Cholangitis natural history, complications and prognosis: Difference between revisions
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__NOTOC__ | __NOTOC__ | ||
{{Cholangitis}} | {{Cholangitis}} | ||
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{FH}} | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{ADS}},{{FH}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Patients who show early signs of multiple [[organ failure]] ([[renal failure]], disseminated [[intravascular coagulation]], alterations in the level of [[consciousness]], and [[shock]]) or evidence of acute cholangitis, as well as those who do not respond to conservative treatment, should receive systemic [[antibiotics]] and undergo emergent biliary drainage. Unless early and appropriate biliary drainage is performed and systemic [[antibiotics]] are administered, death will occur. The prognosis is usually good with treatment but poor without treatment. | Patients who show early signs of multiple [[organ failure]] ([[renal failure]], disseminated [[intravascular coagulation]], alterations in the level of [[consciousness]], and [[shock]]) or evidence of acute cholangitis, as well as those who do not respond to conservative treatment, should receive systemic [[antibiotics]] and undergo emergent biliary drainage. Unless early and appropriate biliary drainage is performed and systemic [[antibiotics]] are administered, death will occur. The [[prognosis]] is usually good with treatment but poor without treatment. | ||
==Natural History== | ==Natural History== | ||
Acute cholangitis is the result of bacterial infection that causes partial or complete obstruction of the [[biliary system]]. Patients with the disease present with a wide range of severity, from low-grade [[fever]] to severe [[sepsis]]. Shock | Acute cholangitis is the result of a [[bacterial infection]] that causes partial or complete obstruction of the [[biliary system]]. Patients with the disease present with a wide range of severity, from low-grade [[fever]] to severe [[sepsis]]. Patients usually present with [[Charcot's triad]] which comprises of [[fever]], [[abdominal pain and jaundice]]. Shock in the presence of [[pus]] within the [[biliary tree]] is indicative of acute suppurative cholangitis. Patients present with [[Reynolds' pentad|Reynold's pentad]] that includes [[sepsis]] and [[mental confusion]] in addition to [[fever]], [[abdominal pain]] and [[jaundice]].<ref name="book123">{{Citation | ||
| last1 = Liu | | last1 = Liu | ||
| first1 = CL | | first1 = CL | ||
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| edition = 24 | | edition = 24 | ||
| year = 2001 | | year = 2001 | ||
}}</ref> A history of biliary disease, such as [[gallstones]], previous biliary procedures, or the placement of a biliary stent are factors that are very helpful in understanding the natural history of cholangitis.<ref name="pmid17252294">{{cite journal |vauthors=Miura F, Takada T, Kawarada Y, Nimura Y, Wada K, Hirota M, Nagino M, Tsuyuguchi T, Mayumi T, Yoshida M, Strasberg SM, Pitt HA, Belghiti J, de Santibanes E, Gadacz TR, Gouma DJ, Fan ST, Chen MF, Padbury RT, Bornman PC, Kim SW, Liau KH, Belli G, Dervenis C |title=Flowcharts for the diagnosis and treatment of acute cholangitis and cholecystitis: Tokyo Guidelines |journal=J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=27–34 |year=2007 |pmid=17252294 |pmc=2784508 |doi=10.1007/s00534-006-1153-x |url=}}</ref> | }}</ref> A history of biliary disease, such as [[gallstones]], previous biliary procedures, or the placement of a biliary stent are factors that are very helpful in understanding the [[Natural history of disease|natural history]] of cholangitis.