Diamond-Blackfan anemia causes: Difference between revisions

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==Causes==
==Causes==
===Genetics===
*In about 80-85% of cases [[Diamond-Blackfan anemia]], a block in [[erythropoiesis]] occurs due to the [[ribosomal protein]] [[gene]] [[mutation]]. [[Ribosomal protein]] [[mutations]] are [[sprodaic]](55%) or [[hereditary]]. Sporadic [[mutation]] occurs in [[genes]] encoding several different [[Ribosomal protein|ribosomal proteins]].


*in about 80-85% of cases Diamond-Blackfan anemia, a block in [[erythropoiesis]] occurs due to the ribosomal protein gene mutation.Ribosomal protein mutations are [[sprodaic]](55%) or [[hereditary]]. Sporadic mutation occurs in genes encoding several different [[ribosomal]] proteins. About 25% of patients have mutations in the [[ribosomal|ribosome]] protein S19 (RPS19) gene on chromosome 19 at [[cytogenetic]] position 19q13.2. RPS19 has an important role in 18S [[rRNA]] maturation in yeast and in human cells.  
*About 25% of patients have mutations in the [[ribosomal|ribosome]] [[RPS19|protein S19]] ([[RPS19]]) [[gene]] on [[chromosome 19]] at [[cytogenetic]] position 19q13.2. [[RPS19]] has an important role in 18S [[rRNA]] maturation in [[yeast]] and in human [[cells]].
Approximately 40-45 % DBA cases are inherited with an [[autosomal dominant]] inheritance.<ref name="pmid30503522">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ulirsch JC, Verboon JM, Kazerounian S, Guo MH, Yuan D, Ludwig LS, Handsaker RE, Abdulhay NJ, Fiorini C, Genovese G, Lim ET, Cheng A, Cummings BB, Chao KR, Beggs AH, Genetti CA, Sieff CA, Newburger PE, Niewiadomska E, Matysiak M, Vlachos A, Lipton JM, Atsidaftos E, Glader B, Narla A, Gleizes PE, O'Donohue MF, Montel-Lehry N, Amor DJ, McCarroll SA, O'Donnell-Luria AH, Gupta N, Gabriel SB, MacArthur DG, Lander ES, Lek M, Da Costa L, Nathan DG, Korostelev AA, Do R, Sankaran VG, Gazda HT |title=The Genetic Landscape of Diamond-Blackfan Anemia |journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet. |volume=103 |issue=6 |pages=930–947 |date=December 2018 |pmid=30503522 |pmc=6288280 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.10.027 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23463023">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vlachos A, Dahl N, Dianzani I, Lipton JM |title=Clinical utility gene card for: Diamond-Blackfan anemia--update 2013 |journal=Eur. J. Hum. Genet. |volume=21 |issue=10 |pages= |date=October 2013 |pmid=23463023 |pmc=3778360 |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2013.34 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22160079">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ball S |title=Diamond Blackfan anemia |journal=Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program |volume=2011 |issue= |pages=487–91 |date=2011 |pmid=22160079 |doi=10.1182/asheducation-2011.1.487 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23744582">{{cite journal |vauthors=Garçon L, Ge J, Manjunath SH, Mills JA, Apicella M, Parikh S, Sullivan LM, Podsakoff GM, Gadue P, French DL, Mason PJ, Bessler M, Weiss MJ |title=Ribosomal and hematopoietic defects in induced pluripotent stem cells derived from Diamond Blackfan anemia patients |journal=Blood |volume=122 |issue=6 |pages=912–21 |date=August 2013 |pmid=23744582 |pmc=3739037 |doi=10.1182/blood-2013-01-478321 |url=}}</ref> and they have a family history of the disease with varying phenotypes.<ref name="pmid30228860">{{cite journal |vauthors=Da Costa L, Narla A, Mohandas N |title=An update on the pathogenesis and diagnosis of Diamond-Blackfan anemia |journal=F1000Res |volume=7 |issue= |pages= |date=2018 |pmid=30228860 |pmc=6117846 |doi=10.12688/f1000research.15542.1 |url=}}</ref>, although some of cases (GATA1-related DBA and TSR2-related DBA) are inherited in an [[X-linked]] manner.