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==Overview==
==Overview==
The [[pathognomonic]] [[physical examination]] findings in [[Patient|patients]] [[Infection|infected]] with coronavirus include [[fever]], [[Flu|flu-like-symptoms]], [[cough]], and [[body aches]]. General appearance of the [[patient]] [[Infection|infected]] with coronavirus depends on the [[incubation period]] of the [[illness]].
[[COVID-19]] is a rapidly evolving situation and a heterogenous disease entity. A suspected or confirmed [[CVOVID-19]] patient can have as common finding as [[fever]] and as unique yet significant finding as [[anosmia]]. Although, the most common [[physical examination]] findings in [[Patient|patients]] [[Infection|infected]] with coronavirus include [[fever]], [[cough]], and [[shortness of breath]].<ref name="ZhuJi2020">{{cite journal|last1=Zhu|first1=Jieyun|last2=Ji|first2=Pan|last3=Pang|first3=Jielong|last4=Zhong|first4=Zhimei|last5=Li|first5=Hongyuan|last6=He|first6=Cuiying|last7=Zhang|first7=Jianfeng|last8=Zhao|first8=Chunling|title=Clinical characteristics of 3062 COVID‐19 patients: A meta‐analysis|journal=Journal of Medical Virology|year=2020|issn=0146-6615|doi=10.1002/jmv.25884}}</ref> The patient may just have abdominal pain and [[tenderness]] on examination.<ref name="pmid32387082">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hadi A, Werge M, Kristiansen KT, Pedersen UG, Karstensen JG, Novovic S, Gluud LL |title=Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) associated with severe acute pancreatitis: Case report on three family members |journal=Pancreatology |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=665–667 |date=June 2020 |pmid=32387082 |pmc=7199002 |doi=10.1016/j.pan.2020.04.021 |url=}}</ref> The general appearance of the [[patient]] [[Infection|infected]] with [[COVID-19|coronavirus-19]] depends on the severity of the [[illness]]. High clinical suspicion and careful physical exam are they key to early [[diagnosis]] and treatment of [[COVID-19|SARS CoV2]] infection.


==Physical Examination==
==Physical Examination==
The [[pathognomonic]] [[physical examination]] findings in [[Patient|patients]] [[Infection|infected]] with coronavirus include [[fever]], [[Flu|flu-like-symptoms]], [[cough]], and [[body aches]].
Physical exam of a suspected or confirmed case of [[COVID-19|SARS CoV2]] patient should be conducted in a private room, preferably a negative pressure one. The examiner should have [[Personal protective equipment|PPE]] that includes gloves, gowns or aprons, masks, or respirators covering the mouth and nose, goggles, and face shields.<ref name="urlwww.cdc.gov">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/HAI/pdfs/ppe/PPEslides6-29-04.pdf |title=www.cdc.gov |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> If possible and the patient is in no respiratory distress, [[patient]] should wear a surgical mask.<ref name="urlCoronavirus (COVID-19) frequently asked questions | CDC">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/faq.html#Basics |title=Coronavirus (COVID-19) frequently asked questions &#124; CDC |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>


===Appearance of the Patient===
===Appearance of the Patient===


* General appearance of the [[patient]] [[Infection|infected]] with coronavirus depends on the [[incubation period]] of the [[illness]].
* General appearance of the [[patient]] [[Infection|infected]] with coronavirus depends on the severity of the [[illness]].
*[[Patient|Patients]] can appear healthy in the initial days of the contraction of the [[disease]].
*[[Patient|Patients]] with mild [[disease]] may appear healthy.
*[[Patient|Patients]] will appear [[Illness|sick]], [[lethargic]], and [[Dyspnea|short of breath]] in the later stages of the [[disease]].
*[[Patient|Patients]] will appear [[Illness|sick]], [[lethargic]], and [[Dyspnea|short of breath]] in severe [[disease]].


