Chickenpox pathophysiology: Difference between revisions

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==Associated Conditions==
==Associated Conditions==
There are no associated conditions with chickenpox.
*Thrombocytopenia<ref name="MuthuM.B.2013">{{cite journal|last1=Muthu|first1=Valliappan|last2=M.B.|first2=Adarsh|last3=Kumar|first3=P. Sathish|last4=Varma|first4=Subhash|last5=Malhotra|first5=Pankaj|title=Varicella zoster virus-related pancytopenia|journal=International Journal of Infectious Diseases|volume=17|issue=12|year=2013|pages=e1264|issn=12019712|doi=10.1016/j.ijid.2013.06.010}}</ref>
 
*Pancytopenia <ref name="MuthuM.B.2013">{{cite journal|last1=Muthu|first1=Valliappan|last2=M.B.|first2=Adarsh|last3=Kumar|first3=P. Sathish|last4=Varma|first4=Subhash|last5=Malhotra|first5=Pankaj|title=Varicella zoster virus-related pancytopenia|journal=International Journal of Infectious Diseases|volume=17|issue=12|year=2013|pages=e1264|issn=12019712|doi=10.1016/j.ijid.2013.06.010}}</ref>
 
*Red eye in chickenpox: varicella-related acute anterior uveitis<ref name="pmid22778248">{{cite journal| author=Johnston NR| title=Red eye in chickenpox: varicella-related acute anterior uveitis in a child. | journal=BMJ Case Rep | year= 2010 | volume= 2010 | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=22778248 | doi=10.1136/bcr.01.2010.2678 | pmc=3029245 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22778248  }} </ref>


==Gross Pathology==
==Gross Pathology==

Revision as of 18:23, 30 June 2017


Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aravind Reddy Kothagadi M.B.B.S[2]

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Overview

Chickenpox is a highly contagious disease contracted by the inhalation of aerosolized nasopharyngeal secretions droplets or through direct contact with the vesicles from an infected host. It takes from 10 to 21 days after exposure to a person with chickenpox or shingles for someone to develop chickenpox. Viral proliferation occurs in regional lymph nodes of the upper respiratory tract leading to viremia. Viremia is characterized by diffuse viral invasion of capillary endothelial cells and the epidermis. VZV infection of cells of the malpighian layer produces both intercellular and intracellular edema, resulting in the characteristic vesicle.

Pathophysiology

Chickenpox is contracted by the inhalation of aerosolized nasopharyngeal secretions droplets from an infected host. The highly contagious nature of VZV explains the epidemics of chickenpox that spread through schools as one child who is infected quickly spreads the virus to many classmates.

Transmission

  • The mode of transmission is by inhalation of aerosolized nasopharyngeal secretions droplets from an infected host[1]
  • Chickenpox can also be spread from people with shingles by direct contact.
  • Transmission of the disease occurs 1-2 days prior to the development of the rash and continues until all their chickenpox blisters have formed scabs.
  • Nosocomial transmission of Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is also reported.[2]

Incubation Period

  • The incubation period of chickenpox is typically from 14 to 16 days, however the interval may vary from 10 to 21 days. [3]
  • The infectivity period is regarded to last from 48 hours before the appearance of the rash till the crusts appear.

Dissemination

  • After initial inhalation of contaminated aerosolized droplets, the virus infects the conjunctivae and the mucosae of the upper respiratory tract.
  • Viral proliferation occurs in regional lymph nodes of the upper respiratory tract 2-4 days after initial infection and is followed by primary viremia.

Pathogenesis

Genetics

There is no genetic predisposition associated with chickenpox. Similarities in siblings' response to varicella vaccine are supportive of the hypothesis that genetic factors play a role in the antibody response to the varicella vaccine. [4]

Associated Conditions

  • Thrombocytopenia[5]
  • Pancytopenia [5]
  • Red eye in chickenpox: varicella-related acute anterior uveitis[6]

Gross Pathology

There area no gross pathological findings findings observed in chickenpox. [7]

Microscopic Pathology

References

  1. Straus SE, Ostrove JM, Inchauspé G, Felser JM, Freifeld A, Croen KD; et al. (1988). "NIH conference. Varicella-zoster virus infections. Biology, natural history, treatment, and prevention". Ann Intern Med. 108 (2): 221–37. PMID 2829675.
  2. Leclair JM, Zaia JA, Levin MJ, Congdon RG, Goldmann DA (1980). "Airborne transmission of chickenpox in a hospital". N Engl J Med. 302 (8): 450–3. doi:10.1056/NEJM198002213020807. PMID 7351951.
  3. Heininger U, Seward JF (2006). "Varicella". Lancet. 368 (9544): 1365–76. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69561-5. PMID 17046469.
  4. Klein NP, Fireman B, Enright A, Ray P, Black S, Dekker CL (2007). "A role for genetics in the immune response to the varicella vaccine". Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 26 (4): 300–5. doi:10.1097/01.inf.0000257454.74513.07. PMID 17414391.
  5. 5.0 5.1 Muthu, Valliappan; M.B., Adarsh; Kumar, P. Sathish; Varma, Subhash; Malhotra, Pankaj (2013). "Varicella zoster virus-related pancytopenia". International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 17 (12): e1264. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2013.06.010. ISSN 1201-9712.
  6. Johnston NR (2010). "Red eye in chickenpox: varicella-related acute anterior uveitis in a child". BMJ Case Rep. 2010. doi:10.1136/bcr.01.2010.2678. PMC 3029245. PMID 22778248.
  7. Raider L (1971). "Calcification in chickenpox pneumonia". Chest. 60 (5): 504–7. PMID 5119892.
  8. 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 "Public Health Image Library (PHIL)".


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