<ref name="pmid17252294">{{cite journal |vauthors=Miura F, Takada T, Kawarada Y, Nimura Y, Wada K, Hirota M, Nagino M, Tsuyuguchi T, Mayumi T, Yoshida M, Strasberg SM, Pitt HA, Belghiti J, de Santibanes E, Gadacz TR, Gouma DJ, Fan ST, Chen MF, Padbury RT, Bornman PC, Kim SW, Liau KH, Belli G, Dervenis C |title=Flowcharts for the diagnosis and treatment of acute cholangitis and cholecystitis: Tokyo Guidelines |journal=J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=27–34 |year=2007 |pmid=17252294 |pmc=2784508 |doi=10.1007/s00534-006-1153-x |url=}}</ref> | ||
==Complications== | ==Complications== | ||
Complications related to cholangitis include:<ref name="pmid2294844">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lai EC, Tam PC, Paterson IA, Ng MM, Fan ST, Choi TK, Wong J |title=Emergency surgery for severe acute cholangitis. The high-risk patients |journal=Ann. Surg. |volume=211 |issue=1 |pages=55–9 |year=1990 |pmid=2294844 |pmc=1357893 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17252293">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kimura Y, Takada T, Kawarada Y, Nimura Y, Hirata K, Sekimoto M, Yoshida M, Mayumi T, Wada K, Miura F, Yasuda H, Yamashita Y, Nagino M, Hirota M, Tanaka A, Tsuyuguchi T, Strasberg SM, Gadacz TR |title=Definitions, pathophysiology, and epidemiology of acute cholangitis and cholecystitis: Tokyo Guidelines |journal=J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=15–26 |year=2007 |pmid=17252293 |pmc=2784509 |doi=10.1007/s00534-006-1152-y |url=}}</ref> | Complications related to cholangitis include:<ref name="pmid2294844">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lai EC, Tam PC, Paterson IA, Ng MM, Fan ST, Choi TK, Wong J |title=Emergency surgery for severe acute cholangitis. The high-risk patients |journal=Ann. Surg. |volume=211 |issue=1 |pages=55–9 |year=1990 |pmid=2294844 |pmc=1357893 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17252293">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kimura Y, Takada T, Kawarada Y, Nimura Y, Hirata K, Sekimoto M, Yoshida M, Mayumi T, Wada K, Miura F, Yasuda H, Yamashita Y, Nagino M, Hirota M, Tanaka A, Tsuyuguchi T, Strasberg SM, Gadacz TR |title=Definitions, pathophysiology, and epidemiology of acute cholangitis and cholecystitis: Tokyo Guidelines |journal=J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=15–26 |year=2007 |pmid=17252293 |pmc=2784509 |doi=10.1007/s00534-006-1152-y |url=}}</ref><ref name="KiriyamaTakada2013">{{cite journal|last1=Kiriyama|first1=Seiki|last2=Takada|first2=Tadahiro|last3=Strasberg|first3=Steven M.|last4=Solomkin|first4=Joseph S.|last5=Mayumi|first5=Toshihiko|last6=Pitt|first6=Henry A.|last7=Gouma|first7=Dirk J.|last8=Garden|first8=O. James|last9=Büchler|first9=Markus W.|last10=Yokoe|first10=Masamichi|last11=Kimura|first11=Yasutoshi|last12=Tsuyuguchi|first12=Toshio|last13=Itoi|first13=Takao|last14=Yoshida|first14=Masahiro|last15=Miura|first15=Fumihiko|last16=Yamashita|first16=Yuichi|last17=Okamoto|first17=Kohji|last18=Gabata|first18=Toshifumi|last19=Hata|first19=Jiro|last20=Higuchi|first20=Ryota|last21=Windsor|first21=John A.|last22=Bornman|first22=Philippus C.|last23=Fan|first23=Sheung-Tat|last24=Singh|first24=Harijt|last25=de Santibanes|first25=Eduardo|last26=Gomi|first26=Harumi|last27=Kusachi|first27=Shinya|last28=Murata|first28=Atsuhiko|last29=Chen|first29=Xiao-Ping|last30=Jagannath|first30=Palepu|last31=Lee|first31=Sung Gyu|last32=Padbury|first32=Robert|last33=Chen|first33=Miin-Fu|last34=Dervenis|first34=Christos|last35=Chan|first35=Angus C.W.|last36=Supe|first36=Avinash N.|last37=Liau|first37=Kui-Hin|last38=Kim|first38=Myung-Hwan|last39=Kim|first39=Sun-Whe|title=TG13 guidelines for diagnosis and severity grading of acute cholangitis (with videos)|journal=Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Sciences|volume=20|issue=1|year=2013|pages=24–34|issn=18686974|doi=10.1007/s00534-012-0561-3}}</ref> | ||