=== Vital Signs ===
=== Vital Signs ===
 
*[[Heart rate]]: A healthy asymptomatic patient may have a normal heart rate but that does not rule out infection. Increased heart rate can be due to [[fever]], [[hypoxia]], [[shock]] due to [[sepsis]], and [[anxiety]].
*[[High fever]] (>100.4°F )<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/sars/about/fs-SARS.pdf|title=|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
*[[Temperature]]:[[High fever]] (>100.4°F )<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/sars/about/fs-SARS.pdf|title=|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
*[[Respiratory rate]]:
*[[Oxygen saturation]]:
*[[Blood pressure]]:


===Skin===
===Skin===
*[[Skin]] [[Physical examination|examination]] of [[Patient|patients]] with COVID-19 includes the following lesions:
*[[Skin]] [[Physical examination|examination]] of [[Patient|patients]] with COVID-19 includes the following lesions:
**Erythema multiforme-like<ref name="pmid32385858">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jimenez-Cauhe J, Ortega-Quijano D, Carretero-Barrio I, Suarez-Valle A, Saceda-Corralo D, Moreno-Garcia Del Real C, Fernandez-Nieto D |title=Erythema multiforme-like eruption in patients with COVID-19 infection: clinical and histological findings |journal=Clin. Exp. Dermatol. |volume= |issue= |pages= |date=May 2020 |pmid=32385858 |doi=10.1111/ced.14281 |url=}}</ref>
**Erythema multiforme-like<ref name="pmid32385858">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jimenez-Cauhe J, Ortega-Quijano D, Carretero-Barrio I, Suarez-Valle A, Saceda-Corralo D, Moreno-Garcia Del Real C, Fernandez-Nieto D |title=Erythema multiforme-like eruption in patients with COVID-19 infection: clinical and histological findings |journal=Clin. Exp. Dermatol. |volume= |issue= |pages= |date=May 2020 |pmid=32385858 |doi=10.1111/ced.14281 |url=}}</ref> Further studies are required to evaluate exact [[etiology]] these lesions to be [[COVID-19]], drug intake or any other conditions.
**Erythematous maculo-papular<ref name="Recalcati2020">{{cite journal|last1=Recalcati|first1=S.|title=Cutaneous manifestations in COVID‐19: a first perspective|journal=Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology|volume=34|issue=5|year=2020|issn=0926-9959|doi=10.1111/jdv.16387}}</ref>
**Erythematous maculo-papular<ref name="Recalcati2020">{{cite journal|last1=Recalcati|first1=S.|title=Cutaneous manifestations in COVID‐19: a first perspective|journal=Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology|volume=34|issue=5|year=2020|issn=0926-9959|doi=10.1111/jdv.16387}}</ref>: Acral eruption of [[erythema]]to‐violaceous [[papules]] and [[macules]], with possible [[bullous]] evolution, or digital [[swelling]] can be seen.
**Urticarial<ref name="Recalcati20202">{{cite journal|last1=Recalcati|first1=S.|title=Cutaneous manifestations in COVID‐19: a first perspective|journal=Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology|volume=34|issue=5|year=2020|issn=0926-9959|doi=10.1111/jdv.16387}}</ref><ref name="Fernandez-NietoOrtega-Quijano2020">{{cite journal|last1=Fernandez-Nieto|first1=D|last2=Ortega-Quijano|first2=D|last3=Segurado-Miravalles|first3=G|last4=Pindado-Ortega|first4=C|last5=Prieto-Barrios|first5=M|last6=Jimenez-Cauhe|first6=J|title=Comment on: Cutaneous manifestations in COVID-19: a first perspective. Safety concerns of clinical images and skin biopsies|journal=Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology|year=2020|issn=09269959|doi=10.1111/jdv.16470}}</ref>
**[[Urticaria]]l<ref name="Recalcati20202">{{cite journal|last1=Recalcati|first1=S.|title=Cutaneous manifestations in COVID‐19: a first perspective|journal=Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology|volume=34|issue=5|year=2020|issn=0926-9959|doi=10.1111/jdv.16387}}</ref><ref name="Fernandez-NietoOrtega-Quijano2020">{{cite journal|last1=Fernandez-Nieto|first1=D|last2=Ortega-Quijano|first2=D|last3=Segurado-Miravalles|first3=G|last4=Pindado-Ortega|first4=C|last5=Prieto-Barrios|first5=M|last6=Jimenez-Cauhe|first6=J|title=Comment on: Cutaneous manifestations in COVID-19: a first perspective. Safety concerns of clinical images and skin biopsies|journal=Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology|year=2020|issn=09269959|doi=10.1111/jdv.16470}}</ref>
**Chickenpox-like<ref name="Recalcati20202" /><ref name="TammaroAdebanjo2020">{{cite journal|last1=Tammaro|first1=A.|last2=Adebanjo|first2=G.A.R.|last3=Parisella|first3=F.R.|last4=Pezzuto|first4=A.|last5=Rello|first5=J.|title=Cutaneous manifestations in COVID‐19: the experiences of Barcelona and Rome|journal=Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology|year=2020|issn=0926-9959|doi=10.1111/jdv.16530}}</ref>
**[[Chickenpox]]-like<ref name="Recalcati20202" /><ref name="TammaroAdebanjo2020">{{cite journal|last1=Tammaro|first1=A.|last2=Adebanjo|first2=G.A.R.|last3=Parisella|first3=F.R.|last4=Pezzuto|first4=A.|last5=Rello|first5=J.