Diabetes mellitus type 1 risk factors: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
 
[[Risk factor|Risk factors]] for [[type 1 Diabetes Mellitus]] include [[family history]], [[genetics]], geography, [[Congenital rubella syndrome|congenital rubella]] [[infection]], [[Caesarean section|cesarean]] [[infection]], higher [[birth weight]], older maternal age, low maternal intake of vegetables, entero-viral [[infection]], frequent [[Respiratory tract infection|respiratory]] or enteric [[infection|infections]], early exposure to cereals, root vegetables, eggs and cow's milk, [[infant]] [[weight gain]], persistent or recurrent entero-viral [[infection|infections]], [[overweight]] or increased height velocity, high glycemic load, [[fructose]] intake, [[Diet (nutrition)|dietary]] [[nitrate|nitrates]] or [[nitrosamine|nitrosamines]], puberty, [[Stress (medicine)|psychological stress]] and low [[vitamin D]] levels.
 
==Risk Factors==
 
*[[risk factor|Risk factors]] for [[type 1 Diabetes Mellitus]] include:<ref>Redondo MJ, Yu L, Hawa M, et al. Late progression to type 1 diabetes of discordant twins of patients with type 1 diabetes: Combined analysis of two twin series (United States and United Kingdom). Diabetes 1999; 48:780.</ref><ref>Dahlquist GG, Patterson C, Soltesz G. Perinatal risk factors for childhood type 1 diabetes in Europe. The EURODIAB Substudy 2 Study Group. Diabetes Care 1999; 22:1698.</ref><ref>Dahlquist GG, Pundziūte-Lyckå A, Nyström L, et al. Birthweight and risk of type 1 diabetes in children and young adults: a population-based register study. Diabetologia 2005; 48:1114.</ref><ref>Stene LC, Joner G, Norwegian Childhood Diabetes Study Group. Use of cod liver oil during the first year of life is associated with lower risk of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes: a large, population-based, case-control study. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 78:1128.</ref><ref>Yoon JW, Austin M, Onodera T, Notkins AL. Isolation of a virus from the pancreas of a child with diabetic ketoacidosis. N Engl J Med 1979; 300:1173.</ref><ref>Dotta F, Censini S, van Halteren AG, et al. Coxsackie B4 virus infection of beta cells and natural killer cell insulitis in recent-onset type 1 diabetic patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:5115.</ref><ref>Menser MA, Forrest JM, Bransby RD. Rubella infection and diabetes mellitus. Lancet 1978; 1:57.</ref><ref>Hyöty H, Taylor KW. The role of viruses in human diabetes. Diabetologia 2002; 45:1353.</ref><ref>Hummel M, Füchtenbusch M, Schenker M, Ziegler AG. No major association of breast-feeding, vaccinations, and childhood viral diseases with early islet autoimmunity in the German BABYDIAB Study. Diabetes Care 2000; 23:969.</ref><ref>Cainelli F, Manzaroli D, Renzini C, et al. Coxsackie B virus-induced autoimmunity to GAD does not lead to type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2000; 23:1021.</ref><ref>Elliott RB, Harris DP, Hill JP, et al. Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus and cow milk: casein variant consumption. Diabetologia 1999; 42:292.</ref><ref>Norris JM, Barriga K, Klingensmith G, et al. Timing of initial cereal exposure in infancy and risk of islet autoimmunity. JAMA 2003; 290:1713.</ref><ref>Parslow RC, McKinney PA, Law GR, et al. Incidence of childhood diabetes mellitus in Yorkshire, northern England, is associated with nitrate in drinking water: an ecological analysis. Diabetologia 1997; 40:550.</ref><ref name="AholaForsblom2020">{{cite journal|last1=Ahola|first1=Aila J.|last2=Forsblom|first2=Carol|last3=Harjutsalo|first3=Valma|last4=Groop|first4=Per-Henrik|title=Perceived Stress and Adherence to the Dietary Recommendations and Blood Glucose Levels in Type 1 Diabetes|journal=Journal of Diabetes Research|volume=2020|year=2020|pages=1–8|issn=2314-6745|doi=10.1155/2020/3548520}}</ref><ref name="ZalutskayaMokhort2004">{{cite journal|last1=Zalutskaya|first1=A.|last2=Mokhort|first2=T.|last3=Garmaev|first3=D.|last4=Bornstein|first4=S. R.|title=Did the Chernobyl incident cause an increase in Type 1 diabetes mellitus incidence in children and adolescents?