Cholera risk factors

Jump to navigation Jump to search

Cholera Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Cholera from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

X Ray

CT

MRI

Other diagnostic studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Case Studies

Case #1

Cholera risk factors On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Cholera risk factors

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Cholera risk factors

CDC on Cholera risk factors

Cholera risk factors in the news

Blogs on Cholera risk factors

Directions to Hospitals Treating Cholera

Risk calculators and risk factors for Cholera risk factors

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editors-In-Chief: Priyamvada Singh, MBBS [2], Sara Mehrsefat, M.D. [3]

Overview

Certain factors have been found to be associated with an increased risk of contracting cholera. Among these decreased immunity, decreased gastric pH, certain blood groups (patients with blood group O are most prone, while patients with blood group AB are least prone), and genetics are the most commonly associated factors. The greatest risk occurs in over-populated communities and refugee settings characterized by poor sanitation, unsafe drinking water, and increased person-to-person transmission.[1][2][3][4]

Risk Factors

Contaminated Sources

Risk factors for foodborne cholera may include:[5][2]

  • Consumption of contaminated water
  • Consumption of rice products
  • Consumption of specific vegetables or fruits

Risk factors for sporadic cholera include:

  • Consumption of under-cooked shellfish

Overcrowding and Displacement

The greatest risk of developing cholera is present in over-populated communities affected by massive displacement and overcrowding, commonly due to natural disasters or political/economical instability (e.g., earthquakes, hurricanes, refugee camps) by means of:[4]

  • Poor sanitation
  • Unsafe drinking water
  • Increased person-to-person transmission

Other Risk Factors

Blood Group

Recent epidemiologic research suggests that an individual's susceptibility to cholera (and other diarrheal infections) is affected by his/her blood type. Those with type O blood are the most susceptible, while those with type AB are the most resistant. Between these two extremes are the A and B blood types, with type A being more resistant than type B.[6][7]

Genetics

Decreased Gastric Acidity

Decreased Immunity

Hypochlorhydria

References

  1. Glass RI, Holmgren J, Haley CE, Khan MR, Svennerholm AM, Stoll BJ; et al. (1985). "Predisposition for cholera of individuals with O blood group. Possible evolutionary significance". Am J Epidemiol. 121 (6): 791–6. PMID 4014172.
  2. 2.0 2.1 Rabbani GH, Greenough WB (1999). "Food as a vehicle of transmission of cholera". J Diarrhoeal Dis Res. 17 (1): 1–9. PMID 10892490.
  3. 3.0 3.1 Larocque RC, Sabeti P, Duggal P, Chowdhury F, Khan AI, Lebrun LM; et al. (2009). "A variant in long palate, lung and nasal epithelium clone 1 is associated with cholera in a Bangladeshi population". Genes Immun. 10 (3): 267–72. doi:10.1038/gene.2009.2. PMC 2672110. PMID 19212328.
  4. 4.0 4.1 World Health Organization. Assessing the Outbreak response and improving preparedness (2004) http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/43017/1/WHO_CDS_CPE_ZFk_2004.4_eng.pdf
  5. O'Connor KA, Cartwright E, Loharikar A, Routh J, Gaines J, Fouché MD; et al. (2011). "Risk factors early in the 2010 cholera epidemic, Haiti". Emerg Infect Dis. 17 (11): 2136–8. doi:10.3201/eid1711.110810. PMC 3310583. PMID 22099118.
  6. Swerdlow D, Mintz E, Rodriguez M, Tejada E, Ocampo C, Espejo L, Barrett T, Petzelt J, Bean N, Seminario L (1994). "Severe life-threatening cholera associated with blood group O in Peru: implications for the Latin American epidemic". J Infect Dis. 170 (2): 468–72. PMID 8035040.
  7. Harris J, Khan A, LaRocque R, Dorer D, Chowdhury F, Faruque A, Sack D, Ryan E, Qadri F, Calderwood S (2005). "Blood group, immunity, and risk of infection with Vibrio cholerae in an area of endemicity". Infect Immun. 73 (11): 7422–7. PMID 16239542.
  8. Bertranpetit J, Calafell F (1996). "Genetic and geographical variability in cystic fibrosis: evolutionary considerations". Ciba Found Symp. 197: 97–114, discussion 114-8. PMID 8827370.


Template:WH Template:WS