|title=Cutaneous manifestations in COVID‐19: the experiences of Barcelona and Rome|journal=Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology|year=2020|issn=0926-9959|doi=10.1111/jdv.16530}}</ref>
**Purpuric peri-flexural<ref name="Jimenez-CauheOrtega-Quijano2020">{{cite journal|last1=Jimenez-Cauhe|first1=Juan|last2=Ortega-Quijano|first2=Daniel|last3=Prieto-Barrios|first3=Marta|last4=Moreno-Arrones|first4=Oscar M.|last5=Fernandez-Nieto|first5=Diego|title=Reply to “COVID-19 can present with a rash and be mistaken for dengue”: Petechial rash in a patient with COVID-19 infection|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology|year=2020|issn=01909622|doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2020.04.016}}</ref>
**[[Purpuric]] peri-flexural<ref name="Jimenez-CauheOrtega-Quijano2020">{{cite journal|last1=Jimenez-Cauhe|first1=Juan|last2=Ortega-Quijano|first2=Daniel|last3=Prieto-Barrios|first3=Marta|last4=Moreno-Arrones|first4=Oscar M.|last5=Fernandez-Nieto|first5=Diego|title=Reply to “COVID-19 can present with a rash and be mistaken for dengue”: Petechial rash in a patient with COVID-19 infection|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology|year=2020|issn=01909622|doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2020.04.016}}</ref>
**Transient livedo reticularis<ref name="ManaloSmith2020">{{cite journal|last1=Manalo|first1=Iviensan F.|last2=Smith|first2=Molly K.|last3=Cheeley|first3=Justin|last4=Jacobs|first4=Randy|title=A dermatologic manifestation of COVID-19: Transient livedo reticularis|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology|year=2020|issn=01909622|doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2020.04.018}}</ref>
**Transient [[Livedoid vasculitis|livedo reticularis]]<ref name="ManaloSmith2020">{{cite journal|last1=Manalo|first1=Iviensan F.|last2=Smith|first2=Molly K.|last3=Cheeley|first3=Justin|last4=Jacobs|first4=Randy|title=A dermatologic manifestation of COVID-19: Transient livedo reticularis|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology|year=2020|issn=01909622|doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2020.04.018}}
**Acro-ischemic or chilblain-like<ref name="Fernandez-NietoJimenez-Cauhe2020">{{cite journal|last1=Fernandez-Nieto|first1=D.|last2=Jimenez-Cauhe|first2=J.|last3=Suarez-Valle|first3=A.|last4=Moreno-Arrones|first4=O.M.|last5=Saceda-Corralo|first5=D.|last6=Arana-Raja|first6=A.|last7=Ortega-Quijano|first7=D.|title=Characterization of acute acro-ischemic lesions in non-hospitalized patients: a case series of 132 patients during the COVID-19 outbreak|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology|year=2020|issn=01909622|doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2020.04.093}}</ref><ref name="PiccoloNeri2020">{{cite journal|last1=Piccolo|first1=V.|last2=Neri|first2=I.|last3=Filippeschi|first3=C.|last4=Oranges|first4=T.|last5=Argenziano|first5=G.|last6=Battarra|first6=V.C.|last7=Berti|first7=S.|last8=Manunza|first8=F.|last9=Fortina|first9=A.B.|last10=Di Lernia|first10=V.|last11=Boccaletti|first11=V.|last12=De Bernardis|first12=G.|last13=Brunetti|first13=B.|last14=Mazzatenta|first14=C.|last15=Bassi|first15=A.|title=Chilblain‐like lesions during COVID‐19 epidemic: a preliminary study on 63 patients|journal=Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology|year=2020|issn=0926-9959|doi=10.1111/jdv.16526}}</ref>
</ref>
**
**Acro-ischemic<ref name="Fernandez-NietoJimenez-Cauhe2020">{{cite journal|last1=Fernandez-Nieto|first1=D.|last2=Jimenez-Cauhe|first2=J.|last3=Suarez-Valle|first3=A.|last4=Moreno-Arrones|first4=O.M.|last5=Saceda-Corralo|first5=D.|last6=Arana-Raja|first6=A.|last7=Ortega-Quijano|first7=D.|title=Characterization of acute acro-ischemic lesions in non-hospitalized patients: a case series of 132 patients during the COVID-19 outbreak|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology|year=2020|issn=01909622|doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2020.04.093}}
</ref>: The lesion constitutes finger or toe [[cyanosis]], skin [[bullae]] and [[dry gangrene]].
**Chilblain-like<ref name="PiccoloNeri2020">{{cite journal|last1=Piccolo|first1=V.|last2=Neri|first2=I.|last3=Filippeschi|first3=C.|last4=Oranges|first4=T.|last5=Argenziano|first5=G.|last6=Battarra|first6=V.C.|last7=Berti|first7=S.|last8=Manunza|first8=F.|last9=Fortina|first9=A.B.|last10=Di Lernia|first10=V.|last11=Boccaletti|first11=V.|last12=De Bernardis|first12=G.|last13=Brunetti|first13=B.|last14=Mazzatenta|first14=C.|last15=Bassi|first15=A.|title=Chilblain‐like lesions during COVID‐19 epidemic: a preliminary study on 63 patients|journal=Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology|year=2020|issn=0926-9959|doi=10.1111/jdv.16526}}</ref>:They constitute [[bilateral]] red-purple [[papules]] on the [[dorsum]] of the fingers and diffuse [[erythema]] in the [[subungual]] area of thumb. Late in the [[COVID-19|SARS CoV2]] disease course, pseudo‐chilblain pattern frequently appear.
**[[COVID-19]] Toes: Toes and fingers turn purple or pink as happens during cold. It is mostly seen in younger patients. A patient presented with purple toes should be tested for [[COVID-19]] virus infection.