<ref name="pmid20301769">{{cite journal |vauthors=Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, Wallace SE, Bean LJH, Stephens K, Amemiya A, Clinton C, Gazda HT |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=20301769 |doi= |url=}}</ref>.Also, [[autosomal recessive]] inheritance, with a lesser frequency has been reported.<ref name="pmid30881276">{{cite journal |vauthors=Engidaye G, Melku M, Enawgaw B |title=Diamond Blackfan Anemia: Genetics, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment |journal=EJIFCC |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=67–81 |date=March 2019 |pmid=30881276 |pmc=6416817 |doi= |url=}}</ref>Variable [[expressivity]] is seen in all RP gene mutations. Possible mechanisms underlying variable expressivity include an influence of modifier genes and environmental factors. <ref name="pmid20960466">{{cite journal |vauthors=Boria I, Garelli E, Gazda HT, Aspesi A, Quarello P, Pavesi E, Ferrante D, Meerpohl JJ, Kartal M, Da Costa L, Proust A, Leblanc T, Simansour M, Dahl N, Fröjmark AS, Pospisilova D, Cmejla R, Beggs AH, Sheen MR, Landowski M, Buros CM, Clinton CM, Dobson LJ, Vlachos A, Atsidaftos E, Lipton JM, Ellis SR, Ramenghi U, Dianzani I |title=The ribosomal basis of Diamond-Blackfan Anemia: mutation and database update |journal=Hum. Mutat. |volume=31 |issue=12 |pages=1269–79 |date=December 2010 |pmid=20960466 |pmc=4485435 |doi=10.1002/humu.21383 |url=}}</ref>
*Other [[mutated]] [[genes]] have been found in RPL5, [[RPL11]], [[RPL35A]], [[RPS7]], [[RPS10]], [[RPS17]], [[RPS24]], and [[RPS26]], and rarely in RPL15, RPL17, [[RPL19]], RPL26, RPL27, [[RPL31]], RPS15A, [[RPS20]], [[RPS27]], [[RPS28]], [[RPS29]], that result in small or large [[ribosomal]] [[subunit]] [[synthesis]] deficiencies in human [[cells]].
**Other mutated genes have been found in RPL5, RPL11, RPL35A, RPS7, RPS10, RPS17, RPS24, and RPS26, and rarely in RPL15, RPL17, RPL19, RPL26, RPL27, RPL31, RPS15A, RPS20, RPS27, RPS28, RPS29, that result in small or large [[ribosomal]] [[subunit]] synthesis deficiencies in human cells<ref name="pmid30228860">{{cite journal |vauthors=Da Costa L, Narla A, Mohandas N |title=An update on the pathogenesis and diagnosis of Diamond-Blackfan anemia |journal=F1000Res |volume=7 |issue= |pages= |date=2018 |pmid=30228860 |pmc=6117846 |doi=10.12688/f1000research.15542.1 |url=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid18230666">{{cite journal |vauthors=Choesmel V, Fribourg S, Aguissa-Touré AH, Pinaud N, Legrand P, Gazda HT, Gleizes PE |title=Mutation of ribosomal protein RPS24 in Diamond-Blackfan anemia results in a ribosome biogenesis disorder |journal=Hum. Mol. Genet. |volume=17 |issue=9 |pages=1253–63 |date=May 2008 |pmid=18230666 |doi=10.1093/hmg/ddn015 |url=}}</ref>
 
**Mutation of "Non-RP" genes such as [[TSR2]] and [[GATA1]], and EPO also were found.<ref name="pmid30228860">{{cite journal |vauthors=Da Costa L, Narla A, Mohandas N |title=An update on the pathogenesis and diagnosis of Diamond-Blackfan anemia |journal=F1000Res |volume=7 |issue= |pages= |date=2018 |pmid=30228860 |pmc=6117846 |doi=10.12688/f1000research.15542.1 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22706301">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sankaran VG, Ghazvinian R, Do R, Thiru P, Vergilio JA, Beggs AH, Sieff CA, Orkin SH, Nathan DG, Lander ES, Gazda HT |title=Exome sequencing identifies GATA1 mutations resulting in Diamond-Blackfan anemia |journal=J. Clin. Invest. |volume=122 |issue=7 |pages=2439–43 |date=July 2012 |pmid=22706301 |pmc=3386831 |doi=10.1172/JCI63597 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24766296">{{cite journal |vauthors=Klar J, Khalfallah A, Arzoo PS, Gazda HT, Dahl N |title=Recurrent GATA1 mutations in Diamond-Blackfan anaemia |journal=Br. J. Haematol. |volume=166 |issue=6 |pages=949–51 |date=September 2014 |pmid=24766296 |doi=10.1111/bjh.12919 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29551269">{{cite