*[[Renal failure]] | *[[Renal failure]] | ||
*[[Respiratory failure]] | *[[Respiratory failure]] | ||
**The inability of the respiratory system to oxygenate blood and/or eliminate carbon dioxide | **The inability of the [[respiratory system]] to [[oxygenate]] [[blood]] and/or eliminate [[carbon dioxide]] | ||
*[[Cardiac arrhythmia]] | *[[Cardiac arrhythmia]] | ||
*Wound infection | *[[Wound]] [[infection]] | ||
*[[Pneumonia]] | *[[Pneumonia]] | ||
*[[Gastrointestinal bleeding]] | *[[Gastrointestinal bleeding]] | ||
*[[Myocardial ischemia]] | *[[Myocardial ischemia]] | ||
*[[Acute cholecystitis]] | *[[Acute cholecystitis]] | ||
* | *[[Jaundice]] | ||
*[[Pancreatitis]] | *[[Pancreatitis]] | ||
The risk of complications increased in subsequent years after gallbladder stones were first discovered, but have been decreasing since. Every year, 6-8% of patients whose symptoms progress from minor to serious undergo [[cholecystectomy]]. Fortunately, this percentage has been decreasing yearly.<ref name="pmid17252293">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kimura Y, Takada T, Kawarada Y, Nimura Y, Hirata K, Sekimoto M, Yoshida M, Mayumi T, Wada K, Miura F, Yasuda H, Yamashita Y, Nagino M, Hirota M, Tanaka A, Tsuyuguchi T, Strasberg SM, Gadacz TR |title=Definitions, pathophysiology, and epidemiology of acute cholangitis and cholecystitis: Tokyo Guidelines |journal=J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=15–26 |year=2007 |pmid=17252293 |pmc=2784509 |doi=10.1007/s00534-006-1152-y |url=}}</ref> | The risk of developing complications increased in subsequent years after [[Gall stones|gallbladder stones]] were first discovered, but have been decreasing since. Every year, 6-8% of patients whose [[symptoms]] progress from minor to serious undergo [[cholecystectomy]]. Fortunately, this percentage has been decreasing yearly.<ref name="pmid17252293">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kimura Y, Takada T, Kawarada Y, Nimura Y, Hirata K, Sekimoto M, Yoshida M, Mayumi T, Wada K, Miura F, Yasuda H, Yamashita Y, Nagino M, Hirota M, Tanaka A, Tsuyuguchi T, Strasberg SM, Gadacz TR |title=Definitions, pathophysiology, and epidemiology of acute cholangitis and cholecystitis: Tokyo Guidelines |journal=J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=15–26 |year=2007 |pmid=17252293 |pmc=2784509 |doi=10.1007/s00534-006-1152-y |url=}}</ref><ref name="KiriyamaTakada2013">{{cite journal|last1=Kiriyama|first1=Seiki|last2=Takada|first2=Tadahiro|last3=Strasberg|first3=Steven M.|last4=Solomkin|first4=Joseph S.|last5=Mayumi|first5=Toshihiko|last6=Pitt|first6=Henry A.|last7=Gouma|first7=Dirk J.|last8=Garden|first8=O. James|last9=Büchler|first9=Markus W.|last10=Yokoe|first10=Masamichi|last11=Kimura|first11=Yasutoshi|last12=Tsuyuguchi|first12=Toshio|last13=Itoi|first13=Takao|last14=Yoshida|first14=Masahiro|last15=Miura|first15=Fumihiko|last16=Yamashita|first16=Yuichi|last17=Okamoto|first17=Kohji|last18=Gabata|first18=Toshifumi|last19=Hata|first19=Jiro|last20=Higuchi|first20=Ryota|last21=Windsor|first21=John A.|last22=Bornman|first22=Philippus C.