===HEENT===
===HEENT===
 
*Head examination:
* Conjunctivitis has been reported but there is no well established data regarding this manifestation.<ref name="pmid32175797">{{cite journal |vauthors=Seah I, Agrawal R |title=Can the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Affect the Eyes? A Review of Coronaviruses and Ocular Implications in Humans and Animals |journal=Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm. |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=391–395 |date=April 2020 |pmid=32175797 |pmc=7103678 |doi=10.1080/09273948.2020.1738501 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Eye examination]]:
*
**[[Conjunctivitis]]: has been reported but there is no well established data regarding this manifestation.<ref name="pmid32175797">{{cite journal |vauthors=Seah I, Agrawal R |title=Can the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Affect the Eyes? A Review of Coronaviruses and Ocular Implications in Humans and Animals |journal=Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm. |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=391–395 |date=April 2020 |pmid=32175797 |pmc=7103678 |doi=10.1080/09273948.2020.1738501 |url=}}</ref>
**[[Epiphora]]: Patients can have teary eyes due to [[conjunctivitis]] itself or foreign body sensation.<ref name="pmid32232433">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wu P, Duan F, Luo C, Liu Q, Qu X, Liang L, Wu K |title=Characteristics of Ocular Findings of Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Hubei Province, China |journal=JAMA Ophthalmol |volume= |issue= |pages= |date=March 2020 |pmid=32232433 |pmc=7110919 |doi=10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2020.1291 |url=}}</ref>
**Although there are no reports of blurred [[vision]] but [[visual acuity]] should be accessed.
*Ear exam:
*Nasal exam:
*Throat exam:


===Neck===
===Neck===
 
*A patient with severe [[hypoxia]] will be using accessory muscles for [[respiration visible]] on the [[neck]] exam.
*[[Neck]] [[Physical examination|examination]] of [[Patient|patients]] [[Infection|infected]] with coronavirus is usually normal.
*[[Jugular venous pressure]]:<ref name="pmid26741580">{{cite journal |vauthors=Semler MW, Wheeler AP, Thompson BT, Bernard GR, Wiedemann HP, Rice TW |title=Impact of Initial Central Venous Pressure on Outcomes of Conservative Versus Liberal Fluid Management in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome |journal=Crit. Care Med. |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=782–9 |date=April 2016 |pmid=26741580 |pmc=4792704 |doi=10.1097/CCM.0000000000001555 |url=}}</ref>
**High JVP or [[Jugular venous pressure|Jugular Venous Distension]] (JVD) can be a sign of [[COVID-19-associated heart failure]] or [[COVID-19-associated myocarditis]].
**Low JVP: shows low [[Central venous pressure|CVP]] indication low intravascular volume. In patients with [[COVID-19]] associated [[ARDS]], [[Central venous pressure|CVP]] guides the fluid management.


===Lungs===
===Lungs===
Line 46: Line 58:
**[[Percussion of the lungs|Percussion dullness]]
**[[Percussion of the lungs|Percussion dullness]]
** Bronchial or decreased [[breath sounds]]
** Bronchial or decreased [[breath sounds]]
may reveal increased work of breathing using accessory muscles, circumoral cyanosis, and/or confusion from hypoxia. Lung sounds initially are unremarkable, but the patient can develop a mild expiratory wheeze


===Heart===
===Heart===


* [[Tachycardia]]
* [[Tachycardia]]
*


===Abdomen===
===Abdomen===
Line 68: Line 79:
===Neuromuscular===
===Neuromuscular===


* [[Neuromuscular]] [[Physical examination|examination]] of [[Patient|patients]] [[Infection|infected]] with coronavirus is usually normal.
* [[Neuromuscular]] [[Physical examination|examination]] of [[Patient|patients]] [[Infection|infected]] with coronavirus shows:
*[[Cranial nerves|Cranial Nerve 1]] or [[Olfactory nerve]] should be [[Cranial nerve examination|examined]] to evaluate for [[anosmia]]. Studies suggests that anosmia can be an important clue, heping the diagnosis of COVID-19 specially in the early stages.<ref name="pmid32383370">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lee Y, Min P, Lee S, Kim SW |title=Prevalence and Duration of Acute Loss of Smell or Taste in COVID-19 Patients |journal=J. Korean Med. Sci. |volume=35 |issue=18 |pages=e174 |date=May 2020 |pmid=32383370 |pmc=7211515 |doi=10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e174 |url=}}</ref> According to a study published [[anosmia]] and [[aguesia]] to be strong predictors of COVID-1 infection.<ref name="MenniValdes2020">{{cite journal|last1=Menni|first1=Cristina|last2=Valdes|first2=Ana M.|last3=Freidin|first3=Maxim B.|last4=Sudre|first4=Carole H.|last5=Nguyen|first5=Long H.|last6=Drew|first6=David A.|last7=Ganesh|first7=Sajaysurya|last8=Varsavsky|first8=Thomas|last9=Cardoso|first9=M. Jorge|last10=El-Sayed Moustafa|first10=Julia S.|last11=Visconti|first11=Alessia|last12=Hysi|first12=Pirro|last13=Bowyer|first13=Ruth C. E.|last14=Mangino|first14=Massimo|last15=Falchi|first15=Mario|last16=Wolf|first16=Jonathan|last17=Ourselin|first17=Sebastien|last18=Chan|first18=Andrew T.|last19=Steves|first19=Claire J.|last20=Spector|first20=Tim D.|title=Real-time tracking of self-reported symptoms to predict potential COVID-19|journal=Nature Medicine|year=2020|issn=1078-8956|doi=10.1038/s41591-020-0916-2}}</ref>