|journal=Diabetologia|volume=47|issue=1|year=2004|pages=147–148|issn=0012-186X|doi=10.1007/s00125-003-1271-9}}</ref><ref name="pmid20723815">{{cite journal| author=Maahs DM, West NA, Lawrence JM, Mayer-Davis EJ| title=Epidemiology of type 1 diabetes. | journal=Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am | year= 2010 | volume= 39 | issue= 3 | pages= 481-97 | pmid=20723815 | doi=10.1016/j.ecl.2010.05.011 | pmc=2925303 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20723815  }} </ref><ref name="pmid12643195">{{cite journal| author=Hämäläinen AM, Knip M| title=Autoimmunity and familial risk of type 1 diabetes. | journal=Curr Diab Rep | year= 2002 | volume= 2 | issue= 4 | pages= 347-53 | pmid=12643195 | doi=10.1007/s11892-002-0025-2 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12643195  }} </ref><ref name="pmid32334646">{{cite journal| author=Bornstein SR, Rubino F, Khunti K, Mingrone G, Hopkins D, Birkenfeld AL | display-authors=etal| title=Practical recommendations for the management of diabetes in patients with COVID-19. | journal=Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol | year= 2020 | volume= 8 | issue= 6 | pages= 546-550 | pmid=32334646 | doi=10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30152-2 | pmc=7180013 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32334646  }}</ref><ref name="AkturkTaylor2019">{{cite journal|last1=Akturk|first1=Halis K.|last2=Taylor|first2=Daniel D.|last3=Camsari|first3=Ulas M.|last4=Rewers|first4=Amanda|last5=Kinney|first5=Gregory L.|last6=Shah|first6=Viral N.|title=Association Between Cannabis Use and Risk for Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes|journal=JAMA Internal Medicine|volume=179|issue=1|year=2019|pages=115|issn=2168-6106|doi=10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.5142}}</ref>  
** [[Family history]]:
*** There is a risk of developing [[type 1 diabetes mellitus]] in close relatives of a [[patient]] with [[type 1 diabetes mellitus]].
*** Children who have siblings with [[type 1 diabetes mellitus]] started before age of 5 have 3-5 fold higher chance of [[type 1 diabetes mellitus]] development before 20 years old, compared to children whose siblings had [[type 1 diabetes mellitus]] between 5-15 years old. 
*** Offspring of an affected father have 7% chance of [[type 1 diabetes mellitus]], whereas when mother is affected there is only 2% to 3% risk of [[type 1 diabetes mellitus]] development in offspring.
** [[Genetics]]: The presence of certain [[gene|genes]] associated with an increased risk of developing [[type 1 diabetes mellitus]].
** Geography: Risk is elevated with increased distance from equator
** [[Congenital rubella syndrome|Congenital rubella]] [[infection]]
** Maternal entero-viral [[infection]]
** [[Cesarean section]]
** Higher [[birth weight]]
** Older maternal age
** Low maternal intake of vegetables
** [[Radiation]] exposure
*** A study done on Gomel city population with [[radiation]] exposure after the Chernobyl incident demonstrated increased [[incidence]] of [[type 1 diabetes mellitus]].
** Enteroviral [[infection]]
** Frequent [[Respiratory tract infection|respiratory]] or enteric [[infection|infections]]
** Abnormal [[microbiome]]
** Early exposure to cereals, root vegetables, eggs and cow's milk
** [[Infant]] [[weight gain]]
** Serious life events
** Persistent or recurrent entero-viral [[infection|infections]]
** [[Overweight]] or increased height velocity
** High glycemic load and [[fructose]] intake
** [[Diet (nutrition)|Dietary]] [[nitrate|nitrates]] or [[nitrosamine|nitrosamines]]
** Puberty
** [[Steroid]] [[treatment]]
** [[Insulin]] resistance
** [[Stress (medicine)|Psychological stress]]:
*** There are evidences supporting that normal weighted patients with [[Diabetes mellitus type 1|type 1 diabetes mellitus]] who experienced moderate to high [[Stress (medicine)|stress]] had significantly higher mean [[blood sugar|blood glucose]] concentrations, compared to those who reported minimal [[Stress (medicine)|psychological stress]]. This relationship could be related to less [[Diet (nutrition)|dietary]] or [[therapy]] adherence in [[diabetes|diabetic]] [[patient|patients]] who encountered high [[Stress (medicine)|stress]] level.   
** Low [[vitamin D]] levels
**[[SARS-CoV-2]] (a subtype of [[coronavirus]] that causes [[COVID-19|coronavirus disease 2019]])
*** Possible [[Beta cell|β cell]] damage caused by [[SARS-CoV-2]] can cause to [[insulin]] deficiency.
*** Some [[patient|patients]] with [[COVID-19]] have been presented with [[diabetic ketoacidosis]] ([[diabetic ketoacidosis|DKA]]).
** In one study [[prevalence]] of [[Cannabis (drug) detailed information|Cannabis]] use was 30% among [[Type 1 diabetes|type 1 diabetic]] patients and was related to higher chance of [[diabetic ketoacidosis]] ([[Diabetic ketoacidosis|DKA]]), possibly due to increased intestinal motility and [[hyperemesis]]. Nevertheless, further investigations should be done to confirm [[Cannabis (drug)|cannabis]] use as a [[risk factor]] of [[Diabetes mellitus type 1|type 1 diabetes mellitus]] and [[Diabetic ketoacidosis|DKA]].