|last23=Fan|first23=Sheung-Tat|last24=Singh|first24=Harijt|last25=de Santibanes|first25=Eduardo|last26=Gomi|first26=Harumi|last27=Kusachi|first27=Shinya|last28=Murata|first28=Atsuhiko|last29=Chen|first29=Xiao-Ping|last30=Jagannath|first30=Palepu|last31=Lee|first31=Sung Gyu|last32=Padbury|first32=Robert|last33=Chen|first33=Miin-Fu|last34=Dervenis|first34=Christos|last35=Chan|first35=Angus C.W.|last36=Supe|first36=Avinash N.|last37=Liau|first37=Kui-Hin|last38=Kim|first38=Myung-Hwan|last39=Kim|first39=Sun-Whe|title=TG13 guidelines for diagnosis and severity grading of acute cholangitis (with videos)|journal=Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Sciences|volume=20|issue=1|year=2013|pages=24–34|issn=18686974|doi=10.1007/s00534-012-0561-3}}</ref> | ||
==Prognosis== | |||
* Acute cholangitis bears a significant risk of death, with the leading cause being irreversible [[shock]] with [[multiple organ failure]] (which could have multiple possible complications of severe infections). Modern improvements in [[diagnosis]] and treatment have led to a reduction in [[mortality]]. | |||
* Before 1980, the [[mortality rate]] was greater than 50%; in the past thirty years, it has decreased to 10-30%. <ref name="pmid2218831">{{cite journal| author=Thompson JE, Pitt HA, Doty JE, Coleman J, Irving C| title=Broad spectrum penicillin as an adequate therapy for acute cholangitis. | journal=Surg Gynecol Obstet | year= 1990 | volume= 171 | issue= 4 | pages= 275-82 | pmid=2218831 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2218831 }} </ref><ref name="pmid23307004">{{cite journal| author=Kimura Y, Takada T, Strasberg SM, Pitt HA, Gouma DJ, Garden OJ et al.| title=TG13 current terminology, etiology, and epidemiology of acute cholangitis and cholecystitis. | journal=J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci | year= 2013 | volume= 20 | issue= 1 | pages= 8-23 | pmid=23307004 | doi=10.1007/s00534-012-0564-0 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23307004 }} </ref><ref name="pmid18769362">{{cite journal| author=Salek J, Livote E, Sideridis K, Bank S| title=Analysis of risk factors predictive of early mortality and urgent ERCP in acute cholangitis. | journal=J Clin Gastroenterol | year= 2009 | volume= 43 | issue= 2 | pages= 171-5 | pmid=18769362 | doi=10.1097/MCG.0b013e318157c62c | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18769362 }} </ref> These differences in [[mortality]] can likely be attributed to improvements in early [[diagnosis]] and supportive treatment. | |||
* Patients with signs of [[multiple organ failure]] are likely to die unless they undergo early biliary drainage and treatment with systemic [[antibiotics]]. Other causes of death following severe cholangitis include [[heart failure]] and [[pneumonia]].<ref name="pmid2294844">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lai EC, Tam PC, Paterson IA, Ng MM, Fan ST, Choi TK, Wong J |title=Emergency surgery for severe acute cholangitis. The high-risk patients |journal=Ann. Surg. |volume=211 |issue=1 |pages=55–9 |year=1990 |pmid=2294844 |pmc=1357893 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17252293">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kimura Y, Takada T, Kawarada Y, Nimura Y, Hirata K, Sekimoto M, Yoshida M, Mayumi T, Wada K, Miura F, Yasuda H, Yamashita Y, Nagino M, Hirota M, Tanaka A, Tsuyuguchi T, Strasberg SM, Gadacz TR |title=Definitions, pathophysiology, and epidemiology of acute cholangitis and cholecystitis: Tokyo Guidelines |journal=J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=15–26 |year=2007 |pmid=17252293 |pmc=2784509 |doi=10.1007/s00534-006-1152-y |url=}}</ref><ref name="KiriyamaTakada2013">{{cite journal|last1=Kiriyama|first1=Seiki|last2=Takada|first2=Tadahiro|last3=Strasberg|first3=Steven M.