Cholera risk factors: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Certain factors have been found to be associated with an increased risks of Cholera. Among these decreased immunity, decreased gastric pH, certain blood groups (Blood group O are most prone, blood group AB is least prone), and genetics are the commonest associated. | Certain factors have been found to be associated with an increased risks of Cholera. Among these decreased immunity, decreased gastric pH, certain blood groups (Blood group O are most prone, blood group AB is least prone), and genetics are the commonest associated.<ref name="pmid4014172">{{cite journal| author=Glass RI, Holmgren J, Haley CE, Khan MR, Svennerholm AM, Stoll BJ et al.| title=Predisposition for cholera of individuals with O blood group. Possible evolutionary significance. | journal=Am J Epidemiol | year= 1985 | volume= 121 | issue= 6 | pages= 791-6 | pmid=4014172 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4014172 }} </ref><ref name="pmid10892490">{{cite journal| author=Rabbani GH, Greenough WB| title=Food as a vehicle of transmission of cholera. | journal=J Diarrhoeal Dis Res | year= 1999 | volume= 17 | issue= 1 | pages= 1-9 | pmid=10892490 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10892490 }} </ref><ref name="pmid19212328">{{cite journal| author=Larocque RC, Sabeti P, Duggal P, Chowdhury F, Khan AI, Lebrun LM et al.| title=A variant in long palate, lung and nasal epithelium clone 1 is associated with cholera in a Bangladeshi population. | journal=Genes Immun | year= 2009 | volume= 10 | issue= 3 | pages= 267-72 | pmid=19212328 | doi=10.1038/gene.2009.2 | pmc=2672110 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19212328 }} </ref> | ||
==Risk Factors== | ==Risk Factors== | ||
Foodborne cholera outbreaks risk factors may include:<ref name="pmid22099118">{{cite journal| author=O'Connor KA, Cartwright E, Loharikar A, Routh J, Gaines J, Fouché MD et al.| title=Risk factors early in the 2010 cholera epidemic, Haiti. | journal=Emerg Infect Dis | year= 2011 | volume= 17 | issue= 11 | pages= 2136-8 | pmid=22099118 | doi=10.3201/eid1711.110810 | pmc=3310583 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22099118 }} </ref><ref name="pmid10892490">{{cite journal| author=Rabbani GH, Greenough WB| title=Food as a vehicle of transmission of cholera. | journal=J Diarrhoeal Dis Res | year= 1999 | volume= 17 | issue= 1 | pages= 1-9 | pmid=10892490 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10892490 }} </ref> | |||
*Consumption of rice products, | |||
*Consumption specific vegetables or fruits | |||
Sporadic cholera risk factors include: | |||
*Consumption of shellfish | |||
===Blood Group=== | ===Blood Group=== | ||
* Recent [[epidemiology|epidemiologic research]] suggests that an individual's susceptibility to cholera (and other [[diarrhea]]l infections) is affected by their [[blood type]]: Those with [[type O blood]] are the most susceptible,<ref name=Swerdlow_1994>{{cite journal |author=Swerdlow D, Mintz E, Rodriguez M, Tejada E, Ocampo C, Espejo L, Barrett T, Petzelt J, Bean N, Seminario L |title=Severe life-threatening cholera associated with blood group O in Peru: implications for the Latin American epidemic |journal=J Infect Dis |volume=170 |issue=2 |pages=468-72 |year=1994 |id=PMID 8035040}}</ref><ref name=Harris_2005>{{cite journal |author=Harris J, Khan A, LaRocque R, Dorer D, Chowdhury F, Faruque A, Sack D, Ryan E, Qadri F, Calderwood S |title=Blood group, immunity, and risk of infection with ''Vibrio cholerae'' in an area of endemicity |journal=Infect Immun |volume=73 |issue=11 |pages=7422-7 |year=2005 |pmid=16239542}}</ref> while those with [[type AB]] are the most resistant. Between these two extremes are the A and B blood types, with type A being more resistant than type B. | * Recent [[epidemiology|epidemiologic research]] suggests that an individual's susceptibility to cholera (and other [[diarrhea]]l infections) is affected by their [[blood type]]: Those with [[type O blood]] are the most susceptible,<ref name=Swerdlow_1994>{{cite journal |author=Swerdlow D, Mintz E, Rodriguez M, Tejada E, Ocampo C, Espejo L, Barrett T, Petzelt J, Bean N, Seminario L |title=Severe life-threatening cholera associated with blood group O in Peru: implications for the Latin American epidemic |journal=J Infect Dis |volume=170 |issue=2 |pages=468-72 |year=1994 |id=PMID 8035040}}</ref><ref name=Harris_2005>{{cite journal |author=Harris J, Khan A, LaRocque R, Dorer D, Chowdhury F, Faruque A, Sack D, Ryan E, Qadri F, Calderwood S |title=Blood group, immunity, and risk of infection with ''Vibrio cholerae'' in an area of endemicity |journal=Infect Immun |volume=73 |issue=11 |pages=7422-7 |year=2005 |pmid=16239542}}</ref> while those with [[type AB]] are the most resistant. Between these two extremes are the A and B blood types, with type A being more resistant than type B. | ||
===Genetics=== | ===Genetics=== | ||