journal |vauthors=Khajuria RK, Munschauer M, Ulirsch JC, Fiorini C, Ludwig LS, McFarland SK, Abdulhay NJ, Specht H, Keshishian H, Mani DR, Jovanovic M, Ellis SR, Fulco CP, Engreitz JM, Schütz S, Lian J, Gripp KW, Weinberg OK, Pinkus GS, Gehrke L, Regev A, Lander ES, Gazda HT, Lee WY, Panse VG, Carr SA, Sankaran VG |title=Ribosome Levels Selectively Regulate Translation and Lineage Commitment in Human Hematopoiesis |journal=Cell |volume=173 |issue=1 |pages=90–103.e19 |date=March 2018 |pmid=29551269 |pmc=5866246 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2018.02.036 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28283061">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kim AR, Ulirsch JC, Wilmes S, Unal E, Moraga I, Karakukcu M, Yuan D, Kazerounian S, Abdulhay NJ, King DS, Gupta N, Gabriel SB, Lander ES, Patiroglu T, Ozcan A, Ozdemir MA, Garcia KC, Piehler J, Gazda HT, Klein DE, Sankaran VG |title=Functional Selectivity in Cytokine Signaling Revealed Through a Pathogenic EPO Mutation |journal=Cell |volume=168 |issue=6 |pages=1053–1064.e15 |date=March 2017 |pmid=28283061 |pmc=5376096 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2017.02.026 |url=}}</ref>[[TSR2]] plays a role in ribosome biogenesis since it is involved in the [[pre-rRNA]] processing and binds to RPS26. [[GATA1]] which is the major erythroid transcription factor as being essential for precursor cells to differentiate into red blood cells and plays a critical role in regulating normal [[erythroid]] differentiation by activating of other erythroid genes.
*[[Mutation]] of "Non-RP" genes such as [[TSR2]] and [[GATA1]], and [[EPO]] also were found.<ref name="pmid30228860">{{cite journal |vauthors=Da Costa L, Narla A, Mohandas N |title=An update on the pathogenesis and diagnosis of Diamond-Blackfan anemia |journal=F1000Res |volume=7 |issue= |pages= |date=2018 |pmid=30228860 |pmc=6117846 |doi=10.12688/f1000research.15542.1 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22706301">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sankaran VG, Ghazvinian R, Do R, Thiru P, Vergilio JA, Beggs AH, Sieff CA, Orkin SH, Nathan DG, Lander ES, Gazda HT |title=Exome sequencing identifies GATA1 mutations resulting in Diamond-Blackfan anemia |journal=J. Clin. Invest. |volume=122 |issue=7 |pages=2439–43 |date=July 2012 |pmid=22706301 |pmc=3386831 |doi=10.1172/JCI63597 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24766296">{{cite journal |vauthors=Klar J, Khalfallah A, Arzoo PS, Gazda HT, Dahl N |title=Recurrent GATA1 mutations in Diamond-Blackfan anaemia |journal=Br. J. Haematol. |volume=166 |issue=6 |pages=949–51 |date=September 2014 |pmid=24766296 |doi=10.1111/bjh.12919 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29551269">{{cite journal |vauthors=Khajuria RK, Munschauer M, Ulirsch JC, Fiorini C, Ludwig LS, McFarland SK, Abdulhay NJ, Specht H, Keshishian H, Mani DR, Jovanovic M, Ellis SR, Fulco CP, Engreitz JM, Schütz S, Lian J, Gripp KW, Weinberg OK, Pinkus GS, Gehrke L, Regev A, Lander ES, Gazda HT, Lee WY, Panse VG, Carr SA, Sankaran VG |title=Ribosome Levels Selectively Regulate Translation and Lineage Commitment in Human Hematopoiesis |journal=Cell |volume=173 |issue=1 |pages=90–103.e19 |date=March 2018 |pmid=29551269 |pmc=5866246 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2018.02.036 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28283061">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kim AR, Ulirsch JC, Wilmes S, Unal E, Moraga I, Karakukcu M, Yuan D, Kazerounian S, Abdulhay NJ, King DS, Gupta N, Gabriel SB, Lander ES, Patiroglu T, Ozcan A, Ozdemir MA, Garcia KC, Piehler J, Gazda HT, Klein DE, Sankaran VG |title=Functional Selectivity in Cytokine Signaling Revealed Through a Pathogenic EPO Mutation |journal=Cell |volume=168 |issue=6 |pages=1053–1064.e15 |date=March 2017 |pmid=28283061 |pmc=5376096 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2017.02.026 |url=}}</ref>[[TSR2]] plays a role in ribosome biogenesis since it is involved in the [[pre-rRNA]] processing and binds to [[RPS26]]. [[GATA1]] which is the major [[erythroid]] [[transcription factor]] as being essential for precursor cells to differentiate into [[red blood cells]] and plays a critical role in regulating normal [[erythroid]] differentiation by activating of other [[erythroid]] [[genes]]. Approximately 40-45 % [[Diamond-Blackfan anemia|DBA]] cases are [[inherited]] with an [[autosomal dominant]] [[inheritance]].