|last4=Solomkin|first4=Joseph S.|last5=Mayumi|first5=Toshihiko|last6=Pitt|first6=Henry A.|last7=Gouma|first7=Dirk J.|last8=Garden|first8=O. James|last9=Büchler|first9=Markus W.|last10=Yokoe|first10=Masamichi|last11=Kimura|first11=Yasutoshi|last12=Tsuyuguchi|first12=Toshio|last13=Itoi|first13=Takao|last14=Yoshida|first14=Masahiro|last15=Miura|first15=Fumihiko|last16=Yamashita|first16=Yuichi|last17=Okamoto|first17=Kohji|last18=Gabata|first18=Toshifumi|last19=Hata|first19=Jiro|last20=Higuchi|first20=Ryota|last21=Windsor|first21=John A.|last22=Bornman|first22=Philippus C.|last23=Fan|first23=Sheung-Tat|last24=Singh|first24=Harijt|last25=de Santibanes|first25=Eduardo|last26=Gomi|first26=Harumi|last27=Kusachi|first27=Shinya|last28=Murata|first28=Atsuhiko|last29=Chen|first29=Xiao-Ping|last30=Jagannath|first30=Palepu|last31=Lee|first31=Sung Gyu|last32=Padbury|first32=Robert|last33=Chen|first33=Miin-Fu|last34=Dervenis|first34=Christos|last35=Chan|first35=Angus C.W.|last36=Supe|first36=Avinash N.|last37=Liau|first37=Kui-Hin|last38=Kim|first38=Myung-Hwan|last39=Kim|first39=Sun-Whe|title=TG13 guidelines for diagnosis and severity grading of acute cholangitis (with videos)|journal=Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Sciences|volume=20|issue=1|year=2013|pages=24–34|issn=18686974|doi=10.1007/s00534-012-0561-3}}</ref> | |||
*[[Prognosis]] is good in patients who have quick and adequate drainage where there is improvement in [[Hemodynamics|hemodynamic]] and [[inflammatory]] parameters.<ref name="urlAscending cholangitis Prognosis - Epocrates Online">{{cite web |url=https://online.epocrates.com/diseases/34551/Ascending-cholangitis/Prognosis |title=Ascending cholangitis Prognosis - Epocrates Online |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | |||
* Poor outcomes are seen if urgent surgery is required for drainage.<ref name="KiriyamaTakada2013">{{cite journal|last1=Kiriyama|first1=Seiki|last2=Takada|first2=Tadahiro|last3=Strasberg|first3=Steven M.|last4=Solomkin|first4=Joseph S.|last5=Mayumi|first5=Toshihiko|last6=Pitt|first6=Henry A.|last7=Gouma|first7=Dirk J.|last8=Garden|first8=O. James|last9=Büchler|first9=Markus W.|last10=Yokoe|first10=Masamichi|last11=Kimura|first11=Yasutoshi|last12=Tsuyuguchi|first12=Toshio|last13=Itoi|first13=Takao|last14=Yoshida|first14=Masahiro|last15=Miura|first15=Fumihiko|last16=Yamashita|first16=Yuichi|last17=Okamoto|first17=Kohji|last18=Gabata|first18=Toshifumi|last19=Hata|first19=Jiro|last20=Higuchi|first20=Ryota|last21=Windsor|first21=John A.|last22=Bornman|first22=Philippus C.|last23=Fan|first23=Sheung-Tat|last24=Singh|first24=Harijt|last25=de Santibanes|first25=Eduardo|last26=Gomi|first26=Harumi|last27=Kusachi|first27=Shinya|last28=Murata|first28=Atsuhiko|last29=Chen|first29=Xiao-Ping|last30=Jagannath|first30=Palepu|last31=Lee|first31=Sung Gyu|last32=Padbury|first32=Robert|last33=Chen|first33=Miin-Fu|last34=Dervenis|first34=Christos|last35=Chan|first35=Angus C.W.|last36=Supe|first36=Avinash N.