Chickenpox primary prevention: Difference between revisions
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== Overview== | == Overview== | ||
Vaccination is recommended for children as well as adults who haven't been vaccinated previously to prevent chickenpox. Two doses of chickenpox vaccine are recommended for children who never have contracted chickenpox at the following intervals. First dose is recommended between 12-15 months of age. Second dose is recommended around 4-6 years of age and also it may be given earlier if the gap between the doses is at least three months from the first dose. In adults, vaccine is recommended in people who are of 13 years of age or older. There should be a gap of atleast 28 days between the two doses. | [[Vaccination]] is recommended for children as well as adults who haven't been [[Vaccination|vaccinated]] previously to prevent [[chickenpox]]. Two doses of [[Varicella vaccine|chickenpox vaccine]] are recommended for children who never have contracted [[chickenpox]] at the following intervals. First dose is recommended between 12-15 months of age. Second dose is recommended around 4-6 years of age and also it may be given earlier if the gap between the doses is at least three months from the first dose. In adults, [[vaccine]] is recommended in people who are of 13 years of age or older. There should be a gap of atleast 28 days between the two doses. | ||
==Primary Prevention== | ==Primary Prevention== | ||
===Vaccination=== | ===Vaccination=== | ||
A [[varicella vaccine]] has been available since 1995 to inoculate against the disease. Some countries require the varicella vaccination or an exemption before entering elementary school. Protection is not lifelong and further vaccination is necessary five years after the initial immunization.<!-- | A [[varicella vaccine]] has been available since 1995 to [[Inoculation|inoculate]] against the disease. Some countries require the [[Varicella vaccine|varicella vaccination]] or an exemption before entering elementary school. Protection is not lifelong and further [[vaccination]] is necessary five years after the initial [[immunization]].<!-- | ||
--><ref>{{cite journal | author=Chaves SS, Gargiullo P, Zhang JX, ''et al.'' | title=Loss of vaccine-induced immunity to varicella over time | journal=N Engl J Med | year=2007 | volume=356 | issue=11 | pages=1121–9 | id=PMID 17360990}}</ref> | --><ref>{{cite journal | author=Chaves SS, Gargiullo P, Zhang JX, ''et al.'' | title=Loss of vaccine-induced immunity to varicella over time | journal=N Engl J Med | year=2007 | volume=356 | issue=11 | pages=1121–9 | id=PMID 17360990}}</ref> | ||
* In 1995, since chickenpox vaccine became available in the United States In 2014, 91% of children 19 to 35 months old in the United States had received one dose of varicella vaccine, varying from 83% to 95% by state. Among adolescents 13 to 17 years of age without a prior history of disease, 95% had received 1 dose of varicella vaccine, and 81% had received 2 doses of the vaccine. Eighty-five percent of adolescents had either a history of varicella disease or received 2 doses of varicella vaccine. | * In 1995, since [[chickenpox vaccine]] became available in the United States In 2014, 91% of children 19 to 35 months old in the United States had received one dose of [[varicella vaccine]], varying from 83% to 95% by state. Among adolescents 13 to 17 years of age without a prior history of disease, 95% had received 1 dose of [[varicella vaccine]], and 81% had received 2 doses of the vaccine. Eighty-five percent of adolescents had either a history of [[Chickenpox|varicella disease]] or received 2 doses of [[varicella vaccine]]. | ||
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! style="background: #4479BA; width: 150px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Varicella containing vaccines}} | ! style="background: #4479BA; width: 150px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Varicella containing vaccines}} | ||
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'''Children''' | '''Children''' | ||
*Routine vaccination at 12-15 months of age | *Routine [[vaccination]] at 12-15 months of age | ||
*Routine second dose at 4-6 years of age | *Routine second dose at 4-6 years of age | ||
'''Adolescents and Adults''' | '''Adolescents and Adults''' | ||
*All persons 13 years of age and older without evidence of varicella immunity | *All persons 13 years of age and older without evidence of [[Chickenpox|varicella]] [[immunity]] | ||
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*Detectable antibody | *Detectable [[antibody]] | ||
:*97% of children 12 months through 12 years following 1 dose | :*97% of children 12 months through 12 years following 1 dose | ||
:*99% of persons 13 years and older after 2 doses | :*99% of persons 13 years and older after 2 doses | ||
:*70% to 90% effective against any varicella disease | :*70% to 90% effective against any [[Chickenpox|varicella]] disease | ||
:*90%-100% effective against severe varicella disease | :*90%-100% effective against severe [[Chickenpox|varicella]] disease | ||
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'''Children''' | '''Children''' | ||
*Minimum interval between doses of varicella vaccine is 3 months for children younger than 13 years of age | *Minimum interval between doses of [[varicella vaccine]] is 3 months for children younger than 13 years of age | ||
'''Adolescents and Adults''' | '''Adolescents and Adults''' | ||
*2 doses separated by at least 4 weeks | *2 doses separated by at least 4 weeks | ||
*Do not repeat first dose because of extended interval between doses | *Do not repeat first dose because of extended interval between doses | ||