<ref name="pmid30503522">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ulirsch JC, Verboon JM, Kazerounian S, Guo MH, Yuan D, Ludwig LS, Handsaker RE, Abdulhay NJ, Fiorini C, Genovese G, Lim ET, Cheng A, Cummings BB, Chao KR, Beggs AH, Genetti CA, Sieff CA, Newburger PE, Niewiadomska E, Matysiak M, Vlachos A, Lipton JM, Atsidaftos E, Glader B, Narla A, Gleizes PE, O'Donohue MF, Montel-Lehry N, Amor DJ, McCarroll SA, O'Donnell-Luria AH, Gupta N, Gabriel SB, MacArthur DG, Lander ES, Lek M, Da Costa L, Nathan DG, Korostelev AA, Do R, Sankaran VG, Gazda HT |title=The Genetic Landscape of Diamond-Blackfan Anemia |journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet. |volume=103 |issue=6 |pages=930–947 |date=December 2018 |pmid=30503522 |pmc=6288280 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.10.027 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23463023">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vlachos A, Dahl N, Dianzani I, Lipton JM |title=Clinical utility gene card for: Diamond-Blackfan anemia--update 2013 |journal=Eur. J. Hum. Genet. |volume=21 |issue=10 |pages= |date=October 2013 |pmid=23463023 |pmc=3778360 |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2013.34 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22160079">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ball S |title=Diamond Blackfan anemia |journal=Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program |volume=2011 |issue= |pages=487–91 |date=2011 |pmid=22160079 |doi=10.1182/asheducation-2011.1.487 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23744582">{{cite journal |vauthors=Garçon L, Ge J, Manjunath SH, Mills JA, Apicella M, Parikh S, Sullivan LM, Podsakoff GM, Gadue P, French DL, Mason PJ, Bessler M, Weiss MJ |title=Ribosomal and hematopoietic defects in induced pluripotent stem cells derived from Diamond Blackfan anemia patients |journal=Blood |volume=122 |issue=6 |pages=912–21 |date=August 2013 |pmid=23744582 |pmc=3739037 |doi=10.1182/blood-2013-01-478321 |url=}}</ref> and they have a family history of the disease with varying [[phenotypes]].<ref name="pmid30228860">{{cite journal |vauthors=Da Costa L, Narla A, Mohandas N |title=An update on the pathogenesis and diagnosis of Diamond-Blackfan anemia |journal=F1000Res |volume=7 |issue= |pages= |date=2018 |pmid=30228860 |pmc=6117846 |doi=10.12688/f1000research.15542.1 |url=}}</ref>, although some of cases ([[GATA1]]-related [[Diamond-Blackfan anemia|DBA]] and [[TSR2]]-related [[Diamond-Blackfan anemia|DBA]]) are [[inherited]] in an [[X-linked]] manner.<ref name="pmid20301769">{{cite journal |vauthors=Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, Wallace SE, Bean LJH, Stephens K, Amemiya A, Clinton C, Gazda HT |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=20301769 |doi= |url=}}</ref>.Also, [[autosomal recessive]] inheritance, with a lesser frequency has been reported.