|last37=Liau|first37=Kui-Hin|last38=Kim|first38=Myung-Hwan|last39=Kim|first39=Sun-Whe|title=TG13 guidelines for diagnosis and severity grading of acute cholangitis (with videos)|journal=Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Sciences|volume=20|issue=1|year=2013|pages=24–34|issn=18686974|doi=10.1007/s00534-012-0561-3}}</ref><ref name="TsuyuguchiSugiyama2012">{{cite journal|last1=Tsuyuguchi|first1=Toshio|last2=Sugiyama|first2=Harutoshi|last3=Sakai|first3=Yuji|last4=Nishikawa|first4=Takao|last5=Yokosuka|first5=Osamu|last6=Mayumi|first6=Toshihiko|last7=Kiriyama|first7=Seiki|last8=Yokoe|first8=Masamichi|last9=Takada|first9=Tadahiro|title=Prognostic factors of acute cholangitis in cases managed using the Tokyo Guidelines|journal=Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Sciences|volume=19|issue=5|year=2012|pages=557–565|issn=18686974|doi=10.1007/s00534-012-0538-2}}</ref> | |||
* The prognosis is poor if the following five factors are present:<ref name="KiriyamaTakada2013">{{cite journal|last1=Kiriyama|first1=Seiki|last2=Takada|first2=Tadahiro|last3=Strasberg|first3=Steven M.|last4=Solomkin|first4=Joseph S.|last5=Mayumi|first5=Toshihiko|last6=Pitt|first6=Henry A.|last7=Gouma|first7=Dirk J.|last8=Garden|first8=O. James|last9=Büchler|first9=Markus W.|last10=Yokoe|first10=Masamichi|last11=Kimura|first11=Yasutoshi|last12=Tsuyuguchi|first12=Toshio|last13=Itoi|first13=Takao|last14=Yoshida|first14=Masahiro|last15=Miura|first15=Fumihiko|last16=Yamashita|first16=Yuichi|last17=Okamoto|first17=Kohji|last18=Gabata|first18=Toshifumi|last19=Hata|first19=Jiro|last20=Higuchi|first20=Ryota|last21=Windsor|first21=John A.|last22=Bornman|first22=Philippus C.|last23=Fan|first23=Sheung-Tat|last24=Singh|first24=Harijt|last25=de Santibanes|first25=Eduardo|last26=Gomi|first26=Harumi|last27=Kusachi|first27=Shinya|last28=Murata|first28=Atsuhiko|last29=Chen|first29=Xiao-Ping|last30=Jagannath|first30=Palepu|last31=Lee|first31=Sung Gyu|last32=Padbury|first32=Robert|last33=Chen|first33=Miin-Fu|last34=Dervenis|first34=Christos|last35=Chan|first35=Angus C.W.|last36=Supe|first36=Avinash N.|last37=Liau|first37=Kui-Hin|last38=Kim|first38=Myung-Hwan|last39=Kim|first39=Sun-Whe|title=TG13 guidelines for diagnosis and severity grading of acute cholangitis (with videos)|journal=Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Sciences|volume=20|issue=1|year=2013|pages=24–34|issn=18686974|doi=10.1007/s00534-012-0561-3}}</ref><ref name="TsuyuguchiSugiyama2012">{{cite journal|last1=Tsuyuguchi|first1=Toshio|last2=Sugiyama|first2=Harutoshi|last3=Sakai|first3=Yuji|last4=Nishikawa|first4=Takao|last5=Yokosuka|first5=Osamu|last6=Mayumi|first6=Toshihiko|last7=Kiriyama|first7=Seiki|last8=Yokoe|first8=Masamichi|last9=Takada|first9=Tadahiro|title=Prognostic factors of acute cholangitis in cases managed using the Tokyo Guidelines|journal=Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Sciences|volume=19|issue=5|year=2012|pages=557–565|issn=18686974|doi=10.1007/s00534-012-0538-2}}</ref> | |||
*#High [[fever]] | |||
*#Elderly patient | |||
*#[[Hyperbilirubinemia]] | |||
*#[[Leukocytosis]] | |||
*#[[Hypoalbuminemia]] | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
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Latest revision as of 05:19, 2 January 2018
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Amandeep Singh M.D.[2],Farwa Haideri [3]
Overview
Patients who show early signs of multiple organ failure (renal failure, disseminated intravascular coagulation, alterations in the level of consciousness, and shock) or evidence of acute cholangitis, as well as those who do not respond to conservative treatment, should receive systemic antibiotics and undergo emergent biliary drainage. Unless early and appropriate biliary drainage is performed and systemic antibiotics are administered, death will occur. The prognosis is usually good with treatment but poor without treatment.