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
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Latest revision as of 21:55, 10 September 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Vishal Devarkonda, M.B.B.S[2]Anahita Deylamsalehi, M.D.[3]

Overview

Risk factors for type 1 Diabetes Mellitus include family history, genetics, geography, congenital rubella infection, cesarean infection, higher birth weight, older maternal age, low maternal intake of vegetables, entero-viral infection, frequent respiratory or enteric infections, early exposure to cereals, root vegetables, eggs and cow's milk, infant weight gain, persistent or recurrent entero-viral infections, overweight or increased height velocity, high glycemic load, fructose intake, dietary nitrates or nitrosamines, puberty, psychological stress and low vitamin D levels.

Risk Factors

References

  1. ↑ Redondo MJ, Yu L, Hawa M, et al. Late progression to type 1 diabetes of discordant twins of patients with type 1 diabetes: Combined analysis of two twin series (United States and United Kingdom). Diabetes 1999; 48:780.
  2. ↑ Dahlquist GG, Patterson C, Soltesz G. Perinatal risk factors for childhood type 1 diabetes in Europe. The EURODIAB Substudy 2 Study Group. Diabetes Care 1999; 22:1698.
  3. ↑ Dahlquist GG, Pundziūte-Lyckå A, Nyström L, et al. Birthweight and risk of type 1 diabetes in children and young adults: a population-based register study. Diabetologia 2005; 48:1114.
  4. ↑ Stene LC, Joner G, Norwegian Childhood Diabetes Study Group. Use of cod liver oil during the first year of life is associated with lower risk of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes: a large, population-based, case-control study. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 78:1128.
  5. ↑ Yoon JW, Austin M, Onodera T, Notkins AL. Isolation of a virus from the pancreas of a child with diabetic ketoacidosis. N Engl J Med 1979; 300:1173.
  6. ↑ Dotta F, Censini S, van Halteren AG, et al. Coxsackie B4 virus infection of beta cells and natural killer cell insulitis in recent-onset type 1 diabetic patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:5115.
  7. ↑ Menser MA, Forrest JM, Bransby RD. Rubella infection and diabetes mellitus. Lancet 1978; 1:57.
  8. ↑ Hyöty H, Taylor KW. The role of viruses in human diabetes. Diabetologia 2002; 45:1353.
  9. ↑ Hummel M, Füchtenbusch M, Schenker M, Ziegler AG. No major association of breast-feeding, vaccinations, and childhood viral diseases with early islet autoimmunity in the German BABYDIAB Study. Diabetes Care 2000; 23:969.
  10. ↑ Cainelli F, Manzaroli D, Renzini C, et al. Coxsackie B virus-induced autoimmunity to GAD does not lead to type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2000; 23:1021.
  11. ↑ Elliott RB, Harris DP, Hill JP, et al. Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus and cow milk: casein variant consumption. Diabetologia 1999; 42:292.
  12. ↑ Norris JM, Barriga K, Klingensmith G, et al. Timing of initial cereal exposure in infancy and risk of islet autoimmunity. JAMA 2003; 290:1713.
  13. ↑ Parslow RC, McKinney PA, Law GR, et al. Incidence of childhood diabetes mellitus in Yorkshire, northern England, is associated with nitrate in drinking water: an ecological analysis. Diabetologia 1997; 40:550.
  14. ↑ Ahola, Aila J.; Forsblom, Carol; Harjutsalo, Valma; Groop, Per-Henrik (2020). "Perceived Stress and Adherence to the Dietary Recommendations and Blood Glucose Levels in Type 1 Diabetes". Journal of Diabetes Research. 2020: 1–8. doi:10.1155/2020/3548520. ISSN 2314-6745.
  15. ↑ Zalutskaya, A.; Mokhort, T.; Garmaev, D.; Bornstein, S. R. (2004). "Did the Chernobyl incident cause an increase in Type 1 diabetes mellitus incidence in children and adolescents?". Diabetologia. 47 (1): 147–148. doi:10.1007/s00125-003-1271-9. ISSN 0012-186X.
  16. ↑ Maahs DM, West NA, Lawrence JM, Mayer-Davis EJ (2010). "Epidemiology of type 1 diabetes". Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 39 (3): 481–97. doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2010.05.011. PMC 2925303. PMID 20723815.
  17. ↑ Hämäläinen AM, Knip M (2002). "Autoimmunity and familial risk of type 1 diabetes". Curr Diab Rep. 2 (4): 347–53. doi:10.1007/s11892-002-0025-2. PMID 12643195.
  18. ↑ Bornstein SR, Rubino F, Khunti K, Mingrone G, Hopkins D, Birkenfeld AL; et al. (2020). "Practical recommendations for the management of diabetes in patients with COVID-19". Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 8 (6): 546–550. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30152-2. PMC 7180013 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32334646 Check |pmid= value (help).
  19. ↑ Akturk, Halis K.; Taylor, Daniel D.; Camsari, Ulas M.; Rewers, Amanda; Kinney, Gregory L.; Shah, Viral N. (2019). "Association Between Cannabis Use and Risk for Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes". JAMA Internal Medicine. 179 (1): 115. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.5142. ISSN 2168-6106.

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