΔΙΦθΕΡΑ, … " ( … Mr. Bretonneau thought it appropriate to call it diphtheria, derived from ΔΙΦθΕΡΑ [diphthera], … ) - ↑ "Diphtheria". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 29 November 2012.
- ↑ Caulfield, Ernest. (1949) "A True History of the Terrible Epidemic Vulgarly Called the Throat Distemper, Which Occurred in His Majesty's New England Colonies between the Years 1735 and 1740." The William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Ser., Vol 6, No 2. p. 338. See Also: Shulman, Stanford (2004) The History of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (Html by Google) Pediatric Research. Vol. 55, No. 1
- ↑ Baker, Raegan Princess Alice of Hesse and by Rhine Alexander Palace Time Machine.