Natural History
Acute cholangitis is the result of a bacterial infection that causes partial or complete obstruction of the biliary system. Patients with the disease present with a wide range of severity, from low-grade fever to severe sepsis. Patients usually present with Charcot's triad which comprises of fever, abdominal pain and jaundice. Shock in the presence of pus within the biliary tree is indicative of acute suppurative cholangitis. Patients present with Reynold's pentad that includes sepsis and mental confusion in addition to fever, abdominal pain and jaundice.[1] A history of biliary disease, such as gallstones, previous biliary procedures, or the placement of a biliary stent are factors that are very helpful in understanding the natural history of cholangitis.[2]
Complications
Complications related to cholangitis include:[3][4][5]
- Renal failure
- Respiratory failure
- The inability of the respiratory system to oxygenate blood and/or eliminate carbon dioxide
- Cardiac arrhythmia
- Wound infection
- Pneumonia
- Gastrointestinal bleeding
- Myocardial ischemia
- Acute cholecystitis
- Jaundice
- Pancreatitis
The risk of developing complications increased in subsequent years after gallbladder stones were first discovered, but have been decreasing since. Every year, 6-8% of patients whose symptoms progress from minor to serious undergo cholecystectomy. Fortunately, this percentage has been decreasing yearly.[4][5]
Prognosis
- Acute cholangitis bears a significant risk of death, with the leading cause being irreversible shock with multiple organ failure (which could have multiple possible complications of severe infections). Modern improvements in diagnosis and treatment have led to a reduction in mortality.
- Before 1980, the mortality rate was greater than 50%; in the past thirty years, it has decreased to 10-30%. [6][7][8] These differences in mortality can likely be attributed to improvements in early diagnosis and supportive treatment.
