Cholangitis causes: Difference between revisions
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In people with [[AIDS]], a large number of opportunistic organisms has been known to cause AIDS cholangiopathy. The risk has rapidly diminished since the introduction of effective AIDS treatment.<ref name="pmid17556149">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kinney TP |title=Management of ascending cholangitis |journal=Gastrointest. Endosc. Clin. N. Am. |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=289–306, vi |year=2007 |pmid=17556149 |doi=10.1016/j.giec.2007.03.006 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17252293">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kimura Y, Takada T, Kawarada Y, Nimura Y, Hirata K, Sekimoto M, Yoshida M, Mayumi T, Wada K, Miura F, Yasuda H, Yamashita Y, Nagino M, Hirota M, Tanaka A, Tsuyuguchi T, Strasberg SM, Gadacz TR |title=Definitions, pathophysiology, and epidemiology of acute cholangitis and cholecystitis: Tokyo Guidelines |journal=J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=15–26 |year=2007 |pmid=17252293 |pmc=2784509 |doi=10.1007/s00534-006-1152-y |url=}}</ref> | In people with [[AIDS]], a large number of opportunistic organisms has been known to cause AIDS cholangiopathy. The risk has rapidly diminished since the introduction of effective AIDS treatment.<ref name="pmid17556149">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kinney TP |title=Management of ascending cholangitis |journal=Gastrointest. Endosc. Clin. N. Am. |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=289–306, vi |year=2007 |pmid=17556149 |doi=10.1016/j.giec.2007.03.006 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17252293">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kimura Y, Takada T, Kawarada Y, Nimura Y, Hirata K, Sekimoto M, Yoshida M, Mayumi T, Wada K, Miura F, Yasuda H, Yamashita Y, Nagino M, Hirota M, Tanaka A, Tsuyuguchi T, Strasberg SM, Gadacz TR |title=Definitions, pathophysiology, and epidemiology of acute cholangitis and cholecystitis: Tokyo Guidelines |journal=J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=15–26 |year=2007 |pmid=17252293 |pmc=2784509 |doi=10.1007/s00534-006-1152-y |url=}}</ref> | ||
===Causes by Organ System=== | ===Causes by Organ System=== | ||
Revision as of 17:50, 13 September 2016
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Farwa Haideri [2]
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Overview
Cholangitis is commonly caused by bacterial infections, which can occur when the common bile duct (CBD) is obstructed.
Causes
Common Causes
The most common causes of biliary obstruction are biliary calculi, benign stricture or malignant neoplasms. Benign strictures are caused by primary sclerosing cholangitis, ischemic cholangitis, iatrogenic biliary tract injury, congenital disease and infection. Chronic inflammation predisposed to the development of cholangiocarcinoma. Extraluminal obstruction can occur from pancreatic cancer or pseudocyst, lymphoma, hepatoma, metastatic disease or ampullary cancer. Any condition in the CBD that leads to stasis, including benign or malignant stricture, parasitic infection, or extrinsic compression by the pancreas can result in bacterial infection and cholangitis. There is a higher rate of infection due to partial obstruction of the CBD compared to a complete obstruction.[1]
Other Causes
Bile duct obstructions are generally due to gallstones. 10-30% of cases are due to other causes, such as:[2]
- Postoperative damage or altered structure of bile duct, such as narrowing at site of an anastomosis
- Various tumors (cancer of the bile duct, gallbladder, ampulla of Vater, pancreas, or duodenum).
- Anaerobic organisms such as Clostridium and Bacteroides
Parasites can infect the liver and bile ducts, which can also cause cholangitis. These include:[3]
- Roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides
- Liver flukes Clonorchis sinensis
- Opisthorchis viverrini
- Opisthorchis felineus
In people with AIDS, a large number of opportunistic organisms has been known to cause AIDS cholangiopathy. The risk has rapidly diminished since the introduction of effective AIDS treatment.[2][4]
Causes by Organ System
| Cardiovascular | No underlying causes |
| Chemical/Poisoning | No underlying causes |
| Dental | No underlying causes |
| Dermatologic | No underlying causes |
| Drug Side Effect | Cidofovir, Sorafenib, Teduglutide |
| Ear Nose Throat | No underlying causes |
| Endocrine | No underlying causes |
| Environmental | No underlying causes |
| Gastroenterologic | No underlying causes |
| Genetic | No underlying causes |
| Hematologic | No underlying causes |
| Iatrogenic | No underlying causes |
| Infectious Disease | No underlying causes |
| Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic | No underlying causes |
| Neurologic | No underlying causes |
| Nutritional/Metabolic | No underlying causes |
| Obstetric/Gynecologic | No underlying causes |
| Oncologic | No underlying causes |
| Ophthalmologic | No underlying causes |
| Overdose/Toxicity | No underlying causes |
| Psychiatric | No underlying causes |
| Pulmonary | No underlying causes |
| Renal/Electrolyte | No underlying causes |
| Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy | No underlying causes |
| Sexual | No underlying causes |
| Trauma | No underlying causes |
| Urologic | No underlying causes |
| Miscellaneous | No underlying causes |
References
- ↑ Acute Cholangitis Clinical Presentation. MedScape (2016). http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/774245-clinical#b5 Accessed on April 1, 2016
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Kinney TP (2007). "Management of ascending cholangitis". Gastrointest. Endosc. Clin. N. Am. 17 (2): 289–306, vi. doi:10.1016/j.giec.2007.03.006. PMID 17556149.
- ↑ Lim JH (2011). "Liver flukes: the malady neglected". Korean J Radiol. 12 (3): 269–79. doi:10.3348/kjr.2011.12.3.269. PMC 3088844. PMID 21603286.
- ↑ Kimura Y, Takada T, Kawarada Y, Nimura Y, Hirata K, Sekimoto M, Yoshida M, Mayumi T, Wada K, Miura F, Yasuda H, Yamashita Y, Nagino M, Hirota M, Tanaka A, Tsuyuguchi T, Strasberg SM, Gadacz TR (2007). "Definitions, pathophysiology, and epidemiology of acute cholangitis and cholecystitis: Tokyo Guidelines". J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg. 14 (1): 15–26. doi:10.1007/s00534-006-1152-y. PMC 2784509. PMID 17252293.