**Variants in the innate immunity protein BPIFB1 (LPLUNC1) are associated with susceptibility to choler<ref name="pmid19212328">{{cite journal| author=Larocque RC, Sabeti P, Duggal P, Chowdhury F, Khan AI, Lebrun LM et al.| title=A variant in long palate, lung and nasal epithelium clone 1 is associated with cholera in a Bangladeshi population. | journal=Genes Immun | year= 2009 | volume= 10 | issue= 3 | pages= 267-72 | pmid=19212328 | doi=10.1038/gene.2009.2 | pmc=2672110 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19212328 }} </ref> | |||
* It has also been hypothesized that the [[cystic fibrosis]] genetic [[mutation]] has been maintained in humans due to a selective advantage: [[heterozygous]] carriers of the mutation (who are thus not affected by cystic fibrosis) are more resistant to ''V. cholerae'' infections.<ref name=Bertranpetit_1996>{{cite journal |author=Bertranpetit J, Calafell F |title=Genetic and geographical variability in cystic fibrosis: evolutionary considerations |journal=Ciba Found Symp |volume=197 |issue= |pages=97-114; discussion 114-8 |year=1996 |pmid=8827370}}</ref> In this model, the genetic deficiency in the [[cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator]] channel proteins interferes with bacteria binding to the [[gastrointestinal]] epithelium, thus reducing the effects of an infection. | * It has also been hypothesized that the [[cystic fibrosis]] genetic [[mutation]] has been maintained in humans due to a selective advantage: [[heterozygous]] carriers of the mutation (who are thus not affected by cystic fibrosis) are more resistant to ''V. cholerae'' infections.<ref name=Bertranpetit_1996>{{cite journal |author=Bertranpetit J, Calafell F |title=Genetic and geographical variability in cystic fibrosis: evolutionary considerations |journal=Ciba Found Symp |volume=197 |issue= |pages=97-114; discussion 114-8 |year=1996 |pmid=8827370}}</ref> In this model, the genetic deficiency in the [[cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator]] channel proteins interferes with bacteria binding to the [[gastrointestinal]] epithelium, thus reducing the effects of an infection. | ||
===Decreased Gastric Acidity=== | ===Decreased Gastric Acidity=== | ||
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===Decreased Immunity=== | ===Decreased Immunity=== | ||
* [[Malnutrition|Malnourished]] patients | * [[Malnutrition|Malnourished]] patients | ||
===Hypochlorhydria === | |||
*Retinol deficiency | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 11:26, 7 October 2016
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editors-In-Chief: Priyamvada Singh, MBBS [2]
Overview
Certain factors have been found to be associated with an increased risks of Cholera. Among these decreased immunity, decreased gastric pH, certain blood groups (Blood group O are most prone, blood group AB is least prone), and genetics are the commonest associated.[1][2][3]
Risk Factors
Foodborne cholera outbreaks risk factors may include:[4][2]
- Consumption of rice products,
- Consumption specific vegetables or fruits
Sporadic cholera risk factors include:
- Consumption of shellfish
Blood Group
- Recent epidemiologic research suggests that an individual's susceptibility to cholera (and other diarrheal infections) is affected by their blood type: Those with type O blood are the most susceptible,[5][6] while those with type AB are the most resistant. Between these two extremes are the A and B blood types, with type A being more resistant than type B.
Genetics
- Variants in the innate immunity protein BPIFB1 (LPLUNC1) are associated with susceptibility to choler[3]
- It has also been hypothesized that the cystic fibrosis genetic mutation has been maintained in humans due to a selective advantage: heterozygous carriers of the mutation (who are thus not affected by cystic fibrosis) are more resistant to V. cholerae infections.[7] In this model, the genetic deficiency in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator channel proteins interferes with bacteria binding to the gastrointestinal epithelium, thus reducing the effects of an infection.
Decreased Gastric Acidity
- Use of antacids
Decreased Immunity
- Malnourished patients
Hypochlorhydria
- Retinol deficiency
References
- ↑ Glass RI, Holmgren J, Haley CE, Khan MR, Svennerholm AM, Stoll BJ; et al. (1985). "Predisposition for cholera of individuals with O blood group. Possible evolutionary significance". Am J Epidemiol. 121 (6): 791–6. PMID 4014172.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Rabbani GH, Greenough WB (1999). "Food as a vehicle of transmission of cholera". J Diarrhoeal Dis Res. 17 (1): 1–9. PMID 10892490.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Larocque RC, Sabeti P, Duggal P, Chowdhury F, Khan AI, Lebrun LM; et al. (2009). "A variant in long palate, lung and nasal epithelium clone 1 is associated with cholera in a Bangladeshi population". Genes Immun. 10 (3): 267–72. doi:10.1038/gene.2009.2. PMC 2672110. PMID 19212328.
- ↑ O'Connor KA, Cartwright E, Loharikar A, Routh J, Gaines J, Fouché MD; et al. (2011). "Risk factors early in the 2010 cholera epidemic, Haiti". Emerg Infect Dis. 17 (11): 2136–8. doi:10.3201/eid1711.110810. PMC 3310583. PMID 22099118.
- ↑ Swerdlow D, Mintz E, Rodriguez M, Tejada E, Ocampo C, Espejo L, Barrett T, Petzelt J, Bean N, Seminario L (1994). "Severe life-threatening cholera associated with blood group O in Peru: implications for the Latin American epidemic". J Infect Dis. 170 (2): 468–72. PMID 8035040.
- ↑ Harris J, Khan A, LaRocque R, Dorer D, Chowdhury F, Faruque A, Sack D, Ryan E, Qadri F, Calderwood S (2005). "Blood group, immunity, and risk of infection with Vibrio cholerae in an area of endemicity". Infect Immun. 73 (11): 7422–7. PMID 16239542.
- ↑ Bertranpetit J, Calafell F (1996). "Genetic and geographical variability in cystic fibrosis: evolutionary considerations". Ciba Found Symp. 197: 97–114, discussion 114-8. PMID 8827370.