- Patients with signs of multiple organ failure are likely to die unless they undergo early biliary drainage and treatment with systemic antibiotics. Other causes of death following severe cholangitis include heart failure and pneumonia.[3][4][5]
- Prognosis is good in patients who have quick and adequate drainage where there is improvement in hemodynamic and inflammatory parameters.[9]
- Poor outcomes are seen if urgent surgery is required for drainage.[5][10]
- The prognosis is poor if the following five factors are present:[5][10]
- High fever
- Elderly patient
- Hyperbilirubinemia
- Leukocytosis
- Hypoalbuminemia
References
- ↑ Liu, CL & Fan, ST (2001), Surgical Treatment: Evidence-Based and Problem-Oriented (24 ed.), Munich, Germany: Zuckschwerdt
- ↑ Miura F, Takada T, Kawarada Y, Nimura Y, Wada K, Hirota M, Nagino M, Tsuyuguchi T, Mayumi T, Yoshida M, Strasberg SM, Pitt HA, Belghiti J, de Santibanes E, Gadacz TR, Gouma DJ, Fan ST, Chen MF, Padbury RT, Bornman PC, Kim SW, Liau KH, Belli G, Dervenis C (2007). "Flowcharts for the diagnosis and treatment of acute cholangitis and cholecystitis: Tokyo Guidelines". J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg. 14 (1): 27–34. doi:10.1007/s00534-006-1153-x. PMC 2784508. PMID 17252294.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Lai EC, Tam PC, Paterson IA, Ng MM, Fan ST, Choi TK, Wong J (1990). "Emergency surgery for severe acute cholangitis. The high-risk patients". Ann. Surg. 211 (1): 55–9. PMC 1357893. PMID 2294844.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Kimura Y, Takada T, Kawarada Y, Nimura Y, Hirata K, Sekimoto M, Yoshida M, Mayumi T, Wada K, Miura F, Yasuda H, Yamashita Y, Nagino M, Hirota M, Tanaka A, Tsuyuguchi T, Strasberg SM, Gadacz TR (2007). "Definitions, pathophysiology, and epidemiology of acute cholangitis and cholecystitis: Tokyo Guidelines". J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg. 14 (1): 15–26. doi:10.1007/s00534-006-1152-y. PMC 2784509. PMID 17252293.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Kiriyama, Seiki; Takada, Tadahiro; Strasberg, Steven M.; Solomkin, Joseph S.; Mayumi, Toshihiko; Pitt, Henry A.; Gouma, Dirk J.; Garden, O. James; Büchler, Markus W.; Yokoe, Masamichi; Kimura, Yasutoshi; Tsuyuguchi, Toshio; Itoi, Takao; Yoshida, Masahiro; Miura, Fumihiko; Yamashita, Yuichi; Okamoto, Kohji; Gabata, Toshifumi; Hata, Jiro; Higuchi, Ryota; Windsor, John A.; Bornman, Philippus C.; Fan, Sheung-Tat; Singh, Harijt; de Santibanes, Eduardo; Gomi, Harumi; Kusachi, Shinya; Murata, Atsuhiko; Chen, Xiao-Ping; Jagannath, Palepu; Lee, Sung Gyu; Padbury, Robert; Chen, Miin-Fu; Dervenis, Christos; Chan, Angus C.W.; Supe, Avinash N.; Liau, Kui-Hin; Kim, Myung-Hwan; Kim, Sun-Whe (2013). "TG13 guidelines for diagnosis and severity grading of acute cholangitis (with videos)". Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Sciences. 20 (1): 24–34. doi:10.1007/s00534-012-0561-3. ISSN 1868-6974.
- ↑ Thompson JE, Pitt HA, Doty JE, Coleman J, Irving C (1990). "Broad spectrum penicillin as an adequate therapy for acute cholangitis". Surg Gynecol Obstet. 171 (4): 275–82. PMID 2218831.
- ↑ Kimura Y, Takada T, Strasberg SM, Pitt HA, Gouma DJ, Garden OJ; et al. (2013). "TG13 current terminology, etiology, and epidemiology of acute cholangitis and cholecystitis". J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci. 20 (1): 8–23. doi:10.1007/s00534-012-0564-0. PMID 23307004.
- ↑ Salek J, Livote E, Sideridis K, Bank S (2009). "Analysis of risk factors predictive of early mortality and urgent ERCP in acute cholangitis". J Clin Gastroenterol. 43 (2): 171–5. doi:10.1097/MCG.0b013e318157c62c. PMID 18769362.
- ↑ "Ascending cholangitis Prognosis - Epocrates Online".
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Tsuyuguchi, Toshio; Sugiyama, Harutoshi; Sakai, Yuji; Nishikawa, Takao; Yokosuka, Osamu; Mayumi, Toshihiko; Kiriyama, Seiki; Yokoe, Masamichi; Takada, Tadahiro (2012). "Prognostic factors of acute cholangitis in cases managed using the Tokyo Guidelines". Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Sciences. 19 (5): 557–565. doi:10.1007/s00534-012-0538-2. ISSN 1868-6974.