===Extremities===
===Extremities===

Revision as of 09:58, 28 June 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sabawoon Mirwais, M.B.B.S, M.D.[2]; Syed Hassan A. Kazmi BSc, MD [3]

Overview

COVID-19 is a rapidly evolving situation and a heterogenous disease entity. A suspected or confirmed CVOVID-19 patient can have as common finding as fever and as unique yet significant finding as anosmia. Although, the most common physical examination findings in patients infected with coronavirus include fever, cough, and shortness of breath.[1] The patient may just have abdominal pain and tenderness on examination.[2] The general appearance of the patient infected with coronavirus-19 depends on the severity of the illness. High clinical suspicion and careful physical exam are they key to early diagnosis and treatment of SARS CoV2 infection.

Physical Examination

Physical exam of a suspected or confirmed case of SARS CoV2 patient should be conducted in a private room, preferably a negative pressure one. The examiner should have PPE that includes gloves, gowns or aprons, masks, or respirators covering the mouth and nose, goggles, and face shields.[3] If possible and the patient is in no respiratory distress, patient should wear a surgical mask.[4]

Appearance of the Patient

Vital Signs

Skin

HEENT

Neck

Lungs

may reveal increased work of breathing using accessory muscles, circumoral cyanosis, and/or confusion from hypoxia. Lung sounds initially are unremarkable, but the patient can develop a mild expiratory wheeze