<ref name="pmid30881276">{{cite journal |vauthors=Engidaye G, Melku M, Enawgaw B |title=Diamond Blackfan Anemia: Genetics, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment |journal=EJIFCC |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=67–81 |date=March 2019 |pmid=30881276 |pmc=6416817 |doi= |url=}}</ref>Variable [[expressivity]] is seen in all RP gene mutations. Possible mechanisms underlying variable [[expressivity]] include an influence of modifier [[genes]] and [[environmental factor|environmental factors]]. <ref name="pmid20960466">{{cite journal |vauthors=Boria I, Garelli E, Gazda HT, Aspesi A, Quarello P, Pavesi E, Ferrante D, Meerpohl JJ, Kartal M, Da Costa L, Proust A, Leblanc T, Simansour M, Dahl N, Fröjmark AS, Pospisilova D, Cmejla R, Beggs AH, Sheen MR, Landowski M, Buros CM, Clinton CM, Dobson LJ, Vlachos A, Atsidaftos E, Lipton JM, Ellis SR, Ramenghi U, Dianzani I |title=The ribosomal basis of Diamond-Blackfan Anemia: mutation and database update |journal=Hum. Mutat. |volume=31 |issue=12 |pages=1269–79 |date=December 2010 |pmid=20960466 |pmc=4485435 |doi=10.1002/humu.21383 |url=}}</ref <ref name="pmid30228860">{{cite journal |vauthors=Da Costa L, Narla A, Mohandas N |title=An update on the pathogenesis and diagnosis of Diamond-Blackfan anemia |journal=F1000Res |volume=7 |issue= |pages= |date=2018 |pmid=30228860 |pmc=6117846 |doi=10.12688/f1000research.15542.1 |url=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid18230666">{{cite journal |vauthors=Choesmel V, Fribourg S, Aguissa-Touré AH, Pinaud N, Legrand P, Gazda HT, Gleizes PE |title=Mutation of ribosomal protein RPS24  in Diamond-Blackfan anemia  results in a  ribosome  biogenesis disorder |journal=Hum. Mol. Genet. |volume=17 |issue=9 |pages=1253–63 |date=May 2008 |pmid=18230666 |doi=10.1093/hmg/ddn015 |url=}}</ref>
**In the remaining 10-15% of DBA cases, no abnormal genes have yet been identified. It is likely that mutations are in a regulatory region including intronic regions and promoters in one of the known RP genes and may account for the DBA phenotype. <ref name="pmid30228860">{{cite journal |vauthors=Da Costa L, Narla A, Mohandas N |title=An update on the pathogenesis and diagnosis of Diamond-Blackfan anemia |journal=F1000Res |volume=7 |issue= |pages= |date=2018 |pmid=30228860 |pmc=6117846 |doi=10.12688/f1000research.15542.1 |url=}}</ref>
 
*In the remaining 10-15% of DBA cases, no abnormal [[genes]] have yet been identified. It is likely that [[mutations]] are in a [[Regulatory site|regulatory region]] including [[intron|intronic]] regions and [[Promoter|promoters]] in one of the known [[Ribosomal protein|RP]] [[genes]] and may account for the [[Diamond-Blackfan anemia|DBA]] [[phenotype]]. <ref name="pmid30228860">{{cite journal |vauthors=Da Costa L, Narla A, Mohandas N |title=An update on the pathogenesis and diagnosis of Diamond-Blackfan anemia |journal=F1000Res |volume=7 |issue= |pages= |date=2018 |pmid=30228860 |pmc=6117846 |doi=10.12688/f1000research.15542.1 |url=}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}

Latest revision as of 05:14, 26 September 2020

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Overview

Diamond-Blackfan anemia is caused by heterozygous mutation in a gene encoding a small (RPS7, RPS10, RPS15A, RPS17, RPS19, RPS20, RPS24, RPS26, RPS27, RPS28, RPS29) or large (RPL5, RPL11, RPL15, RPL17, RPL19, RPL26, RPL27, RPL31, RPL35A) ribosomal subunit-associated protein in 80%-85% of the affected cases of DBA. In the remaining 10-15% of DBA cases, no abnormal genes have yet been identified. It is likely that mutations are in a regulatory region including intronic regions and promoters in one of the known RP genes and may account for the DBA phenotype.

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References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Da Costa L, Narla A, Mohandas N (2018). "An update on the pathogenesis and diagnosis of Diamond-Blackfan anemia". F1000Res. 7. doi:10.12688/f1000research.15542.1. PMC 6117846. PMID 30228860.
  2. ↑ Sankaran VG, Ghazvinian R, Do R, Thiru P, Vergilio JA, Beggs AH, Sieff CA, Orkin SH, Nathan DG, Lander ES, Gazda HT (July 2012). "Exome sequencing identifies GATA1 mutations resulting in Diamond-Blackfan anemia". J. Clin. Invest. 122 (7): 2439–43. doi:10.1172/JCI63597. PMC 3386831. PMID 22706301.