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*Severe allergic reaction to vaccine component or following a prior dose | *Severe [[allergic reaction]] to [[vaccine]] component or following a prior dose | ||
*Immunosuppression | *[[Immunosuppression]] | ||
*Pregnancy | *[[Pregnancy]] | ||
*Moderate or severe acute illness | *Moderate or severe acute illness | ||
*Recent blood product | *Recent [[blood product]] | ||
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| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |'''Measles-mumps-rubella-varicella vaccine (ProQuad)'''<ref name="CDC3">http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/varicella.html Accessed on October 24, 2016</ref> | | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |'''Measles-mumps-rubella-varicella vaccine (ProQuad)'''<ref name="CDC3">http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/varicella.html Accessed on October 24, 2016</ref> | ||
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*Do not use for persons 13 years and older | *Do not use for persons 13 years and older | ||
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*Efficacy of MMRV vaccine was inferred from that of MMR vaccine and varicella vaccine on the basis of noninferior immunogenicity | *Efficacy of [[MMRV vaccine]] was inferred from that of [[MMR vaccine]] and [[varicella vaccine]] on the basis of noninferior [[immunogenicity]] | ||
*Formal studies to evaluate the clinical efficacy of MMRV vaccine have not been performed<ref name="CDCmmrv">http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5903a1.htm Accessed on October 24, 2016</ref> | *Formal studies to evaluate the clinical efficacy of [[MMRV vaccine]] have not been performed<ref name="CDCmmrv">http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5903a1.htm Accessed on October 24, 2016</ref> | ||
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*May be used for both first and second doses of MMR and varicella vaccines | *May be used for both first and second doses of [[MMR]] and [[Varicella vaccine|varicella vaccines]] | ||
*Minimum interval between doses is 3 months | *Minimum interval between doses is 3 months | ||
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*Severe allergic reaction to vaccine component or following a prior dose | *Severe [[allergic reaction]] to [[vaccine]] component or following a prior dose | ||
*Immunosuppression | *[[Immunosuppression]] | ||
*Pregnancy | *[[Pregnancy]] | ||
*Moderate or severe acute illness | *Moderate or severe acute illness | ||
*Recent blood product | *Recent [[blood product]] | ||
*Personal or family (i.e., sibling or parent) history of seizures of any etiology | *Personal or family (i.e., sibling or parent) history of [[Seizure|seizures]] of any etiology | ||
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Revision as of 17:26, 24 July 2017
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Aysha Anwar, M.B.B.S[2]
Overview
Vaccination is recommended for children as well as adults who haven't been vaccinated previously to prevent chickenpox. Two doses of chickenpox vaccine are recommended for children who never have contracted chickenpox at the following intervals. First dose is recommended between 12-15 months of age. Second dose is recommended around 4-6 years of age and also it may be given earlier if the gap between the doses is at least three months from the first dose. In adults, vaccine is recommended in people who are of 13 years of age or older. There should be a gap of atleast 28 days between the two doses.
Primary Prevention
Vaccination
A varicella vaccine has been available since 1995 to inoculate against the disease. Some countries require the varicella vaccination or an exemption before entering elementary school. Protection is not lifelong and further vaccination is necessary five years after the initial immunization.[1]
- In 1995, since chickenpox vaccine became available in the United States In 2014, 91% of children 19 to 35 months old in the United States had received one dose of varicella vaccine, varying from 83% to 95% by state. Among adolescents 13 to 17 years of age without a prior history of disease, 95% had received 1 dose of varicella vaccine, and 81% had received 2 doses of the vaccine. Eighty-five percent of adolescents had either a history of varicella disease or received 2 doses of varicella vaccine.
| Varicella containing vaccines | Indications | Efficacy and immunogenicity | Recommended dose | Contraindications |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Varicella vaccine (Varivax)[2][3][4][5] |
Children
Adolescents and Adults |
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Children
Adolescents and Adults
|
|
| Measles-mumps-rubella-varicella vaccine (ProQuad)[2] |
|
|
|
|
References
- ↑ Chaves SS, Gargiullo P, Zhang JX; et al. (2007). "Loss of vaccine-induced immunity to varicella over time". N Engl J Med. 356 (11): 1121&ndash, 9. PMID 17360990.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/varicella.html Accessed on October 24, 2016
- ↑ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Prevention of varicella: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR 1996;45(No.RR-11)
- ↑ Goldman, GS (2005). "Universal varicella vaccination: efficacy trends and effect on herpes zoster". International Journal of Toxicology. 24 (4): 205–213. PMID 16126614.
- ↑ Brisson M, Gay N, Edmunds W, Andrews N (2002). "Exposure to varicella boosts immunity to herpes-zoster: implications for mass vaccination against chicken pox". Vaccine. 20 (19–20): 2500–7. PMID 12057605.
- ↑ http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5903a1.htm Accessed on October 24, 2016