Heart

Abdomen

Back

Genitourinary

Neuromuscular

Extremities

References

  1. ↑ Zhu, Jieyun; Ji, Pan; Pang, Jielong; Zhong, Zhimei; Li, Hongyuan; He, Cuiying; Zhang, Jianfeng; Zhao, Chunling (2020). "Clinical characteristics of 3062 COVID‐19 patients: A meta‐analysis". Journal of Medical Virology. doi:10.1002/jmv.25884. ISSN 0146-6615.
  2. ↑ Hadi A, Werge M, Kristiansen KT, Pedersen UG, Karstensen JG, Novovic S, Gluud LL (June 2020). "Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) associated with severe acute pancreatitis: Case report on three family members". Pancreatology. 20 (4): 665–667. doi:10.1016/j.pan.2020.04.021. PMC 7199002 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32387082 Check |pmid= value (help).
  3. ↑ "www.cdc.gov" (PDF).
  4. ↑ "Coronavirus (COVID-19) frequently asked questions | CDC".
  5. ↑ (PDF) https://www.cdc.gov/sars/about/fs-SARS.pdf. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  6. ↑ Jimenez-Cauhe J, Ortega-Quijano D, Carretero-Barrio I, Suarez-Valle A, Saceda-Corralo D, Moreno-Garcia Del Real C, Fernandez-Nieto D (May 2020). "Erythema multiforme-like eruption in patients with COVID-19 infection: clinical and histological findings". Clin. Exp. Dermatol. doi:10.1111/ced.14281. PMID 32385858 Check |pmid= value (help).
  7. ↑ Recalcati, S. (2020). "Cutaneous manifestations in COVID‐19: a first perspective". Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. 34 (5). doi:10.1111/jdv.16387. ISSN 0926-9959.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Recalcati, S. (2020). "Cutaneous manifestations in COVID‐19: a first perspective". Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. 34 (5). doi:10.1111/jdv.16387. ISSN 0926-9959.
  9. ↑ Fernandez-Nieto, D; Ortega-Quijano, D; Segurado-Miravalles, G; Pindado-Ortega, C; Prieto-Barrios, M; Jimenez-Cauhe, J (2020). "Comment on: Cutaneous manifestations in COVID-19: a first perspective. Safety concerns of clinical images and skin biopsies". Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. doi:10.1111/jdv.16470. ISSN 0926-9959.
  10. ↑ Tammaro, A.; Adebanjo, G.A.R.; Parisella, F.R.; Pezzuto, A.; Rello, J. (2020). "Cutaneous manifestations in COVID‐19: the experiences of Barcelona and Rome". Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. doi:10.1111/jdv.16530. ISSN 0926-9959.
  11. ↑ Jimenez-Cauhe, Juan; Ortega-Quijano, Daniel; Prieto-Barrios, Marta; Moreno-Arrones, Oscar M.; Fernandez-Nieto, Diego (2020). "Reply to "COVID-19 can present with a rash and be mistaken for dengue": Petechial rash in a patient with COVID-19 infection". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2020.04.016. ISSN 0190-9622.
  12. ↑ Manalo, Iviensan F.; Smith, Molly K.; Cheeley, Justin; Jacobs, Randy (2020). "A dermatologic manifestation of COVID-19: Transient livedo reticularis". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2020.04.018. ISSN 0190-9622.
  13. ↑ Fernandez-Nieto, D.; Jimenez-Cauhe, J.; Suarez-Valle, A.; Moreno-Arrones, O.M.; Saceda-Corralo, D.; Arana-Raja, A.; Ortega-Quijano, D. (2020). "Characterization of acute acro-ischemic lesions in non-hospitalized patients: a case series of 132 patients during the COVID-19 outbreak". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2020.04.093. ISSN 0190-9622.
  14. ↑ Piccolo, V.; Neri, I.; Filippeschi, C.; Oranges, T.; Argenziano, G.; Battarra, V.C.; Berti, S.; Manunza, F.; Fortina, A.B.; Di Lernia, V.; Boccaletti, V.; De Bernardis, G.; Brunetti, B.; Mazzatenta, C.; Bassi, A. (2020). "Chilblain‐like lesions during COVID‐19 epidemic: a preliminary study on 63 patients". Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. doi:10.1111/jdv.16526. ISSN 0926-9959.
  15. ↑ Seah I, Agrawal R (April 2020). "Can the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Affect the Eyes? A Review of Coronaviruses and Ocular Implications in Humans and Animals". Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm. 28 (3): 391–395. doi:10.1080/09273948.2020.1738501. PMC 7103678 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32175797 Check |pmid= value (help).
  16. ↑ Wu P, Duan F, Luo C, Liu Q, Qu X, Liang L, Wu K (March 2020). "Characteristics of Ocular Findings of Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Hubei Province, China". JAMA Ophthalmol. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2020.1291. PMC 7110919 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32232433 Check |pmid= value (help).
  17. ↑ Semler MW, Wheeler AP, Thompson BT, Bernard GR, Wiedemann HP, Rice TW (April 2016). "Impact of Initial Central Venous Pressure on Outcomes of Conservative Versus Liberal Fluid Management in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome". Crit. Care Med. 44 (4): 782–9. doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000001555. PMC 4792704. PMID 26741580.
  18. ↑ de Jongh TO, Thiadens HA (2011). "[Physical examination of the lungs in suspected pneumonia]". Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd (in Dutch; Flemish). 155: A2656. PMID 21329538.
  19. ↑ Wong SH, Lui RN, Sung JJ (May 2020). "Covid-19 and the digestive system". J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 35 (5): 744–748. doi:10.1111/jgh.15047. PMID 32215956 Check |pmid= value (help).
  20. ↑ Lee Y, Min P, Lee S, Kim SW (May 2020). "Prevalence and Duration of Acute Loss of Smell or Taste in COVID-19 Patients". J. Korean Med. Sci. 35 (18): e174. doi:10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e174. PMC 7211515 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32383370 Check |pmid= value (help).
  21. ↑ Menni, Cristina; Valdes, Ana M.; Freidin, Maxim B.; Sudre, Carole H.; Nguyen, Long H.; Drew, David A.; Ganesh, Sajaysurya; Varsavsky, Thomas; Cardoso, M. Jorge; El-Sayed Moustafa, Julia S.; Visconti, Alessia; Hysi, Pirro; Bowyer, Ruth C. E.; Mangino, Massimo; Falchi, Mario; Wolf, Jonathan; Ourselin, Sebastien; Chan, Andrew T.; Steves, Claire J.; Spector, Tim D. (2020). "Real-time tracking of self-reported symptoms to predict potential COVID-19". Nature Medicine. doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0916-2. ISSN 1078-8956.
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