  3. ↑ Klar J, Khalfallah A, Arzoo PS, Gazda HT, Dahl N (September 2014). "Recurrent GATA1 mutations in Diamond-Blackfan anaemia". Br. J. Haematol. 166 (6): 949–51. doi:10.1111/bjh.12919. PMID 24766296.
  4. ↑ Khajuria RK, Munschauer M, Ulirsch JC, Fiorini C, Ludwig LS, McFarland SK, Abdulhay NJ, Specht H, Keshishian H, Mani DR, Jovanovic M, Ellis SR, Fulco CP, Engreitz JM, Schütz S, Lian J, Gripp KW, Weinberg OK, Pinkus GS, Gehrke L, Regev A, Lander ES, Gazda HT, Lee WY, Panse VG, Carr SA, Sankaran VG (March 2018). "Ribosome Levels Selectively Regulate Translation and Lineage Commitment in Human Hematopoiesis". Cell. 173 (1): 90–103.e19. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.02.036. PMC 5866246. PMID 29551269.
  5. ↑ Kim AR, Ulirsch JC, Wilmes S, Unal E, Moraga I, Karakukcu M, Yuan D, Kazerounian S, Abdulhay NJ, King DS, Gupta N, Gabriel SB, Lander ES, Patiroglu T, Ozcan A, Ozdemir MA, Garcia KC, Piehler J, Gazda HT, Klein DE, Sankaran VG (March 2017). "Functional Selectivity in Cytokine Signaling Revealed Through a Pathogenic EPO Mutation". Cell. 168 (6): 1053–1064.e15. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.02.026. PMC 5376096. PMID 28283061.
  6. ↑ Ulirsch JC, Verboon JM, Kazerounian S, Guo MH, Yuan D, Ludwig LS, Handsaker RE, Abdulhay NJ, Fiorini C, Genovese G, Lim ET, Cheng A, Cummings BB, Chao KR, Beggs AH, Genetti CA, Sieff CA, Newburger PE, Niewiadomska E, Matysiak M, Vlachos A, Lipton JM, Atsidaftos E, Glader B, Narla A, Gleizes PE, O'Donohue MF, Montel-Lehry N, Amor DJ, McCarroll SA, O'Donnell-Luria AH, Gupta N, Gabriel SB, MacArthur DG, Lander ES, Lek M, Da Costa L, Nathan DG, Korostelev AA, Do R, Sankaran VG, Gazda HT (December 2018). "The Genetic Landscape of Diamond-Blackfan Anemia". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 103 (6): 930–947. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.10.027. PMC 6288280. PMID 30503522.
  7. ↑ Vlachos A, Dahl N, Dianzani I, Lipton JM (October 2013). "Clinical utility gene card for: Diamond-Blackfan anemia--update 2013". Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 21 (10). doi:10.1038/ejhg.2013.34. PMC 3778360. PMID 23463023.
  8. ↑ Ball S (2011). "Diamond Blackfan anemia". Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2011: 487–91. doi:10.1182/asheducation-2011.1.487. PMID 22160079.
  9. ↑ Garçon L, Ge J, Manjunath SH, Mills JA, Apicella M, Parikh S, Sullivan LM, Podsakoff GM, Gadue P, French DL, Mason PJ, Bessler M, Weiss MJ (August 2013). "Ribosomal and hematopoietic defects in induced pluripotent stem cells derived from Diamond Blackfan anemia patients". Blood. 122 (6): 912–21. doi:10.1182/blood-2013-01-478321. PMC 3739037. PMID 23744582.
  10. ↑ Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, Wallace SE, Bean L, Stephens K, Amemiya A, Clinton C, Gazda HT. PMID 20301769. Vancouver style error: initials (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  11. ↑ Engidaye G, Melku M, Enawgaw B (March 2019). "Diamond Blackfan Anemia: Genetics, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment". EJIFCC. 30 (1): 67–81. PMC 6416817. PMID 30881276.
  12. ↑ Choesmel V, Fribourg S, Aguissa-Touré AH, Pinaud N, Legrand P, Gazda HT, Gleizes PE (May 2008). "Mutation of ribosomal protein RPS24 in Diamond-Blackfan anemia results in a ribosome biogenesis disorder". Hum. Mol. Genet. 17 (9): 1253–63. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddn015. PMID 18230666.
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